175 lines
22 KiB
XML
175 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="04C553E184A6E1A1309A76FFCC0C7447">Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="73EA520FFFD8BF31461CE846CEE8CEC3">Schiesari, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1CEE27D68F95864437F9E959F8B3FDDE">Rossa-Feres, Denise De Cerqueira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6CBF3C7E3D7C85F2903CB863A1949960">Menin, Marcelo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="646B668A077007602494A89C42266F49">Hödl, Walter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A9F394029088721E8A8BC13860E3AF55">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="B31987BBFFE7FFCDE0D053F68EB9F800" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518002" ID-GBIF-Taxon="208789587" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518002" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B31987BBFFE7FFCDE0D053F68EB9F800" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B31987BBFFE7FFCDE0D053F68EB9F800" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFE7FFCDE0D053F68C30FC14" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFE7FFCDE0D053F68C09FE29" blockId="38.[151,1437,474,2012]" box="[151,302,474,501]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<heading id="604781C1FFE7FFCDE0D053F68C09FE29" bold="true" box="[151,302,474,501]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFE7FFCDE0D053F68C09FE29" ID-CoL="M7X9" ID-ENA="317327" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,302,474,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Boana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boans">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFE7FFCDE0D053F68C09FE29" bold="true" box="[151,302,474,501]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Boana boans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFE7FFCDE08053D38C30FC14" blockId="38.[151,1437,474,2012]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFE7FFCDE08053D38CEBFDC4" bold="true" box="[199,460,510,536]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">External morphology.</emphasis>
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Description based on three tadpoles at Stages 33, 36 and 39 (LCS 600, 652, 653). Total length ranging from
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<quantity id="FC489B48FFE7FFCDE139500F8CC6FDE1" box="[382,481,546,573]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.34" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="33.4">33.4 mm</quantity>
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(Stage 36) to
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<quantity id="FC489B48FFE7FFCDE238500F8FC4FDE1" box="[639,739,546,573]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.38" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="33.8">33.8 mm</quantity>
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(Stage 39). Body ovoid in dorsal view and globular/depressed in lateral view (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFE7FFCDE10F506B8CF7FDBC" box="[328,464,582,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="39.[151,250,1189,1213]" captionTargetBox="[168,1415,186,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-20@39.[151,1436,181,1165]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 15. Tadpole of Boana boans (LCS 659) at Stage 36: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518000" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518000/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 15A, B</figureCitation>
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). Snout rounded in dorsal view and rounded in lateral view. Eyes small, dorsally positioned and dorsolaterally directed. Nostrils small, reniform, dorsally positioned, near to eyes, with opening anterolaterally directed, with a small projection on the marginal rim. Oral disc (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FFE7FFCDE39850A38963FD75" box="[991,1092,654,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="39.[151,250,1189,1213]" captionTargetBox="[168,1415,186,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-20@39.[151,1436,181,1165]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 15. Tadpole of Boana boans (LCS 659) at Stage 36: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518000" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518000/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
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) anteroventral, ventrolaterally emarginate; marginal papillae conical, biseriate, with a narrow dorsal gap. Submarginal papillae laterally. LTRF 2(2)/4(1); A1 shorter than A2; P1, P2 and P3 similar in length; P4 shorter. Jaw sheaths moderate, finely serrated; anterior jaw sheath arch-shaped, posterior jaw sheath V-shaped. Spiracle single, sinistral, conical, short and wide, posterodorsally directed, opening in the medial third of the body, with the centripetal wall not fused to body wall and longer than the external wall. Vent tube medial, fused to the ventral fin, with a dextral opening. Caudal musculature of moderate width; in lateral view gradually tapering to a pointed tip. Dorsal fin of moderate height and convex, originating at the tail-body junction; ventral fin shallow, parallel to the ventral margin of caudal musculature. Tail tip pointed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFE7FFCDE08051FF8DC7F9F0" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFE7FFCDE08051FF8997FB18" blockId="38.[151,1437,474,2012]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFE7FFCDE08051FF8C07FC30" bold="true" box="[199,288,978,1004]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Colour.</emphasis>
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In preservative dorsum and sides from grayish to light brown with a few scattered melanophores to marbled of brown, cream and pigmentless with scattered dark brown spots; venter transparent without pigmentation except for small scattered leucophores; tail fins translucent cream with diffuse melanophores. Aggregation of melanophores in the dorsal portion of the tail musculature often gives the impression that the tail musculature has transversal bars in dorsal view. In life tadpole brown, with a combination of light brown and dark brown spots over the dorsal portions of body and tail; tail fin transparent; aggregation of melanophores in the dorsal portion of the tail musculature gives the impression that the tail musculature has transversal bars in dorsal view.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFE7FFCDE08056E38EC6FB34" blockId="38.[151,1437,474,2012]" box="[199,993,1230,1257]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFE7FFCDE08056E38C18FB34" bold="true" box="[199,319,1230,1256]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Variation.</emphasis>
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LTRF 2(2)/3, 2(2)/4 or 2(2)/4(1) between Stages 25 and 30.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFE7FFCDE08056DF8852FAD0" blockId="38.[151,1437,474,2012]" box="[199,1397,1266,1293]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFE7FFCDE08056DF8C4FFAD0" bold="true" box="[199,360,1266,1292]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Metamorphs.</emphasis>
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Dorsum yellowish brown, venter from light beige to cream; black dots on dorsum and head.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFE7FFCDE080573B8DC7F9F0" blockId="38.[151,1437,474,2012]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFE7FFCDE080573B8CA0FAEC" bold="true" box="[199,391,1302,1328]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Natural history.</emphasis>
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Eggs are deposited as a gelatinous film on the surface of water-filled basins constructed by the males, or natural depressions, at the margin of streams in terra-firme forest, forest edge and deforested land (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFE7FFCDE0D857738CB8FAA4" author="Magnusson, W. E. & Lima, A. P. & Hero, J. - M. & Araujo, M. C." box="[159,415,1374,1400]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="647 - 656" refId="ref80195" refString="Magnusson, W. E., Lima, A. P., Hero, J. - M. & Araujo, M. C. (1999) The rise and fall of a population of Hyla boans: reproduction in a Neotropical gladiator frog. Journal of Herpetology, 33, 647 - 656. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1565582" type="journal article" year="1999">
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Magnusson
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFE7FFCDE16F57728C46FAA4" box="[296,353,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
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1999
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFE7FFCDE1E857738F4BFAA4" author="Lima, A. P. & Magnusson, W. E. & Menin, M. & Erdtmann, L. K. & Rodrigues, D. J. & Keller, C." box="[431,620,1374,1400]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref79759" refString="Lima, A. P., Magnusson, W. E., Menin, M., Erdtmann, L. K., Rodrigues, D. J., Keller, C. & H ˆ dl, W. (2012) Guia de Sapos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia Central / Guide to the frogs of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Central Amazonia. 2 nd Edition. Editora INPA, Manaus, 187 pp." type="book" year="2012">
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<collectingRegion id="F974F84FFFE7FFCDE1E857738CCDFAA4" box="[431,490,1374,1400]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Lima</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFE7FFCDE1B657728F0EFAA4" box="[497,553,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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; this study). Clutches contain from 1,300 to 3,000 pigmented eggs (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFE7FFCDE51857738C36FA40" author="Lima, A. P. & Magnusson, W. E. & Menin, M. & Erdtmann, L. K. & Rodrigues, D. J. & Keller, C." pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref79759" refString="Lima, A. P., Magnusson, W. E., Menin, M., Erdtmann, L. K., Rodrigues, D. J., Keller, C. & H ˆ dl, W. (2012) Guia de Sapos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia Central / Guide to the frogs of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Central Amazonia. 2 nd Edition. Editora INPA, Manaus, 187 pp." type="book" year="2012">
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<collectingRegion id="F974F84FFFE7FFCDE518577388BBFAA4" box="[1375,1436,1374,1400]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Lima</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFE7FFCDE0D057AE8DE8FA40" box="[151,207,1410,1436]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Larvae are found in most months of the year. Larvae are benthic and camouflaged against the substrate; when disturbed swim fast and stop suddenly, behavior which probably reinforces the effectiveness of camouflage (this study). In experiment eggs were found to be avoided by fish but consumed by dytiscid beetles, dragonflies and oophagous tadpoles;
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFFE7FFCDE1F457C28F32F9D4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[435,533,1518,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Boana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boans">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFE7FFCDE1F457C28F32F9D4" box="[435,533,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">B. boans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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tadpoles are themselves moderately oophagous (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFE7FFCDE47F57C38993F9D4" author="Hero, J-M." box="[1080,1204,1518,1544]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref77845" refString="Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation, palatability and the distribution of tadpoles in the Amazon Rainforest. PhD Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, 234 pp." type="book" year="1991">Hero 1991</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFE7FFCDE48757C28DF4F9F0" author="Magnusson, W. E. & Hero, J-M." pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="310 - 318" refId="ref80103" refString="Magnusson, W. E. & Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation and the evolution of complex oviposition behaviour in Amazon rainforest frogs. Oecologia, 86, 310 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00317595" type="journal article" year="1991">Magnusson & Hero 1991</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FFE7FFCDE080541B8EB9F800" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFFE7FFCDE080541B8EB9F800" blockId="38.[151,1437,474,2012]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFFE7FFCDE080541B8C68F98C" bold="true" box="[199,335,1590,1616]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Comments.</emphasis>
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Tadpoles were described by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFE7FFCDE2D0541B8E76F98C" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[663,849,1590,1616]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref76312" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1970) The hylid frogs of Middle America. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas, 1, l - 753. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2835" type="book" year="1970">Duellman (1970</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFE7FFCDE31B541B8EB0F98C" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[860,919,1590,1616]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">1978</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFE7FFCDE3E4541B8EFAF98D" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[931,989,1590,1617]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFE7FFCDE46D541B89BCF98C" box="[1066,1179,1590,1616]" name="Colombia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFE7FFCDE4E0541B8823F98C" box="[1191,1284,1590,1616]" name="Ecuador" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFE7FFCDE57C541A8856F98D" box="[1339,1393,1591,1617]" name="Peru" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, respectively, and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFE7FFCDE12E54778F25F9A8" author="Lynch, J. D." box="[361,514,1626,1652]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="443 - 457" refId="ref79955" refString="Lynch, J. D. (2006) The tadpoles of frogs and toads found in the lowlands of Northern Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 30, 443 - 457." type="journal article" year="2006">Lynch (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFE7FFCDE20054778F9EF9A8" box="[583,697,1626,1652]" name="Colombia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFE7FFCDE32954778EF8F9A8" box="[878,991,1626,1652]" name="Colombia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, characterized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFE7FFCDE4EC5477884BF9A8" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[1195,1388,1626,1652]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref76312" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1970) The hylid frogs of Middle America. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas, 1, l - 753. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2835" type="book" year="1970">Duellman (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and those from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFE7FFCDE15D54538C50F944" box="[282,375,1662,1688]" name="Ecuador" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
differ from those herein characterized by presenting oral disc ventral, laterally emarginate, a uniseriate row of marginal papillae, LTRF 2(2)/4, spiracle opening just below the midline of the body, and dextral vent tube. Tadpoles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFE7FFCDE1F454EA8CC1F93D" box="[435,486,1735,1761]" name="Peru" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
differ from those herein characterized by presenting dorsal fin originating on the tail, vent tube dextral, and tail tip acutely rounded, oral disc laterally emarginate, uniseriate row of marginal papillae except on the lateral side of oral disc where it is biseriate, submarginal papillae absent and LTRF 2(2)/4 [the specimen depicted by Duellman shows LTRF 2(1,2)/4(1) and submarginal papillae present laterally and much larger than the marginal papillae].
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFE7FFCDE135557B8F14F8AD" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[370,563,1878,1905]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also commented about a variation in LTRF, since P2 may be interrupted, and P4 may be fragmented. Tadpoles from Central Amazonia illustrated by Hero (1990) present LTRF 2(2)/3-4(1). No morphological differences were found between tadpoles herein characterized and those from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFFE7FFCDE4FD55B3880FF864" box="[1210,1320,1950,1976]" name="Colombia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFE7FFCDE0FD55EF8C75F800" author="Lynch, J. D." box="[186,338,1986,2012]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="443 - 457" refId="ref79955" refString="Lynch, J. D. (2006) The tadpoles of frogs and toads found in the lowlands of Northern Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 30, 443 - 457." type="journal article" year="2006">Lynch (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFFE7FFCDE26555EF8EBDF800" author="Lynch, J. D. & Suarez-Mayorga, A. M." box="[546,922,1986,2012]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="235 - 270" refId="ref79997" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Suarez-Mayorga, A. M. (2011) Clave ilustrada de los renacuajos de las tierras bajas al Oriente de los Andes, con enfasis en Hylidae. Caldasia, 33, 235 - 270." type="journal article" year="2011">Lynch & Suárez-Mayorga (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |