348 lines
29 KiB
XML
348 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFCA8A2FF8ABF666FCA4D52A" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus capensis Lichtenstein 1823" docType="treatment" docVersion="21" lastPageNumber="285" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="284" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>280</mods:start>
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<mods:end>332</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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||
</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808868" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163550009" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808868" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFCA8A2FF8ABF666FCA4D52A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFCA8A2FF8ABF666FCA4D52A" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="285" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<subSubSection box="[1895,2542,2503,2564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[1895,3155,2503,2564]" box="[1895,2542,2503,2564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<figureCitation box="[1895,1932,2503,2564]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[178,220,4371,4398]" captionTargetBox="[101,3527,129,4721]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages: 4. Lander's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus landeri); 5. Guinean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus guineensis); 6. Blasius's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus blasii); 7. Peters's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus lobatus); 8. Swinny's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus swinnyi); 9. Cape Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus capensis); 10. Gorongosa Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus gorongosae); 11. Roberts's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus rhodesiae); 12. Bushveld Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus simulato/); 13. Dent's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus denti); 14. Cameroon Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus alticolus); 15. Mehely's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mehelyi); 16. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus euryale); 17. Hildebrandt's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii); 18. Mount Mabu Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mabuensis); 19. Cohen's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus cohenae); 20. Smithers's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus smithersi); 21. Mozambican Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mossambicus); 22. Rüppell's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus fumigatus); 23. Eloquent Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus Bloquons)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748527/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">9</figureCitation>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1966,2110,2503,2564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<collectingRegion box="[1966,2110,2503,2564]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Cape</collectingRegion>
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</emphasis>
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Horseshoe Bat
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2606,3155,2503,2564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[1895,3155,2503,2564]" box="[2606,3155,2503,2564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[2606,3155,2503,2564]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis box="[2606,3155,2503,2564]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="284" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[1894,3120,2579,2659]" box="[1895,3120,2579,2606]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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French: Rhinolophe du Cap
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<emphasis box="[2272,2284,2579,2606]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">I</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2291,2415,2579,2606]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">German:</emphasis>
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Kap-Hufeisennase
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<emphasis box="[2677,2689,2579,2606]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">I</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2696,2821,2579,2606]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Spanish:</emphasis>
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Herradura
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<emphasis box="[2974,3008,2579,2606]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">de</emphasis>
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El
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<collectingRegion box="[3051,3120,2579,2606]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Cabo</collectingRegion>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[1894,3120,2579,2659]" box="[1894,2659,2632,2659]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1894,2228,2632,2659]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Other common names:</emphasis>
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Southern Africa Horseshoe Bat
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="284" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[2714,3518,2735,3303]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2716,2929,2735,2774]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Lichtenstein, 1823" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis box="[2954,3337,2735,2774]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
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Lichtenstein, 1823
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="284" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[2714,3518,2735,3303]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597533944" country="South Africa" location="Cape of Good Hope" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Western Cape Province" typeStatus="type">
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFCA8A2FF8ABF666FCA4D52A:052E606FFFCA8A2CF44FF545F28ED268" box="[2947,3339,2788,2827]" country="South Africa" name="Cape of Good Hope" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" stateProvince="Western Cape Province">Cape of Good Hope</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<emphasis box="[3359,3513,2788,2827]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Western</emphasis>
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Cape
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<emphasis box="[2826,2994,2840,2879]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Province</emphasis>
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</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[3015,3256,2840,2879]" name="South Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="284" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[2714,3518,2735,3303]" lastBlockId="5.[1885,3514,3313,4623]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[2716,3093,2894,2933]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis box="[2716,3093,2894,2933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[3287,3427,2894,2933]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis box="[3287,3427,2894,2933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">capensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group, which might also include
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" box="[2716,2866,3000,3039]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blasii">
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<emphasis box="[2716,2866,3000,3039]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">A blasii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on genetic data, but additional research is needed. Remainder of the African-Palearctic species groups (
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<emphasis box="[3441,3516,3106,3145]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<emphasis box="[2717,2780,3159,3198]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Zandm</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis box="[2811,3237,3159,3198]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Blasius" authorityYear="1853" box="[2811,2933,3159,3198]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euryale">euryale</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[2954,3231,3159,3198]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">ferrumequinum</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Pousargues" authorityYear="1897" box="[3355,3515,3159,3198]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maclaudi">
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<emphasis box="[3355,3515,3159,3198]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">maclaudi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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groups) along with the Chinese A
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<emphasis box="[3401,3515,3212,3251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<emphasis box="[2714,2960,3264,3303]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">xrnanzhongguoensis</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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seem to form a large clade, although phylogenetic relationships
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2590,2628,3313,3352]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">in</emphasis>
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this clade have
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<emphasis box="[2934,2991,3313,3352]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">yet</emphasis>
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to be resolved.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seems to be sister to
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<emphasis box="[2429,2622,3368,3407]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gough" authorityYear="1908" box="[2429,2616,3368,3407]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="swinnyi">A swinnyi</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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with which
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<emphasis box="[2850,2877,3368,3407]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">it</emphasis>
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is partially sympatric. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="284" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3749928" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3749928" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3749928/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" targetBox="[1888,2685,2736,3296]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[1885,3514,3313,4623]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1890,2128,3420,3459]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry box="[2143,2382,3420,3459]" name="South Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2393,2431,3420,3459]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">in</emphasis>
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coastal Northern,
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<emphasis box="[2787,2945,3420,3459]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Western</emphasis>
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, and
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<collectingRegion box="[3051,3305,3420,3459]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
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provinces. Possibly enters coastal SW
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<collectingCountry box="[2403,2568,3472,3511]" name="Namibia" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Namibia</collectingCountry>
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, although this has
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<emphasis box="[2935,2993,3472,3511]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">yet</emphasis>
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to be confirmed; all other non-South African records are erroneous.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="284" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[1885,3514,3313,4623]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1889,2230,3578,3617]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<emphasis box="[2482,2503,3578,3617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">c</emphasis>
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.
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<quantity box="[2512,2720,3578,3617]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" metricValueMax="6.6" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" unit="mm" value="61.0" valueMax="66.0" valueMin="56.0">
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||
56
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2562,2575,3578,3617]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">-</emphasis>
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66 mm
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</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity box="[2819,3025,3578,3617]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" unit="mm" value="28.0" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="24.0">24-32 mm</quantity>
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||
, ear
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||
<quantity box="[3125,3331,3578,3617]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" unit="mm" value="23.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="21.0">21-25 mm</quantity>
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||
, forearm
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||
<quantity box="[1889,2091,3628,3667]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="5.1" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" unit="mm" value="49.0" valueMax="51.0" valueMin="47.0">47-51 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis box="[2108,2236,3628,3667]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">weight</emphasis>
|
||
9-14-
|
||
<quantity box="[2347,2407,3628,3667]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" unit="g" value="6.0">
|
||
6
|
||
<emphasis box="[2381,2407,3628,3667]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">g</emphasis>
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||
</quantity>
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||
. Pelage is pale to medium brown dorsally (individual hairs are pale gray, beige, or cream, with brown tips) or bright red in orange morph; venter is paler, sometimes more grayish. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3335,3373,3736,3775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">in</emphasis>
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||
length (46-52% offorearm length). Noseleafhas hastate lancet, with blundy pointed tip;
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||
<emphasis box="[3425,3510,3787,3826]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">sella</emphasis>
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||
is naked, with parallel or slighdy concave sides and rounded top; connecting
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||
<emphasis box="[3368,3507,3842,3881]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">process</emphasis>
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||
is rounded, sometimes nearly triangular with rounded top, and is higher than sella; horseshoe is narrow at 7-3—8-
|
||
<quantity box="[2452,2561,3947,3986]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
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||
and does not cover entire muzzle; lateral leaflets are present but poorly developed; and anterior emargination is deep. Lower lip has one well-defined groove.
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<emphasis box="[2376,2495,4054,4093]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Wings</emphasis>
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and uropatagium are brown.
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3087,3182,4054,4093]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Skull</emphasis>
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||
is rather robust, with broad zygomatic arches and zygomatic width larger than mastoid width; nasal swellings are medium in relative height; frontal depression is shallow, and supraorbital ridges are weak; sagittal crest is well developed anteriorly but absent posteriorly; and interpterygoid groove is distinct. P2 is small to medium-sized and usually slightly displaced labially, sometimes nearly completely displaced, but
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[3083,3113,4319,4358]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">C</emphasis>
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1 and P4 never touch as a result, being well separated; P3 is small and partly or completely displaced labially. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="285" pageId="5" pageNumber="284" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph blockId="5.[1885,3514,3313,4623]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1885,2037,4478,4517]" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Primarily savanna, montane forest, coastal forest, and fynbos (shrubland) habitats. Roosts of
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<collectingRegion box="[2244,2340,4531,4570]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="284">Cape</collectingRegion>
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Horseshoe Bats occur in coastal and sea caves and dark lofts and mine shafts; houses are typically avoided.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[173,1796,359,3148]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[175,531,359,398]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[545,642,359,398]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bats seem to forage by slowly flying through vegetation (slow aerial clutter foraging) and gleaning prey off of the ground or foliage. They might feed by perch-hunting, in which
|
||
<emphasis box="[1021,1101,465,504]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">they</emphasis>
|
||
ambush prey by perching on vegetation and waiting for prey to pass by. Large proportions of diets consist of lepidopterans and coleopterans, and neuropterans, hemipterans, and dipterans make up smaller amounts of diets.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[532,628,624,663]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bats
|
||
<emphasis box="[965,1022,624,663]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">eat</emphasis>
|
||
smaller prey than sympatric Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats
|
||
<emphasis box="[485,710,677,717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[553,690,677,716]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">clivosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
probably to avoid competition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[173,1796,359,3148]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
|
||
Breeding. The
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[470,566,730,769]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous. Spermatogenesis occurs in October—May, and sperm is stored in epididymis through winter, which is rather unusual for species of
|
||
<emphasis box="[750,974,835,874]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[750,969,835,874]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinolophus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Copulation takes place when winter ends in August-September, in
|
||
<emphasis box="[673,826,888,927]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">contrast</emphasis>
|
||
to most other hibernating species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1577,1793,888,927]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1577,1793,888,927]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Rhinolophus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that mate before winter with sperm stored in females’ reproductive tracts. Although females are in estrus or submaximal estrus in May, there are cornified epithelial cells blocking the vagina that prevent copulation through hibernation in winter. Births are reported in summer (November-December) after 3-4 months of gestation. Litter size is one. Lactation has been recorded in
|
||
<emphasis box="[911,1275,1152,1191]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">December-January</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1290,1414,1152,1191]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Young</emphasis>
|
||
cling to their mothers during the day but are left in roosts when mothers leave to forage at night. Male testes are active at 11-12 months old, although their first mating does not occur until their second year; females typically start breeding in their second year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[173,1796,359,3148]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,490,1364,1403]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Cape Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. Days are spent in roosts that are left after dark. Roosts occur in coastal and sea caves and dark lofts and mine shafts; houses are typically avoided. According to J. T.
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1113,1312,1470,1509]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
and colleagues in 1990, they are most active during the first two hours after
|
||
<emphasis box="[1155,1275,1523,1562]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">sunset</emphasis>
|
||
when they forage. Bouts of foraging continue throughout the night, with breaks in between to return to roosts. In a
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,331,1629,1668]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">recent</emphasis>
|
||
study by A. J. Thomas and D. S. Jacobs in 2013, moth-eating bats—including the Cape Horseshoe Bat and the Egyptian Slit-faced
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1182,1246,1682,1721]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1263,1578,1682,1721]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
|
||
{
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1818" box="[1278,1566,1682,1721]" class="Mammalia" family="Nycteridae" genus="Nycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thebaica">Nycteris thebaica</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—emerged earlier than bats that fed on dipterans. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with F component of
|
||
<emphasis box="[330,351,1786,1825]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">c</emphasis>
|
||
.75-90 kHz recorded throughout their distribution, ranging from 75-7 kHz in the western part of the distribution to 86-5 kHz in the eastern end—a
|
||
<emphasis box="[1632,1793,1841,1880]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">gradient</emphasis>
|
||
that seems to be linked to annual rainfall. Pulse durations are 28-1-52-7 milliseconds. Terminal FM sweep of call becomes longer and wider in bandwidth when flying with conspecifics vs. flying alone. Other changes in calls of Cape Horseshoe Bat have been reported when flying with Natal Long-fingered Bats
|
||
<emphasis box="[1169,1182,2052,2091]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1837" box="[1182,1394,2052,2091]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Miniopterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1405,1589,2052,2091]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">natalensis)</emphasis>
|
||
and Geofffoy’s Horseshoe Bats. Cape Horseshoe Bats can readily distinguish between calls of conspecifics and those of Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[173,1796,359,3148]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,1121,2211,2250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Although the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1404,1502,2211,2250]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1730,1793,2211,2250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
is primarily sedentary, small-scale movements of
|
||
<quantity box="[1107,1223,2264,2303]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
have been reported. Reasons for these movements are uncertain,
|
||
<emphasis box="[872,937,2317,2356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">but</emphasis>
|
||
they might be to escape extreme conditions in winter.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[363,459,2370,2409]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bats hibernate through winter on occasion, but they do not enter a deep torpor, as does the Geoffroy’s Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1201,1267,2423,2462]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1286,1382,2423,2462]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bats roost in large colonies that rarely have more than 1000 individuals. Males and females roost together, and individuals roost in clusters of multiple individuals that do
|
||
<emphasis box="[1545,1610,2529,2568]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">not</emphasis>
|
||
generally make contact with one another.
|
||
<emphasis box="[786,875,2582,2621]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Cave</emphasis>
|
||
roosts are shared
|
||
<emphasis box="[1219,1388,2582,2621]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">relatively</emphasis>
|
||
often with Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats and Natal Long-fingered Bats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[173,1796,359,3148]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[179,650,2688,2727]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on 77ze IUCN
|
||
<emphasis box="[1443,1593,2688,2727]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Red List.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1697,1793,2688,2727]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bat is considered common throughout its distribution and does not seem to have any major conservation threats. It might be declining in some areas due to roost disturbance and habitat loss from agricultural expansion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[173,1796,359,3148]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[179,385,2906,2933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
ACR (2018),
|
||
<emphasis box="[574,665,2906,2933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Ansell</emphasis>
|
||
(1986), Bernard (1984,1985,1986a, 1986b, 2013a), Brown & Bernard (1994), Csorba eta/. (2003), Cumming & Bernard (1997), Erasmus & Rautenbach (1984), Fawcett
|
||
<emphasis box="[1503,1554,2959,2986]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">eta</emphasis>
|
||
/. (201'5), Jacobs & Monadjem (2017), Jacobs et
|
||
<emphasis box="[662,678,3012,3039]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">a</emphasis>
|
||
/. (2007),
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[827,977,3012,3039]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et
|
||
<emphasis box="[1036,1052,3012,3039]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">a</emphasis>
|
||
/. (1990a, 1990b),
|
||
<emphasis box="[1330,1490,3012,3039]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Monadjem</emphasis>
|
||
, Taylor et a/. (2010), Odendaal & Jacobs (2011),
|
||
<emphasis box="[583,720,3065,3092]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Stoffberg</emphasis>
|
||
(2008), Stoffberg eta/. (2010),Taylor, Macdonald
|
||
<emphasis box="[1455,1506,3065,3092]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">eta</emphasis>
|
||
/. (2018), Thomas & Jacobs (2013), Zhou Zhaomin eta/. (2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |