631 lines
55 KiB
XML
631 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFE08A19F8B3FB9AF665D2BD" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus hipposideros Borkhausen 1797" docType="treatment" docVersion="24" lastPageNumber="327" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="326" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>280</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>332</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808962" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163549982" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808962" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFE08A19F8B3FB9AF665D2BD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE08A19F8B3FB9AF665D2BD" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="327" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1919,2633,1083,1144]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="47.[1917,3342,1083,1189]" box="[1919,2633,1083,1144]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1919,1989,1083,1144]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="46.[166,208,4390,4417]" captionTargetBox="[152,3486,163,4684]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="On following pages: 94. Thomas's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus thomasi); 95. Lesser Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros); 96. rancis's Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus trancisi); 97. Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus sedulus); 98. Trefoil Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus trifoliatus); 99. Northern Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus perniger); 100. Selangor Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus luctoides); 101. Malaysian Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mono); 102. Great Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus luctus); 1.03. Beddome's Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus beddomei); 104. Formosan Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus formosaë); 105. Thailand Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus thailandensis); 106. Dobson's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus yunanensis); 107. Chiew Kwee's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus chiewkweeae); 108. Pearson's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus pearsonii); 109. Mitred Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mitratus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748537/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">95</figureCitation>
|
||
. Lesser Horseshoe Bat
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[2697,3342,1083,1144]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="47.[1917,3342,1083,1189]" box="[2697,3342,1083,1144]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Borkhausen" authorityYear="1797" box="[2697,3342,1083,1144]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hipposideros">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2697,3342,1083,1144]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Rhinolophus hipposideros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1918,3115,1159,1186]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="47.[1917,3342,1083,1189]" box="[1918,3115,1159,1186]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">
|
||
French: Petit Rhinolophe /
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2280,2405,1159,1186]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">German:</emphasis>
|
||
Kleine Hufeisennase /
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2718,2844,1159,1186]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
Herradura
|
||
<emphasis box="[2997,3115,1159,1186]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">pequeno</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="326" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="47.[2741,3546,1257,1828]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">
|
||
Taxonomy.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Borkhausen, 1797" authorityName="Borkhausen" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hipposideros">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2974,3335,1257,1296]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Noctilio hipposideros</emphasis>
|
||
Borkhausen, 1797
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="326" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="47.[2741,3546,1257,1828]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">
|
||
“
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597533957" collectedFrom="Lebt mit der vorhergehenden an gleichen Orten, oft in ihrer Gesells- chaft, begattet sich aber nicht mit ihr [= Lives with previous [species] at the same places, often together, but they do not pair] and " An mehreren Orten" country="Germany" location="Thuringia" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Thuringia" typeStatus="type">
|
||
<collectedFrom pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Lebt mit der vorhergehenden an gleichen Orten, oft in ihrer Gesellschaft, begattet sich aber nicht mit ihr [= Lives with previous [species] at the same places, often together, but they do not pair] and “An mehreren Orten</collectedFrom>
|
||
in Deutschland, z.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3056,3088,1629,1668]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">B</emphasis>
|
||
. in Thüringen, Hessen [= At several places in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3166,3341,1682,1721]" name="Germany" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
, for example in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2862,3057,1735,1774]" country="Germany" name="Thueringen" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Thuringia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[3077,3202,1735,1774]" country="Germany" name="Hessen" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Hesse</collectingRegion>
|
||
].”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="326" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="47.[2741,3546,1257,1828]" lastBlockId="47.[1913,3543,1842,4630]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Borkhausen" authorityYear="1797" box="[2742,3177,1789,1828]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hipposideros">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2742,3177,1789,1828]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Rhinolophus hipposideros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the sole member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Borkhausen" authorityYear="1797" box="[2046,2252,1842,1881]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hipposideros">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2046,2252,1842,1881]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">hipposideros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. The phylogenetic relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Borkhausen" authorityYear="1797" box="[3208,3472,1842,1881]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hipposideros">
|
||
<emphasis box="[3208,3472,1842,1881]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">R. hipposideros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are still uncertain, but it seems to belong in the Asiatic clade of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Horsfield" authorityYear="1823" box="[3023,3244,1895,1934]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[3023,3244,1895,1934]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Rhinolophus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(probably close to the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1834" box="[2050,2216,1948,1987]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trifoliatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2050,2216,1948,1987]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">trifoliatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Horsfield" authorityYear="1851" box="[2312,2472,1948,1987]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pearsonii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2312,2472,1948,1987]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">pearsonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species groups), unlike its European congeners, which are in the Afro-Palearctic clade. There are two karyotype forms in Europe and a third in the Middle East. These karyotypic forms do not fit the
|
||
<emphasis box="[2997,3141,2054,2093]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">current</emphasis>
|
||
model of subspecific distribution for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Borkhausen" authorityYear="1797" box="[2219,2479,2107,2146]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hipposideros">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2219,2479,2107,2146]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">R. hipposideros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and do not exactly match with currently known genetic lineages within the species.
|
||
<emphasis box="[2438,2472,2160,2199]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">A</emphasis>
|
||
recent phylogenetic study by S. Shahabi and colleagues, in 2019, found a number of
|
||
<emphasis box="[2460,2641,2213,2252]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">divergent</emphasis>
|
||
clades across the species’ distribution, and cranial morphometries in the same study showed that there are at least two well-distinguishable morphotypes from south and north-western
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2957,3041,2319,2358]" name="Iran" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
. There appear to be a few major lineages: (1) Central and
|
||
<emphasis box="[2520,2613,2372,2411]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">West</emphasis>
|
||
Europe and North Africa; (2) South-east Europe and
|
||
<emphasis box="[2002,2094,2425,2464]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">West</emphasis>
|
||
Asia; (3) North-west
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2506,2586,2425,2464]" name="Iran" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2651,2858,2425,2464]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
; (4) North
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3089,3170,2425,2464]" name="Iran" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
(based on a single specimen); and (5) South and Central-west
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2759,2842,2478,2517]" name="Iran" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
; a specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3200,3382,2478,2517]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
also appears to form a separate clade, sister to the European and
|
||
<emphasis box="[3050,3259,2531,2570]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">West Asian</emphasis>
|
||
clades.
|
||
<emphasis box="[3414,3448,2531,2570]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">A</emphasis>
|
||
revision using substantial morphological, genetic, and karyological data from across the species’ distribution is needed to clarify subspecific distributions, which at
|
||
<emphasis box="[3333,3479,2637,2676]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">present</emphasis>
|
||
do not reflect karyotypic and genetic data divisions. Six subspecies
|
||
<emphasis box="[3112,3307,2690,2729]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">tentatively</emphasis>
|
||
recognized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3750102" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3750102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3750102/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" targetBox="[1914,2710,1263,1821]" targetPageId="47">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1916,2456,2743,2782]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" type="synonymic_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="47.[1913,3543,1842,4630]" box="[1916,2456,2743,2782]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2136,2456,2743,2782]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="326" type="synonymic_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="47.[1913,3543,1842,4630]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Borkhausen, 1797" authorityName="Borkhausen" authorityYear="1797" box="[1919,2566,2794,2833]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hipposideros">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1919,2224,2794,2833]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">R.h. hipposideros</emphasis>
|
||
Borkhausen, 1797
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
— continental Europe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2986,3014,2794,2833]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">E</emphasis>
|
||
to S
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3105,3260,2794,2833]" name="Ukraine" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3355,3532,2794,2833]" name="Romania" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1916,2515,2849,2888]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1916,2168,2849,2888]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">R.h. escalerae</emphasis>
|
||
K. Andersen, 1918
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
— N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2605,2777,2849,2888]" name="Morocco" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
, N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2839,2980,2849,2888]" name="Algeria" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3128,3269,2849,2888]" name="Tunisia" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="47.[1913,3543,1842,4630]" box="[1916,2674,2902,2941]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1916,2481,2902,2941]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1916,2125,2902,2941]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">R.h. majori</emphasis>
|
||
K. Andersen, 1918
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2527,2669,2902,2941]" name="France" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Corsica</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="47.[1913,3543,1842,4630]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1917,2482,2954,2993]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1917,2120,2954,2993]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">R. h. midas</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2131,2169,2954,2993]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">K</emphasis>
|
||
Andersen, 1905
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
— SW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2606,2727,2954,2993]" name="Russia" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2750,2904,2954,2993]" name="Georgia" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2923,3131,2954,2993]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3150,3321,2954,2993]" name="Armenia" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Armenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3390,3472,2954,2993]" name="Iraq" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Iraq</collectingCountry>
|
||
, N, W & S
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2059,2140,3007,3046]" name="Iran" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
(including
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2374,2509,3007,3046]" name="Iran" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Qeshm</collectingCountry>
|
||
I), SW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2665,2935,3007,3046]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, S
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3028,3247,3007,3046]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, E
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3315,3529,3007,3046]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, WKyrgyzstan,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2189,2374,3060,3099]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, N & E
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2516,2749,3060,3099]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, NE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2841,3003,3060,3099]" name="Pakistan" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and NW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3190,3291,3060,3099]" name="India" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Kashmir).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="47.[1913,3543,1842,4630]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1917,2466,3113,3152]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1917,1965,3113,3152]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">R.</emphasis>
|
||
h.
|
||
<emphasis box="[2026,2178,3113,3152]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">minimus</emphasis>
|
||
Heuglin, 1862
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- Mediterranean Europe from Iberian Peninsula E to
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1917,2054,3166,3205]" name="Greece" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2073,2205,3166,3205]" name="Turkey" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
, N & W
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2366,2461,3166,3205]" name="Syria" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2480,2655,3166,3205]" name="Lebanon" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2675,2781,3166,3205]" name="Israel" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2802,2976,3166,3205]" name="Palestine" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Palestine</collectingCountry>
|
||
, WJordan, NE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3272,3383,3166,3205]" name="Egypt" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[3411,3515,3166,3205]" country="Egypt" name="Shamal Sina'" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Sinai</collectingRegion>
|
||
), and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1999,2042,3218,3257]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">W</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2052,2299,3218,3257]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with isolated records in E Africa, from SW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3129,3252,3218,3257]" name="Sudan" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, C
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3316,3451,3218,3257]" name="Eritrea" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Djibouti" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Djibouti</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and C
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2173,2339,3272,3311]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
; also on a number of Mediterranean Is, including Balearic Is, Sardinia, Sicily, Pantelleria,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2433,2543,3324,3363]" name="Malta" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Malta</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Ionian
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2695,2725,3324,3363]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Is</emphasis>
|
||
(Corfu and Kefalonia), Aegean Is (Thasos, Euboea, Skyros, Lesbos, Chios, Kos, and Rhodes), Crete, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3079,3214,3377,3416]" name="Cyprus" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="47.[1913,3543,1842,4630]" box="[1917,2993,3430,3469]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1917,2452,3430,3469]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1917,2159,3430,3469]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">R h. minutus</emphasis>
|
||
Montagu, 1808
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
— W
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2547,2686,3430,3469]" name="Ireland" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and SW Britain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="327" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="47.[1913,3543,1842,4630]" lastBlockId="48.[170,1792,358,4627]" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="327" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">
|
||
Descriptive
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2151,2265,3483,3522]" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 35-
|
||
<quantity box="[2588,2774,3483,3522]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" unit="mm" value="26.5" valueMax="48.0" valueMin="5.0">5-48 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity box="[2878,3090,3483,3522]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" unit="mm" value="26.5" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="21.0">21-32 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
|
||
<quantity box="[3197,3406,3483,3522]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" unit="mm" value="15.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="12.0">12-19 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot 6-7-
|
||
<quantity box="[2086,2204,3532,3571]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm 35-42-
|
||
<quantity box="[2522,2637,3532,3571]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight 4-7-
|
||
<quantity box="[2879,2943,3532,3571]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" unit="g" value="9.0">9 g</quantity>
|
||
. Dorsal pelage is light to dark, buffy to gray brown (base of hairs drab), whereas ventral pelage is drab to grayish drab. Ears are small.
|
||
<emphasis box="[2321,2493,3641,3680]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Noseleaf</emphasis>
|
||
has long, narrow, cuneate lancet with bluntly pointed tip; connecting process is low and rounded or sometimes very
|
||
<emphasis box="[3126,3263,3694,3733]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">bluntly</emphasis>
|
||
pointed; sella is long and narrow, with convergent lateral margins and pointed tip that projects downward and forward; horseshoe nearly covers muzzle, is 5-7-
|
||
<quantity box="[3146,3258,3799,3838]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="326" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, and has rudimentary lateral leaflets. Lower lip has one mental groove. Baculum is very large for body size; ventral emargination is deeper than dorsal, and always simple; dorsal emargination is not as deep and may have many lobes; broad groove is present on ventral surface of basal cone, and bordered by knob-like protuberances; median and distal portions are bent upward, and tip has a button-like knob. Skull is very delicately built (zygomatic width is very
|
||
<emphasis box="[2675,2813,4115,4154]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">slightly</emphasis>
|
||
greater than, or subequal to, mastoid width); braincase is
|
||
<emphasis box="[2318,2493,4168,4207]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">relatively</emphasis>
|
||
narrow; zygomatic arch is unusually shaped for the genus, being very weak and slender, and the anterior one-half runs nearly parallel to the tooth row; rostrum is
|
||
<emphasis box="[2458,2632,4273,4312]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">relatively</emphasis>
|
||
low; anterior median swellings are moderately inflated; posterior swellings are well developed; sagittal crest is
|
||
<emphasis box="[3184,3405,4326,4365]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">moderately</emphasis>
|
||
developed but flattened posteriorly; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are weak. C1 is delicate and moderately long; P2 is proportionally larger than in any other member of the genus, and within the tooth row; P3 is minute and extruded from the tooth row; P, and P4 are either touching or have a small gap between them. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FNa = 62 (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2966,3077,4591,4630]" name="Spain" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3173,3360,4591,4630]" name="Germany" pageId="47" pageNumber="326">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
), 2n = 56 and FNa = 62 (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[470,780,358,397]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[803,964,358,397]" name="Slovakia" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[986,1068,358,397]" name="Italy" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1091,1231,358,397]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1091,1231,358,397]" name="Greece" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1253,1386,358,397]" name="Turkey" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1493,1711,358,397]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
), or 2n = 58 (
|
||
<emphasis box="[346,482,411,450]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[346,482,411,450]" name="Turkey" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[502,597,411,450]" name="Syria" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[696,842,411,450]" name="Jordan" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="327" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="48.[170,1792,358,4627]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,324,464,503]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
The Lesser Horseshoe Bat is the most northerly distributed species of horseshoe bat, occurring up to
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[662,772,517,556]" degrees="52" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" precision="55555" value="52.0">52° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. It can be found
|
||
<emphasis box="[1092,1220,517,556]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">mainly</emphasis>
|
||
in broadleaf deciduous woodlands along with other open woodland, parkland, farmland, pasture, and scrub habitats in northern portions of its distribution. In southern portions, it can be found in riparian areas, Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean shrublands, grasslands, thorn scrub, and bushy forests near streams. Recorded from sea level up to over
|
||
<quantity box="[1571,1712,729,768]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="2100.0">2100 m</quantity>
|
||
, appearing to be more
|
||
<emphasis box="[551,753,782,821]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">commonly</emphasis>
|
||
found at higher elevations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="48.[170,1792,358,4627]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,355,834,873]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Food and</emphasis>
|
||
Feeding. Lesser Horseshoe Bats forage mainly by slow hawking but are also known to glean insects off stones, rocks, and vegetation. They
|
||
<emphasis box="[1353,1506,887,926]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">typically</emphasis>
|
||
feed on
|
||
<emphasis box="[1671,1790,887,926]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">volant</emphasis>
|
||
insects, but when gleaning prey, they often pick up non-volant prey including larvae. These bats are often observed flying low and close to vegetation, water, or walls. They are slow but maneuverable fliers that are capable of short bursts of speed and are almost butterfly-like, when flying, because of their fluttering appearance. They are also able to hover for short periods. Throughout Europe, their diet largely consists of small
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[333,570,1204,1243]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[666,812,1204,1243]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(particularly Nematocera) with smaller amounts of Neuroptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Clerck" authorityYear="1757" box="[971,1134,1257,1296]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Araneae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although their diet shifts throughout the year and by region, based on prey availability. Most diet
|
||
<emphasis box="[1404,1554,1310,1349]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">analyses</emphasis>
|
||
throughout the distribution are dominated by
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[822,1059,1363,1402]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1153,1301,1363,1402]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1371,1528,1363,1402]" name="Slovakia" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, fecal analysis showed that they fed mostly on small
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[911,1148,1416,1455]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(87% by volume) supplemented
|
||
<emphasis box="[171,216,1467,1506]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">by</emphasis>
|
||
nematoceran (10%) and brachyceran (1-2%)
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1117,1262,1467,1506]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Neuroptera (1-5%). A similar composition was reported from fecal samples in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1238,1379,1522,1561]" name="Algeria" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where diet consisted ofDiptera (41-6%
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,569,1573,1612]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">by</emphasis>
|
||
volume;
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1818" box="[738,920,1573,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[938,1215,1573,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[1278,1611,1573,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Tipulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tipulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[332,570,1626,1665]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(21-1%), Hemiptera (11-7%), and some minor orders, with insects making up 93-5% of their diet. In Azerbaijan, diet consisted mainly of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1592,1778,1679,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Tipulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tipulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Heteroptera, and Neuroptera" authorityName="Heteroptera, and Neuroptera" box="[171,993,1733,1772]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera, Heteroptera, and Neuroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1095,1333,1733,1772]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprised the most important food in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[474,606,1787,1826]" name="Turkey" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
. On the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[772,1065,1787,1826]" country="Egypt" name="Shamal Sina'" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Sinai Peninsula</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1084,1195,1787,1826]" name="Egypt" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
, this species was observed feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Homoptera" authorityName="Homoptera" box="[311,776,1839,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae, Homoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1818" box="[886,1068,1839,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a few fecal samples from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1650,1786,1839,1878]" name="Jordan" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
included mostly Homoptera. Diet during the winter in the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1299,1367,1892,1931]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1460,1599,1892,1931]" name="Ireland" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
consisted mainly of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[369,556,1945,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Tipulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tipulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[581,881,1945,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphaeroceridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[995,1286,1945,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mycetophilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1357,1502,1945,1984]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and varied in composition across the islands, probably as a result of local habitat
|
||
<emphasis box="[1436,1648,1998,2037]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">differences</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="48.[170,1792,358,4627]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">
|
||
Breeding. Lesser Horseshoe Bats exhibit restricted seasonal monoestry in which mating typically occurs in autumn (September-November) in Europe, or in the hibernacula during winter. Mating starts with chasing, until the female lands and the male hangs behind and over the female; copulation is brief. Sperm is stored in the female’s reproductive tract until March-April when ovulation and fertilization take place. In Europe, births occur in summer, from midJune to early July, and females generally give birth to a single young; however, in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[918,999,2367,2406]" name="Iran" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 35% offemales gave birth to twins,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1671,1785,2367,2406]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">which</emphasis>
|
||
is rare in Europe. After birth, the young grow quickly and linearly for the first 14 days, and in some cases, a loss in
|
||
<emphasis box="[698,826,2473,2512]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">weight</emphasis>
|
||
is observed during days 15-20, which is correlated with when the young
|
||
<emphasis box="[595,670,2526,2565]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">first</emphasis>
|
||
take flight at 18-20 days. Weaning takes place after c.4-5 weeks and young reach sexual maturity in their
|
||
<emphasis box="[1097,1172,2578,2617]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">first</emphasis>
|
||
year. However, most females do not give birth for the first time until their second year. The oldest recorded individual was 21 years and three months old.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="48.[170,1792,358,4627]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,495,2737,2776]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Lesser Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[959,1023,2737,2776]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
spends the night foraging and the day roosting in underground spaces, such as caves, tunnels, and mines throughout its southern European, Asiatic, and African distribution, but can typically be found roosting in attics and buildings in the northern portions ofits range in summer. During winter, it can be found hibernating mainly in underground sites including cellars, small caves, and burrows. During summer, it will regularly enter a torpid state throughout the day while roosting to conserve energy. While torpid or hibernating, a bat wraps itself in the wing membranes and bends its legs to get close to the substrate in which
|
||
<emphasis box="[174,202,3158,3197]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">it</emphasis>
|
||
is roosting. Bats seem to choose cool areas for hibernating, and have been reported roosting in hibernacula that are 6—9°C with high humidity in Europe, and in similar conditions in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[444,585,3263,3302]" name="Algeria" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
. They leave their roosts around dusk to forage. On an island in the Chiemsee in Upper
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[707,848,3316,3355]" country="Germany" name="Bayern" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Bavaria</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[873,1046,3316,3355]" name="Germany" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
, six radio-tracked females foraged for 229 minutes/night, primarily in woodland areas and sometimes in orchards and tree rows
|
||
<emphasis box="[270,336,3421,3460]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">but</emphasis>
|
||
never over water. Echolocation call shape is FM/CF/FM with a greater bandwidth on the terminal FM
|
||
<emphasis box="[676,898,3473,3512]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">component</emphasis>
|
||
, although they emit some F and CF/FM calls while foraging by slow hawking. Females emit higher frequency pulses than males, with males having calls 4 kHz lower than females on average in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1364,1505,3579,3618]" name="Ireland" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
;juveniles
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1699,1785,3579,3618]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">emit</emphasis>
|
||
lower frequencies than adults. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[799,936,3631,3670]" name="Greece" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
, peak F were reported averaging 110-6 kHz, with an average duration of 45-3 milliseconds and an average interpulse interval of 98-2 milliseconds. Similar results were reported throughout Europe (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1488,1621,3737,3776]" name="France" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Switzerland" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1642,1783,3737,3776]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Switzerland</emphasis>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[366,438,3789,3828]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
), with an average peak frequency of 109-6 kHz and average duration of 42-5 milliseconds. Calls from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[735,903,3841,3880]" name="Morocco" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
had an average frequency of 116-9 kHz with a duration averaging 39-7 kHz and, in another study, frequencies of 111-5-117-5 kHz were reported. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[524,630,3947,3986]" name="Israel" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, peak frequencies were recorded at 103-5-109-3 kHz (mean 107-6 kHz), with a duration averaging 42-3 milliseconds; in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1349,1431,3996,4035]" name="Iran" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, peak frequencies were 109-111-1 kHz (mean 110-3 kHz), with durations of47-8-52 milliseconds (mean 49-9 milliseconds) and an interpluse intervals of 36-1-48-7 milliseconds (mean 41-9 milliseconds).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="48.[170,1792,358,4627]" lastBlockId="48.[1878,3511,356,3042]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[175,1114,4210,4249]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Lesser Horseshoe Bats roost either singly or in colonies, generally hanging apart (
|
||
<quantity box="[1087,1275,4261,4300]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" unit="cm" value="37.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="25.0">25-50 cm</quantity>
|
||
) from one another, when roosting in colonies. During winter in Europe, they can be
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1266,1382,4314,4353]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">found</emphasis>
|
||
roosting in hibernacula colonies with up to 500 bats, or singly; in summer, females form maternity colonies of 10-1500 individuals, while males roost separately. Maternity colonies consist almost exclusively of females and their young, although some juvenile males may remain in the colonies. Females usually hang separately in maternity colonies, although they will huddle together when heavily
|
||
<emphasis box="[746,922,4577,4616]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">pregnant</emphasis>
|
||
, in cool weather, or
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1300,1404,4577,4616]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">when</emphasis>
|
||
huddling
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1599,1680,4577,4616]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">with</emphasis>
|
||
their young. They are largely sedentary, and both summer roosts and hibernacula are usually within a
|
||
<quantity box="[2123,2284,408,447]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" unit="km" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5—10 km</quantity>
|
||
area. The longest recorded distance for a Lesser Horseshoe Bat migrating for a roost was
|
||
<quantity box="[2357,2496,461,500]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" unit="km" value="152.0">152 km</quantity>
|
||
. On an island in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2812,2905,461,500]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Lake</collectingRegion>
|
||
Chiemsee in Upper
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[3297,3442,461,500]" country="Germany" name="Bayern" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Bavaria</collectingRegion>
|
||
, six radio-tracked females had home range sizes of 6-8-62-7 ha (mean 25-3 ha) and were active in a central area of 2-8-8-2 ha (mean 5-3 ha). Most of the females stayed on the island to forage,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2201,2267,620,659]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">but</emphasis>
|
||
two of them left (a 1-2-km flight over water) to forage at night in August, after their
|
||
<emphasis box="[2239,2360,674,713]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">young</emphasis>
|
||
had become volant The density of the bats on the island in woodland habitats was calculated at 0-7 ind/ha.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="327" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="48.[1878,3511,356,3042]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1884,2079,781,820]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Status and</emphasis>
|
||
Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on
|
||
<emphasis box="[2952,3286,781,820]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">The IUCNRed List.</emphasis>
|
||
The Lesser Horseshoe Bat is generally widespread and common throughout much of its range, but is threatened locally in several regions. IUCN
|
||
<emphasis box="[2908,3056,887,926]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">ed List</emphasis>
|
||
regionally classifies the Lesser Horseshoe Bat as Near Threatened in Europe and the Mediterranean. In Europe, there has been substantial reduction in the northern portion of the range over the last 50 years. The northern border of the distribution has moved since the 1950s, and the species has become extinct in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2609,2920,1101,1140]" name="Netherlands" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, most of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3091,3255,1101,1140]" name="Belgium" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[3357,3506,1101,1140]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">western</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1884,2058,1154,1193]" name="Germany" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
. This decline continues
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2542,2608,1154,1193]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">but</emphasis>
|
||
has probably decelerated, justifying the Near Threatened status. Distribution has become fragmented
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2980,3018,1206,1245]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">in</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3034,3255,1206,1245]" name="Switzerland" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3356,3498,1206,1245]" name="Austria" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with colonies remaining only at elevations over
|
||
<specimenCount box="[2814,2946,1259,1298]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity box="[2814,2940,1259,1298]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
In
|
||
<emphasis box="[3022,3243,1259,1298]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3022,3243,1259,1298]" name="Switzerland" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
however, the population has shown signs of a slow recovery, with an increase from
|
||
<date box="[3250,3506,1312,1351]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" value="2200" valueMax="2500">2200 to 2500</date>
|
||
adults counted in maternity colonies in the past ten years. The species is generally threatened by roost disturbance and the destruction of underground roosts or attics,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1882,1948,1471,1510]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">but</emphasis>
|
||
can also be affected by agricultural expansion and intensification, habitat fragmentation, and the use of pesticides in agricultural areas. This is exemplified in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3396,3505,1525,1564]" name="Spain" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
by the disappearance of some colonies due to the restoration of old buildings, which often destroys attic roosts. The species is common throughout much of its range in North Africa and West Asia, although it is fairly rare in Central and South Asia, as well as northern East Africa, where it is known from few records.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3017,3047,1736,1775]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">It</emphasis>
|
||
is protected by national legislation across Europe, and there are international legal obligations for protection through the
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2132,2237,1841,1880]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Bonn</emphasis>
|
||
Convention (EUROBATS) and Bern Convention. The species is included in Annex II (and IV) of EU Habitats and Species Directive, which requires Special Areas for Conservation for the species. Recommended conservation measures include protecting maternity roosting sites, hibernacula, and foraging habitat; these have been variably implemented in Europe. There are no conservation measures currently being implemented throughout the non-European range. Locally in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3321,3433,2106,2145]" name="Spain" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
, incentives have been provided to encourage people to keep colonies living in their houses, which may be a good potential method for securing roosting spots for the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="327" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="48.[1878,3511,356,3042]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1882,2088,2273,2300]" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
ACR (2018), Ahmim &
|
||
<emphasis box="[2434,2514,2273,2300]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Moali</emphasis>
|
||
(2013), Amr (2000), Andreas eta/. (2013), Arlettaz, Godat & Meyer (2000), Arslan & Zima (2014), Aulagnier &Thévenot (1986), Bates & Harrison (1997), Benda & Gaisler (2015), Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016), Benda, Andreas
|
||
<emphasis box="[2571,2642,2378,2405]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006), Benda, Dietz et
|
||
<emphasis box="[3013,3043,2378,2405]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008), Benda, aizolâhi
|
||
<emphasis box="[3428,3500,2378,2405]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012), Benda, Georgiakakis
|
||
<emphasis box="[2297,2347,2431,2458]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">eta</emphasis>
|
||
/. (2008), Benda,
|
||
<emphasis box="[2599,2699,2431,2458]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Hanâk</emphasis>
|
||
&
|
||
<emphasis box="[2732,2853,2431,2458]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Cervenÿ</emphasis>
|
||
(2011), Benda, Hanak, Horâcek
|
||
<emphasis box="[3318,3387,2431,2458]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">étal.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007), Benda, Ivanova étal. (2003), Benda, Lucan et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2559,2591,2484,2511]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010), Bontadina, Arlettaz
|
||
<emphasis box="[3000,3051,2484,2511]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">eta</emphasis>
|
||
/. (2000), Bontadina, Schofield & Naef-Daenzer (2002), Bufka &
|
||
<emphasis box="[2367,2488,2536,2563]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Cervenÿ</emphasis>
|
||
(2012), Chytil & Gaisler (2012), Crucitti &
|
||
<emphasis box="[3099,3230,2536,2563]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Cavalletti</emphasis>
|
||
(2002), Csorba et
|
||
<emphasis box="[1881,1911,2590,2617]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003), Dalhoumi eta/. (2016
|
||
<emphasis box="[2347,2362,2590,2617]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">a</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis box="[2390,2469,2590,2617]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Disca</emphasis>
|
||
eta/. (2014), Dool, Puechmaille, Dietz eta/. (2013), Dool, Puechmaille, Kelleher eta/. (2016), Fairon
|
||
<emphasis box="[2297,2366,2642,2669]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1982), Gaisler (1963, 1966, 2013c), Gaisler eta/. (2011), Hackett eta/. (2017), Hanâk et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2029,2060,2695,2722]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001),
|
||
<emphasis box="[2189,2344,2695,2722]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Holzhaider</emphasis>
|
||
et al. (2002), Horâcek (2010), Hutterer étal. (2005), Jones &
|
||
<emphasis box="[3284,3389,2695,2722]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Rayner</emphasis>
|
||
(1989), Jones & Siemers (2011), Jones et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2384,2414,2748,2775]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1992), Karata? et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2690,2721,2748,2775]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006), Kelleher (2004),
|
||
<emphasis box="[3088,3183,2748,2775]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Knight</emphasis>
|
||
& Jones (2009), Lino eta/. (2014), McAney & Fairley (1988,1989), Motte &
|
||
<emphasis box="[2663,2748,2800,2827]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Libois</emphasis>
|
||
(2002), Ohlendorf (1997), Papadatou eta/. (2008
|
||
<emphasis box="[3467,3483,2800,2827]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">a</emphasis>
|
||
), Puerma eta/. (2008),
|
||
<emphasis box="[2209,2298,2853,2880]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Reiter</emphasis>
|
||
(2004), Reiter et al. (2013), Rushton (1970), Schofield (1996, 1999), Seckerdieck
|
||
<emphasis box="[1882,1933,2906,2933]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">eta</emphasis>
|
||
/. (2005), Shahabi eta/. (2019), Spitzenberger (2002), Stoffberg étal. (2010), Stutz & Haffner (1984),Taylor (
|
||
<quantity box="[1890,1979,2958,2985]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.016" pageId="48" pageNumber="327" unit="g" value="2016.0">2016g</quantity>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis box="[2010,2159,2958,2985]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">Urbanczyk</emphasis>
|
||
(1994), Volleth
|
||
<emphasis box="[2395,2465,2958,2985]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013), Walters et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2756,2786,2958,2985]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012), Warren & Witter (2002), Williams et
|
||
<emphasis box="[3467,3498,2958,2985]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="327">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011), Zahn et al. (2008), Zukal eta/. (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |