444 lines
37 KiB
XML
444 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFE18A07FF69FEF9F55ED3BC" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus rouxii Temminck 1835" docType="treatment" docVersion="24" lastPageNumber="325" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="325" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>280</mods:start>
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<mods:end>332</mods:end>
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||
</mods:extent>
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||
</mods:part>
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||
</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808966" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163549992" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808966" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFE18A07FF69FEF9F55ED3BC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE18A07FF69FEF9F55ED3BC" lastPageNumber="325" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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||
<subSubSection box="[165,1103,344,405]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="46.[165,1658,344,405]" box="[165,1103,344,405]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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<figureCitation box="[165,236,344,405]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="46.[166,208,4390,4417]" captionTargetBox="[152,3486,163,4684]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="On following pages: 94. Thomas's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus thomasi); 95. Lesser Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros); 96. rancis's Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus trancisi); 97. Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus sedulus); 98. Trefoil Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus trifoliatus); 99. Northern Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus perniger); 100. Selangor Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus luctoides); 101. Malaysian Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mono); 102. Great Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus luctus); 1.03. Beddome's Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus beddomei); 104. Formosan Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus formosaë); 105. Thailand Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus thailandensis); 106. Dobson's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus yunanensis); 107. Chiew Kwee's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus chiewkweeae); 108. Pearson's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus pearsonii); 109. Mitred Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mitratus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748537/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">92</figureCitation>
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. Indian Rufous Horseshoe
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1009,1103,344,405]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Bat</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1169,1658,344,405]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="46.[165,1658,344,405]" box="[1169,1658,344,405]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[1169,1658,344,405]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxii">
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<emphasis box="[1169,1658,344,405]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Rhinolophus rouxii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="325" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="46.[164,1552,420,500]" box="[165,1552,420,447]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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French: Rhinolophe
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<emphasis box="[439,551,420,447]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">de Roux</emphasis>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[577,700,420,447]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">German:</emphasis>
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Rotbraune
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<emphasis box="[862,1138,420,447]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Indien-Hufeisennase</emphasis>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1164,1288,420,447]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Spanish:</emphasis>
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Herradura de
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<emphasis box="[1486,1552,420,447]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Roux</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="46.[164,1552,420,500]" box="[164,814,473,500]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[164,497,473,500]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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Other
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[256,383,473,500]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">common</emphasis>
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names:
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis box="[509,604,473,500]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Rufous</emphasis>
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Horseshoe Bat
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="325" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="46.[988,1786,573,1143]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[989,1200,577,611]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Temminck" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxii">
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<emphasis box="[1219,1556,573,612]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Rhinolophus rouxii</emphasis>
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Temminck, 1835
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph blockId="46.[988,1786,573,1143]" lastBlockId="46.[161,1784,1157,4265]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="325" type="materials_examined">
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“
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864669305" country="India" location="Pondichery [= Puducherry] et a Calcutta" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
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continent de 1’
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<collectingCountry box="[1399,1500,626,665]" name="India" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">India</collectingCountry>
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...
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFE18A07FF69FEF9F55ED3BC:052E606FFFE18A07F9D2FDD3F97CDBFA" box="[1566,1785,626,665]" country="India" name="Pondichery [= Puducherry] et a Calcutta" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Pondichéry</location>
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[=
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<emphasis box="[1042,1269,679,718]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Puducherry</emphasis>
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] et à Calcutta
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</materialsCitation>
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.”
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="325" type="discussion">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[990,1327,733,772]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxii">
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<emphasis box="[990,1327,733,772]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Rhinolophus rouxii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is sister to a clade that includes
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<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1159,1331,786,825]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sinicus">
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<emphasis box="[1159,1331,786,825]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">R.sinicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis box="[1424,1617,786,825]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1424,1606,786,825]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomasi">R. thomasi</taxonomicName>
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;
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</emphasis>
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all these species belong to the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[1402,1504,839,878]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxii">
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<emphasis box="[1402,1504,839,878]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">rouxii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group. The
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[1084,1187,892,931]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxii">
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<emphasis box="[1084,1187,892,931]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">rouxii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group
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<emphasis box="[1332,1412,892,931]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">may</emphasis>
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be close to the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euryotis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">euryotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group, but more detailed studies are needed to
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<emphasis box="[1433,1549,998,1037]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">clarify</emphasis>
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its relationships with congeners.
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<emphasis box="[1414,1448,1051,1090]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">A</emphasis>
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sympatrically distributed form from the southern
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<emphasis box="[1628,1782,1104,1143]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Western</emphasis>
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Ghats of
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<collectingCountry box="[336,438,1157,1196]" name="India" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">India</collectingCountry>
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, with a higher (c.92 kHz) echolocation frequency, was
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<emphasis box="[1487,1640,1157,1196]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">recently</emphasis>
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named
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<emphasis box="[165,438,1210,1249]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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“
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Chattopadhyay, Garg, Kumar, Doss, Ramakrishnan & Kandula" authorityYear="2012" box="[182,412,1210,1249]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indorouxii">R indorouxii</taxonomicName>
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;”
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</emphasis>
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however, the paper in which the name was introduced did not provide a proper description,
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<typeStatus box="[577,655,1263,1302]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">type</typeStatus>
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specimen, or
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<typeStatus box="[925,1003,1263,1302]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">type</typeStatus>
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locality, so the name is a nomen nudum. This form is here included in
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<emphasis box="[746,991,1316,1355]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[746,904,1316,1355]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxii">R rouxii</taxonomicName>
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, but
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</emphasis>
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it may represent a distinct species, based on limited genetic, morphological, and echolocation data presented
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<emphasis box="[1467,1511,1369,1408]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">by</emphasis>
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B. Chattopadhyay and colleagues in 2012. More substantial morphological and genetic evidence is needed, using specimens from throughout the distribution of
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<emphasis box="[1404,1568,1475,1514]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[1404,1562,1475,1514]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxii">R rouxii</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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to support its species status (along with a properly introduced name). There appears to be some ambiguity regarding the distribution of this species and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1207,1378,1581,1620]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sinicus">
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<emphasis box="[1207,1378,1581,1620]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">R sinicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in published records. North Indian records that were previously attributed to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[1206,1360,1634,1673]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxii">
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<emphasis box="[1206,1360,1634,1673]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">R rouxii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are now considered to refer to
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<emphasis box="[320,500,1687,1726]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[320,493,1687,1726]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sinicus">R. sinicus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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although the record from south-central
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<collectingCountry box="[1281,1464,1687,1726]" name="Myanmar" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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reported here is still considered
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<emphasis box="[462,623,1740,1779]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[462,618,1740,1779]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rouxii">R.rouxii</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Two subspecies recognized.
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</subSubSection>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="325" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3750094" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3750094" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3750094/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" targetBox="[163,958,573,1132]" targetPageId="46">
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||
<paragraph blockId="46.[161,1784,1157,4265]" box="[163,702,1793,1832]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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Subspecies
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[383,702,1793,1832]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">and Distribution.</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="46.[161,1784,1157,4265]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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<taxonomicName authority="Temminck, 1835" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[164,688,1846,1885]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="rouxii">
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||
<emphasis box="[164,238,1846,1885]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[164,201,1846,1885]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">R</collectionCode>
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||
. r.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
rouxii Temminck, 1835
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[738,781,1846,1885]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">W</emphasis>
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||
,
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||
<emphasis box="[802,830,1846,1885]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">E</emphasis>
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||
& S
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||
<collectingCountry box="[928,1031,1846,1885]" name="India" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Maharashtra,
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFE18A07FF69FEF9F55ED3BC:052E606FFFE18A07FAFCF897FA05DE3E" box="[1328,1408,1846,1885]" country="India" name="Goa" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" stateProvince="Yunnan">Goa</location>
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||
, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1525,1618,1899,1938]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">West</emphasis>
|
||
Bengal) and S
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||
<collectingCountry box="[310,494,1952,1991]" name="Myanmar" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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||
; possibly also in S
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||
<collectingCountry box="[871,987,1952,1991]" name="China" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">China</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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||
<collectingRegion box="[1015,1170,1952,1991]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
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||
).
|
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="46.[161,1784,1157,4265]" box="[163,875,2005,2045]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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<taxonomicName authority="Kelaart, 1850" authorityName="Kelaart" authorityYear="1850" box="[163,639,2005,2044]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="rubidus">
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||
<emphasis box="[163,381,2005,2044]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">R.r. rubidus</emphasis>
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Kelaart, 1850
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</taxonomicName>
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-
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<collectingCountry box="[684,869,2005,2044]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="325" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="46.[161,1784,1157,4265]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
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Descriptive
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[386,499,2059,2098]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body
|
||
<quantity box="[740,943,2059,2098]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" metricValueMax="6.6" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" unit="mm" value="54.0" valueMax="66.0" valueMin="42.0">42—66 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail 20-
|
||
<quantity box="[1091,1269,2059,2098]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="3.3" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" unit="mm" value="19.0" valueMax="33.0" valueMin="5.0">5—33 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear 14-
|
||
<quantity box="[1418,1597,2059,2098]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" unit="mm" value="13.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="5.0">5—22 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot 7-2—12-
|
||
<quantity box="[304,416,2108,2147]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm 44-4—52-
|
||
<quantity box="[768,880,2108,2147]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis box="[899,1028,2108,2147]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">weight</emphasis>
|
||
12-2—14-
|
||
<quantity box="[1203,1262,2108,2147]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" unit="g" value="8.0">8 g</quantity>
|
||
. The Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bat. It has distinct winter and summer pelage: summer (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1317,1629,2164,2203]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">May—September</emphasis>
|
||
) pelage is dull brown to grayish brown dorsally (hairs with drab base), with wood brown to light drab ventral pelage;
|
||
<emphasis box="[653,777,2270,2309]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">winter</emphasis>
|
||
(October—April) pelage is
|
||
<emphasis box="[1293,1413,2270,2309]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">bright</emphasis>
|
||
orange rufous dorsally and ventrally; intermediate forms are known. Ears are small. Noseleaf has hastate lancet that abruptly
|
||
<emphasis box="[542,692,2376,2415]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">narrows</emphasis>
|
||
in middle and is fairly variable in height; connecting process is rounded, but rounded portion does
|
||
<emphasis box="[1005,1072,2430,2469]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">not</emphasis>
|
||
start at tip of sella, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[1565,1696,2430,2469]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euryotis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1565,1696,2430,2469]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">euryotis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group; sella is virtually parallel-sided,
|
||
<emphasis box="[953,1182,2482,2521]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">occasionally</emphasis>
|
||
with slight middle constriction, and has broadly rounded tip; horseshoe is narrow in relation to muzzle (7-9-
|
||
<quantity box="[1664,1780,2534,2573]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide) and small lateral leaflets are usually present. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum is heavily built (mean
|
||
<emphasis box="[756,798,2641,2680]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">of</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity box="[806,950,2641,2680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2-3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) with simple shaft that curves ventrally at rounded tip; basal portion is slightly flattened dorso-ventrally and there is simple ventral emargination that is wider and deeper than dorsal one; tip widens laterally and is rather flat dorso-ventrally, and shaft is somewhat higher than wide. Skull is robust (zygomatic width always much wider than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are small and low; posterior swellings are wide; sagittal crest is strongly or moderately developed; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are conspicuous but
|
||
<emphasis box="[1716,1781,2959,2998]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">not</emphasis>
|
||
especially sharp. C1 is long and massive; P2 is moderate in size and either within tooth row or
|
||
<emphasis box="[305,534,3065,3104]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">occasionally</emphasis>
|
||
halfway external to it; C1 is more slender than C1; P3 is partly or completely extruded from tooth row, rarely missing; P2 and P4 are usually separate but sometimes in contact. Dental formula is the typical of 32 teeth for the genus or 30 when a lower premolar is missing. Chromosomal
|
||
<emphasis box="[1122,1365,3224,3263]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">complement</emphasis>
|
||
has 2n = 56 and FNa = 60 (FN =
|
||
<quantity box="[375,470,3277,3316]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5748" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" unit="in" value="62.0">62 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[481,589,3277,3316]" name="India" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="325" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="46.[161,1784,1157,4265]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
|
||
Habitat. Typically a forest-dwelling species, the Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bat can be found in moist evergreen and lowland forests. Recorded at elevations from sea level up to
|
||
<quantity box="[278,417,3430,3469]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" unit="m" value="1370.0">1370 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="46.[161,1784,1157,4265]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[164,350,3488,3527]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Food and</emphasis>
|
||
Feeding. Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bats forage by aerial-hawking and flycatching. While foraging, they fly low below the canopy and they tend to fly through areas cluttered with vegetation in the process. It is also suggested that the species may fly higher in the canopy when trees are blooming to capture insects that are attracted to the flowers. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[519,709,3698,3737]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
, each
|
||
<emphasis box="[838,900,3698,3737]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">bat</emphasis>
|
||
foraged over an area of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1392,1411,3698,3737]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">c</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity box="[1417,1545,3698,3737]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
|
||
2 and would exhibit perch-hunting, making
|
||
<emphasis box="[773,873,3751,3790]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">short</emphasis>
|
||
outings to capture prey and come back to
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">eat it</emphasis>
|
||
. Diet seems to
|
||
<emphasis box="[485,563,3804,3843]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">vary</emphasis>
|
||
, but the species probably feeds mainly on grasshoppers, moths, beetles, termites, mosquitoes, and other flies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="46.[161,1784,1157,4265]" lastBlockId="46.[1875,3510,356,2789]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
|
||
Breeding. There is a well-defined single breeding season; copulation takes place in the
|
||
<emphasis box="[242,306,3962,4001]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">last</emphasis>
|
||
week of December in Maharashtra and probably months later in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1584,1772,3962,4001]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Large maternity colonies are subsequently formed, composed
|
||
<emphasis box="[1373,1455,4015,4054]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">only</emphasis>
|
||
of adult females until young are bom. Early development after fertilization is slow and there is delayed implantation of the blastocyst. The fetus is generally carried in the right horn of the uterus. Gestation lasts 150—160 days, births occurring in the last week of May or in earlyJune in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[594,697,4226,4265]" name="India" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and apparently in October in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1275,1459,4226,4265]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1476,1651,4226,4265]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Newborn</emphasis>
|
||
young
|
||
<emphasis box="[1878,1991,357,396]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">weigh</emphasis>
|
||
1-8—2-
|
||
<quantity box="[2126,2182,357,396]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" unit="g" value="1.0">1 g</quantity>
|
||
; there appears to be a skewed birth sex-ratio, with males outnumbering females (this
|
||
<emphasis box="[2225,2304,411,450]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">may</emphasis>
|
||
indicate that males have a higher mortality rate).
|
||
<emphasis box="[3305,3432,411,450]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Young</emphasis>
|
||
are bom deaf and remain so for the first week (typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[2922,3213,464,503]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhinolophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, unlike in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1891" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hipposideridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and as they develop their hearing, they also develop their echolocation calls. They first begin to call in their second or third week of life, and their echolocation frequency gradually increases from 53-7—65-7 kHz in the second and third week to 72-4-77-2 kHz in the fifth week, for the second harmonic. This is attributed to the development and fine tuning of the auditory fovea, which develops by the third week.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1875,2000,786,825]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Young</emphasis>
|
||
are weaned around the first week of
|
||
<emphasis box="[2700,2837,786,825]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">August</emphasis>
|
||
in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3079,3183,786,825]" name="India" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="46.[1875,3510,356,2789]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1876,2189,838,877]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bats roost by day in caves, tunnels, tree hollows, unused wells, temples, and rarely other old buildings such as houses and bams; they prefer humid areas. They leave the day roost to forage immediately after sunset in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1879,2062,998,1037]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
, foraging by aerial-hawking for the
|
||
<emphasis box="[2731,2805,998,1037]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">first</emphasis>
|
||
30—60 minutes of the night, which is followed
|
||
<emphasis box="[2050,2095,1051,1090]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">by</emphasis>
|
||
a 1-2-hour resting period. After this rest break, individuals forage through the rest of the night by fly-catching. Calls are shaped FM/CF/FM, with a peak GF of 77-9-84-7 kHz in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2379,2479,1155,1194]" name="India" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and 73-79 kHz in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2819,3000,1155,1194]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The proposed
|
||
<emphasis box="[3289,3368,1155,1194]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">new</emphasis>
|
||
species from the southern
|
||
<emphasis box="[2230,2383,1210,1249]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Western</emphasis>
|
||
Ghats of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2560,2661,1210,1249]" name="India" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(named
|
||
<emphasis box="[2832,3025,1210,1249]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chattopadhyay, Garg, Kumar, Doss, Ramakrishnan & Kandula" authorityYear="2012" box="[2851,3025,1210,1249]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indorouxii">indorouxii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but invalidly) has a peak F of87-2-94 kHz (mean 92-1 kHz) and durations of 2-2-65-3 milliseconds (mean 24-4 milliseconds), and in an earlier study had 92-9-95-4 kHz (mean 94-94-1 kHz). Many detailed studies have been published on the optical and auditory mechanisms and development as well as sound production of this species in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2949,3051,1422,1461]" name="India" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3146,3330,1422,1461]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
; they are too complex to summarize in the present work, but are referenced in the bibliography.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="46.[1875,3510,356,2789]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1878,2813,1529,1568]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bats roost in large colonies often of several hundred individuals, although they can be found in smaller colonies ofjust a few. During the breeding season, females form large maternity colonies of several hundred while males roost alone or in small groups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="325" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="46.[1875,3510,356,2789]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
|
||
Status
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2006,2355,1742,1781]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on
|
||
<emphasis box="[2974,3318,1742,1781]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">The IUCNRed List,</emphasis>
|
||
the form proposed as
|
||
<emphasis box="[2123,2569,1794,1833]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chattopadhyay, Garg, Kumar, Doss, Ramakrishnan & Kandula" authorityYear="2012" box="[2140,2551,1794,1833]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indorouxii">Rhinolophus indorouxii</taxonomicName>
|
||
"
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has been assessed as a separate species and classified as Data Deficient. The Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bat is rather widespread and is common throughout much of its distribution in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2839,2944,1901,1940]" name="India" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It is rare in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3182,3367,1901,1940]" name="Myanmar" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
; it may occur in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2055,2172,1954,1993]" name="China" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where it would probably also be rare.
|
||
<emphasis box="[2930,2964,1954,1993]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">A</emphasis>
|
||
general population decline is being noticed, although this is
|
||
<emphasis box="[2517,2583,2007,2046]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">not</emphasis>
|
||
substantial enough to cause recategorization as threatened. The main threats to this species are roost disturbance through cave tourism, and general habitat loss from logging and agricultural expansion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="325" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="46.[1875,3510,356,2789]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1878,2085,2173,2200]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Andersen (1917), Bates & Harrison (1997), Bates,Thi Mar-Mar
|
||
<emphasis box="[3019,3070,2173,2200]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">eta</emphasis>
|
||
/. (2004), Behrend & Schuller (2000), Behrend
|
||
<emphasis box="[2125,2156,2225,2252]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">et</emphasis>
|
||
al. (1999), Bhiwgade (1976,1977), Casseday eta/. (1988), Chattopadhyay,
|
||
<emphasis box="[3243,3312,2225,2252]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Garg</emphasis>
|
||
eta/. (2012), Chattopadhyay, Schuller et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2286,2317,2278,2305]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010), Corbet &
|
||
<emphasis box="[2591,2634,2278,2305]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Hill</emphasis>
|
||
(1992), Csorba
|
||
<emphasis box="[2880,2933,2278,2305]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">eta</emphasis>
|
||
/. (2003), Eckrich & Neuweiler (1988), Feng & Vater (1985), Firzlaff & Schuller (2001, 2004), Gopalakrishna & Bhiwgade (1974), Gopalakrishna & Ramakrishna (1977), Henson & Rübsamen (1996), Henson eta/. (1985), Kemmer &
|
||
<emphasis box="[3041,3119,2385,2412]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Vater</emphasis>
|
||
(2001a, 2001b),
|
||
<emphasis box="[3367,3473,2385,2412]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Kleiser</emphasis>
|
||
& Schuller (1995), Kössl (1994a, 1994b), Kuhn & Vater (1995,1996), Leonard eta/. (2004), Melzer (1985), Metzner &
|
||
<emphasis box="[1910,2140,2491,2518]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Radtke-Schuller</emphasis>
|
||
(1987), Molur eta/. (2002), Naidu (1985), Neumann & Schuller (1991), Neuweiler eta/. (1987), Pietsch & Schuller (1987), Radtke-Schuller (2001, 2004), Radtke-Schuller
|
||
<emphasis box="[2988,3020,2544,2571]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">et</emphasis>
|
||
al. (2004), Ramakrishna & Rao (1977), Reimer (1987, 1989, 1991), Roverud (1988), Rübsamen (1987), Rübsamen & Betz (1986), Rübsamen & Schäfer (1990), Schuller,
|
||
<emphasis box="[2237,2335,2650,2677]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">O'Neill</emphasis>
|
||
& Radtke-Schuller (1991), Schuller, Radtke-Schuller & O'Neill (1988), Schweizer et al. (1981), Sinha (1973), Smith &
|
||
<emphasis box="[2416,2463,2703,2730]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Xie</emphasis>
|
||
Yan (2008), Sun
|
||
<emphasis box="[2718,2802,2703,2730]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">Xinde</emphasis>
|
||
et al. (1993), Thomas (2000), Vanderelst
|
||
<emphasis box="[3424,3456,2703,2730]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">et</emphasis>
|
||
al.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="46.[1875,3510,356,2789]" box="[1877,2779,2756,2783]" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">
|
||
(2011), Vater (1988), Zhang Lin et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2369,2399,2756,2783]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="325">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018), Zima eta/. (1992).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |