204 lines
27 KiB
XML
204 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6BD16735C41D3553943EE8642505A1F1">Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9E92A1BD2F0064F558574CAF972E752A">Schiesari, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="000F1857AB6C866E6355D57B0CE8D097">Rossa-Feres, Denise De Cerqueira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E518C08778A4BBC23F0A17548616CE2C">Menin, Marcelo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="18F5011BF7FFCEE46749479B88D1070D">Hödl, Walter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="BCFF7D1E2EB3FB8D09AA81E955667021">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A963F0170E74A53E775F055F7D7FF8EC">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="B31987BBFFEAFFC7E0D050D68E61FD59" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518024" ID-GBIF-Taxon="208789584" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518024" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B31987BBFFEAFFC7E0D050D68E61FD59" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B31987BBFFEAFFC7E0D050D68E61FD59" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFEAFFC0E0D050D68FDFFB34" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFEAFFC0E0D050D68C5EFCC9" blockId="43.[151,1437,762,2013]" box="[151,377,762,789]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<heading id="604781C1FFEAFFC0E0D050D68C5EFCC9" bold="true" box="[151,377,762,789]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFEAFFC0E0D050D68C5EFCC9" ID-CoL="M7YD" ID-ENA="2023957" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[151,377,762,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Boana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geographica">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEAFFC0E0D050D68C5EFCC9" bold="true" box="[151,377,762,789]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Boana geographica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFEAFFC0E08051338FDFFB34" blockId="43.[151,1437,762,2013]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEAFFC0E08051338CEBFCE4" bold="true" box="[199,460,798,824]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">External morphology.</emphasis>
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Description based on five tadpoles between Stages 37 to 39 (LCS 433, 441, 616). Total length 51.0 ±
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<quantity id="FC489B48FFEAFFC0E174516F8CAEFC81" box="[307,393,834,861]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8 mm</quantity>
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(N = 5). Body elongate oval in dorsal view and globular/depressed in lateral view (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFEAFFC0E576516F8D8BFC5C" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,681,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-249@44.[151,1436,669,1806]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 19. Tadpole of Boana geographica (LCS 616) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsolateral view of newly metamorphosed froglet." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518012/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 19A, B</figureCitation>
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). Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views. Eyes small, dorsolaterally positioned and laterally directed. Nostrils small, oval, dorsolaterally positioned, near to eyes, with opening anterolaterally directed, with a small projection on the marginal rim. Oral disc (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFEAFFC0E24751838F42FC14" box="[512,613,942,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,681,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-249@44.[151,1436,669,1806]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 19. Tadpole of Boana geographica (LCS 616) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsolateral view of newly metamorphosed froglet." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518012/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 19C</figureCitation>
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) anteroventral, ventrolaterally emarginate; marginal papillae conical, biseriate and alternate, with a dorsal gap. Submarginal papillae present laterally. LTRF 3(Ae1,3)/5-6(1); Ae1, A1 and A2 of the same length; P2 slightly longer than P1; P3, P4, P5 and P6 slightly shorter than P2. Anterior jaw sheath moderately wide, posterior jaw sheath narrow, both finely serrated; anterior jaw sheath arch-shaped, posterior jaw sheath V-shaped. Spiracle single, sinistral, conical, short, and wide posterodorsally directed, opening in the medial third of the body, with the centripetal wall fused to the body wall and of the same length as the external wall. Vent tube medial, fused to the ventral fin, with a dextral opening. Caudal musculature of moderate width; in lateral view gradually tapering to a pointed tip. Dorsal and ventral fins high and convex; dorsal fin originating on the posterior third of the body. Tail tip rounded. Lateral line visible.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFEAFFC0E08056DF8E8CF848" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFEAFFC0E08056DF8960FAA4" blockId="43.[151,1437,762,2013]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEAFFC0E08056DF8C07FAD0" bold="true" box="[199,288,1266,1292]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Colour.</emphasis>
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In preservative body and tail dark brown; venter nearly transparent with gut perfectly visible; tail musculature cream-colored; fins opaque grey, translucent to transparent. In life body and tail black; fins dull gray. Tadpoles at Stage 25 have transparent ventral skin and tail fins; ventral skin and tail fins translucent between Stages 26 and 29; fins opaque dark grey after Stage 29, gut visible through the ventral skin.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFEAFFC0E08057AF8E66FA41" blockId="43.[151,1437,762,2013]" box="[199,833,1410,1437]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEAFFC0E08057AF8C18FA40" bold="true" box="[199,319,1410,1436]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Variation.</emphasis>
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LTRF 1/3(1), 2(2)/3, or 2(2)/3(1) at Stage 25.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFEAFFC0E080578B8EF0FA1C" blockId="43.[151,1437,762,2013]" box="[199,983,1446,1473]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEAFFC0E080578B8C4FFA1C" bold="true" box="[199,360,1446,1472]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Metamorphs.</emphasis>
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Body dark grey to black; limbs dark brown (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFEAFFC0E326578B8EEDFA1C" box="[865,970,1446,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,681,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-249@44.[151,1436,669,1806]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 19. Tadpole of Boana geographica (LCS 616) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsolateral view of newly metamorphosed froglet." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518012/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 19D</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFEAFFC0E08057E78E8CF848" blockId="43.[151,1437,762,2013]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEAFFC0E08057E78CA2FA38" bold="true" box="[199,389,1482,1508]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Natural history.</emphasis>
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Eggs and tadpoles are found in streams, streamside ponds and lakes in terra-firme forest, forest edge and várzea floodplains. Clutches contain 2,500 (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEAFFC0E36357C38EC0F9D4" author="Lima, A. P. & Magnusson, W. E. & Menin, M. & Erdtmann, L. K. & Rodrigues, D. J. & Keller, C." box="[804,999,1518,1544]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref79759" refString="Lima, A. P., Magnusson, W. E., Menin, M., Erdtmann, L. K., Rodrigues, D. J., Keller, C. & H ˆ dl, W. (2012) Guia de Sapos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia Central / Guide to the frogs of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Central Amazonia. 2 nd Edition. Editora INPA, Manaus, 187 pp." type="book" year="2012">
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<collectingRegion id="F974F84FFFEAFFC0E36357C38E46F9D4" box="[804,865,1518,1544]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Lima</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEAFFC0E32D57C28E82F9D4" box="[874,933,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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) or 2.979 eggs (this study) pigmented eggs. Tadpoles are found in all months of the year. Tadpoles form conspicuous size-structured, compact, nonpolarized schools containing up to 3,000 individuals; tadpoles move continuously from the periphery toward the middle of the school, presumably to lower individual predation risk; schooling behavior is observed throughout the entire premetamorphic development; schools with actively swimming tadpoles are observed both by day and night (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEAFFC0E0D8548F8C6EF960" author="Caldwell, J. P." box="[159,329,1698,1724]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="938 - 950" refId="ref75193" refString="Caldwell, J. P. (1989) Structure and behavior of Hyla geographica tadpole schools, with comments on classification of group behavior in tadpoles. Copeia, 1989, 938 - 950. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1445980" type="journal article" year="1989">Caldwell 1989</bibRefCitation>
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). Tadpoles graze on periphyton and bob air in the water surface (this study). Development appears to be comparatively slow (this study) and tadpoles reach 90+ mm in total length (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEAFFC0E46E54EB89F3F93C" author="Caldwell, J. P." box="[1065,1236,1734,1760]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="938 - 950" refId="ref75193" refString="Caldwell, J. P. (1989) Structure and behavior of Hyla geographica tadpole schools, with comments on classification of group behavior in tadpoles. Copeia, 1989, 938 - 950. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1445980" type="journal article" year="1989">Caldwell 1989</bibRefCitation>
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). Eggs are preyed upon by the turtle
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFEAFFC0E12F54C78F40F8D8" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[360,615,1770,1796]" class="Reptilia" family="Chelidae" genus="Platemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platycephala">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEAFFC0E12F54C78F40F8D8" box="[360,615,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Platemys platycephala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Albertina
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<collectingRegion id="F974F84FFFEAFFC0E2AD54C78E0FF8D8" box="[746,808,1770,1796]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Lima</collectingRegion>
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, pers. comm. in
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEAFFC0E3A454C68941F8D8" author="Hero, J-M." box="[995,1126,1770,1797]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref77845" refString="Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation, palatability and the distribution of tadpoles in the Amazon Rainforest. PhD Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, 234 pp." type="book" year="1991">Hero, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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). Tadpoles are preyed upon by the snake
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFEAFFC0E17455238E6DF8F4" authority="(Martins & Oliveira 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Martins & Oliveira" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[307,842,1806,1832]" class="Reptilia" family="Dipsadidae" genus="Helicops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angulatus">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEAFFC0E17455238F29F8F4" box="[307,526,1806,1832]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Helicops angulatus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEAFFC0E26755238E66F8F4" author="Martins, M. & Oliveira, M. E." box="[544,833,1806,1832]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="78 - 150" refId="ref80382" refString="Martins, M. & Oliveira, M. E. (1998) Natural history of snakes in forests of the Manaus region, Central Amazonian, Brazil. Herpetological Natural History, 6, 78 - 150." type="journal article" year="1998">Martins & Oliveira 1998</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEAFFC0E30655238E6DF8F4" bold="true" box="[833,842,1806,1832]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">)</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and parasitized by the parasitic crustacean
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFEAFFC0E502552388BAF8F4" box="[1349,1437,1806,1832]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Argulidae" genus="Argulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arguloida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEAFFC0E502552388BAF8F4" box="[1349,1437,1806,1832]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Argulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(this study). In experiment eggs were found to be avoided by fish but consumed by dytiscid beetles and oophagous tadpoles;
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFEAFFC0E143557A8C96F8AC" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[260,433,1878,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Boana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geographica">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEAFFC0E143557A8C96F8AC" box="[260,433,1878,1904]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">B. geographica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tadpoles are themselves moderately oophagous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEAFFC0E39F557B89DCF8AC" author="Magnusson, W. E. & Hero, J-M." box="[984,1275,1878,1905]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="310 - 318" refId="ref80103" refString="Magnusson, W. E. & Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation and the evolution of complex oviposition behaviour in Amazon rainforest frogs. Oecologia, 86, 310 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00317595" type="journal article" year="1991">Magnusson & Hero 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tadpoles are unpalatable to fish and the black coloration is presumably aposematic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFEAFFC7E08055B38E61FD59" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFEAFFC7E08055B38E61FD59" blockId="43.[151,1437,762,2013]" lastBlockId="44.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEAFFC0E08055B38C68F864" bold="true" box="[199,335,1950,1976]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
Tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFEAFFC0E24D55B38F4EF864" box="[522,617,1950,1976]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
were described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEAFFC0E31655B28ED4F864" author="Kenny, J. S." box="[849,1011,1950,1977]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref79253" refString="Kenny, J. S. (1969) The Amphibia of Trinidad. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands. Hague, 29, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1969">Kenny (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFEAFFC0E40455B38987F864" box="[1091,1184,1950,1976]" name="Ecuador" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEAFFC0E49555B388B0F864" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[1234,1431,1950,1976]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFEAFFC0E09155EE8C2EF801" box="[214,265,1987,2013]" name="Peru" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEAFFC0E17255EF8CDEF801" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[309,505,1986,2013]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFEAFFC0E20355EF8FB1F800" box="[580,662,1986,2012]" name="Bolivia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEAFFC0E28555EF8E96F801" author="Schulze, A. & Jansen, M." box="[706,945,1986,2013]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref83759" refString="Schulze, A., Jansen, M. & K ˆ hler, G. (2015) Tadpole diversity of Bolivia's lowland anuran communities: molecular identification, morphological characterisation, and ecological assignment. Zootaxa, 4016 (1), 1 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4016.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Schulze
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEAFFC0E36455EE8E72F800" box="[803,853,1986,2012]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and tadpoles from Central Amazonia were illustrated by Hero (1990). LTRF 2(2)/3 is the only morphological difference between tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFEDFFC7E54A52BA884BFF6D" box="[1293,1388,151,177]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
and those herein characterized. Tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFEDFFC7E23452968FF7FF09" box="[627,720,187,213]" name="Ecuador" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFEDFFC7E30352968EB1FF09" box="[836,918,187,213]" name="Bolivia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
differ from those herein characterized by presenting body ovoid. Those from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFEDFFC7E24752F28F7AFF25" box="[512,605,223,249]" name="Ecuador" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
also differ from those herein characterized by presenting oral disc laterally emarginate, LTRF 2(2)/4, and dorsal fin not extending onto the body (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEDFFC7E3E8532E8944FEC1" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[943,1123,259,285]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tadpoles characterized by Hero (1990) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEDFFC7E11A530A8F07FE9D" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[349,544,294,321]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
differ from those herein characterized by presenting LRTF 2-3[1] [3]/3-5 [1]. Moreover, those from Hero (1990) differ from those herein characterized by presenting a dorsal fin originating at the body-tail junction and those from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFEDFFC7E24853428F65FE55" box="[527,578,367,393]" name="Peru" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
by presenting a dorsal fin originating on the tail (although
|
||
<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFEDFFC7E48B53428877FE55" box="[1228,1360,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1297,1321]" captionTargetBox="[177,1424,192,1262]" captionTargetId="figure-21@36.[151,1437,181,1273]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 13. Tadpole of Ceratophrys cornuta (MNRJ s/n) at Stage 38: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7517994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7517994/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 13.14C</figureCitation>
|
||
shows a tadpole with dorsal fin originating at the body-tail junction), oral disc laterally emarginate, submarginal papillae absent, LTRF 2(1)/4, and tail tip pointed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEDFFC7E22E539A8E3AFE0D" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[617,797,438,465]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFEDFFC7E39F539A890DFE0D" box="[984,1066,439,465]" name="Bolivia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEDFFC7E47E539A8834FE0D" author="Schulze, A. & Jansen, M." box="[1081,1299,438,465]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref83759" refString="Schulze, A., Jansen, M. & K ˆ hler, G. (2015) Tadpole diversity of Bolivia's lowland anuran communities: molecular identification, morphological characterisation, and ecological assignment. Zootaxa, 4016 (1), 1 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4016.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Schulze
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEDFFC7E4DD539A89ECFE0D" box="[1178,1227,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) differ from those herein characterized by presenting snout oval in dorsal view, nostrils rounded, marginal papillae uniseriate anteriorly and irregularly biseriate laterally and posteriorly, lower jaw sheath U-shaped, LTRF 2(2)/4(1), spiracle centripetal wall free from body in its second half, ventral fin parallel to longitudinal axis of tail. These tadpoles were characterized as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFEDFFC7E113506A8F7AFDBC" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1862" box="[340,605,583,609]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFEDFFC7E113506A8F7AFDBC" box="[340,605,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Osteocephalus taurinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFEDFFC7E2CE506A8EECFDBD" author="Duellman, W. E. & Lescure, J." box="[649,971,583,609]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref76642" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Lescure, J. (1973) Life history and ecology of the hylid frog Osteocephalus taurinus, with observations on larval behavior. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, 13, 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1973">Duellman & Lescure (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and they differ from those characterized herein just by dorsal fin originating on the tail-body junction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |