363 lines
43 KiB
XML
363 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="17B670056AA0B80C5D84C27A6012605F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.276466" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f1e3707c-f14d-4d39-8509-0b770e8347f8" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="276466" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460328291337" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sá, De" docDate="2010" docId="406DFE22FFD7FF853886FF7FA1E756C9" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02671p030.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2671" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rana typhonia Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="BC54865AFFD5FF863811FFE8A526517B" masterDocTitle="The identity of the crackling, luminescent frog of Suriname (Rana typhonia Linnaeus, 1758) (Amphibia, Anura)" masterLastPageNumber="30" masterPageNumber="17" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1698258191099" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="3B1761B96C3F4AD3F221B574C7FF7B66" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="2821E0DC0D0AEEC715C07BDA2E35C555">
|
||
<mods:title id="C766583EE3C57374750B69F36A35A548">The identity of the crackling, luminescent frog of Suriname (Rana typhonia Linnaeus, 1758) (Amphibia, Anura)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="1200B87403F101A6DFB4C48686A57698" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="B1F4973045CAE39DAD0C12F645FFD8C8">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="27657628E1F870D866A4E14DF2399CD0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="A467476757594494EE7C53382A80870E">Sá, De</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="72926D233496E866CB6C5521F93A0352">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="3EAB63502A61269423D3ECD0BBF156D5" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="17FEF99EBE904A0433B727524DDDD213">
|
||
<mods:title id="4A4184A61380ABF2B8D3660C751C02CF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="7A25B5557A5E11C4E456593BC9F1ECC2">
|
||
<mods:date id="95DBD5F5F24C87A4DF41CA412E7DDDB2">2010</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="3C370450498A96BAD3A5748174C68801" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="364EA0DA5105F033BA388FAF0023ACE3">2671</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="809092DE7602E870E1015AD0063CC5CB" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="29DC320A20C368043D0AEB599342CACC">17</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="00099DE76A5C4A541E5BC0199C1469F1">30</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="9ACE0C1B17147C16CAB81BEC3870C1CD">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D7201E73460F8DF7D8D6F85C9668F7C6" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.276466</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3E60A217F211DA16E30274A957A7D0DB" type="GBIF-Dataset">f1e3707c-f14d-4d39-8509-0b770e8347f8</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="25EF317A32A3CD3A4D7F01EED063C9EA" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="8D0812C827E45EDA6A02314A0EE90ABA" type="Zenodo-Dep">276466</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="406DFE22FFD7FF853886FF7FA1E756C9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6199337" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127655825" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6199337" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:406DFE22FFD7FF853886FF7FA1E756C9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/406DFE22FFD7FF853886FF7FA1E756C9" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<subSubSection id="80DE1CBFFFD7FF843886FF7FA1A151CA" box="[151,1159,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD7FF843886FF7FA1A151CA" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,927]" box="[151,1159,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<heading id="9333F858FFD7FF843886FF7FA1A151CA" bold="true" box="[151,1159,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843886FF7FA1A151CA" bold="true" box="[151,1159,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF8438A5FF7FA70A51CA" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[180,556,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF8438A5FF7FA44151CA" bold="true" box="[180,359,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Rana typhonia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD7FF84397FFF7FA70A51CA" author="Linnaeus" box="[366,556,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae: Salvius." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the crackling and luminescent frog of Rolander
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="80DE1CBFFFD7FF8538D4FF55A1E756C9" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD7FF8438D4FF55A44D535C" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,927]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Searching for the identity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843A20FF55A7C051AD" box="[561,742,189,214]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843A20FF55A7C051AD" box="[561,742,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Rana typhonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and following ICZN Art. 72.4.1.1, we analyzed Daniel Rolander’s
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF84390CFF0AA5F4505A" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Diarium Surinamicum, quod sub itinere exotico conscripsit Daniel Rolander, tomus I and II.
|
||
<date id="BC7A69F4FFD7FF843D49FF0AA5F4505A" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" value="1754" valueMax="1756">1754- 1756</date>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B0D30FA4FFD7FF8438F1FEE0A4265059" box="[224,256,264,290]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
noted above, until the integral English translation published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD7FF843BFFFEE0A1B85059" author="Hansen" box="[1006,1182,264,290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Hansen, L. (Editor-in-chief) (2008) Daniel Rolander's Journal. Translated by J. Dobreff, C. Dahlman, D. Morgan, and J. Tipton. In The Linnaeus Apostles - Global science and adventure. Europe, North- South America. London, Whitby: IK Foundation and Company. Vol. 3 Book 3, 1215 - 1576." type="book chapter" year="2008">Hansen (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the only clue we had about Rolander’s diary was an excerpt published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD7FF843AEBFEC5A6A1503C" author="Boie" box="[762,903,301,327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Boie, F. (1827) Naturhistorische Bejtrage vermischten Inhaltes. Isis von Oken 20, VIII - IX: columns 726 - 730." type="journal article" year="1827">Boie (1827)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(that of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD7FF843BF8FEC5A030503C" author="Dumeril" box="[1001,1302,301,327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C. & Bibron, G. (1841) Erpetologie Generale ou Histoire naturelle complete des Reptiles. Tome Huitieme, comprenant l'histoire generale des batraciens, et la description des cinquante - deux genres et des cent soixante - trois especes des deux premiers sous - ordres: Les peromeles qui n'ont pas de membres, et les anoures qui sont prives de la queue. Paris: Roret." type="book" year="1841">Duméril and Bibron 1841</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is a French translation of Boie’s paper).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD7FF8439F6FEBAA7B35017" author="Hansen" box="[487,661,338,364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Hansen, L. (Editor-in-chief) (2008) Daniel Rolander's Journal. Translated by J. Dobreff, C. Dahlman, D. Morgan, and J. Tipton. In The Linnaeus Apostles - Global science and adventure. Europe, North- South America. London, Whitby: IK Foundation and Company. Vol. 3 Book 3, 1215 - 1576." type="book chapter" year="2008">Hansen (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
work gives us a completely new prospect on the identity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843D4FFEBAA42750EA" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843D4FFEBAA42750EA" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Rana typhonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Also, thanks to the kindness of Prof. Dr. James Dobreff, leading translator of Rolander’s Diary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD7FF84388EFE75A41A50CC" author="Hansen" box="[159,316,413,439]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Hansen, L. (Editor-in-chief) (2008) Daniel Rolander's Journal. Translated by J. Dobreff, C. Dahlman, D. Morgan, and J. Tipton. In The Linnaeus Apostles - Global science and adventure. Europe, North- South America. London, Whitby: IK Foundation and Company. Vol. 3 Book 3, 1215 - 1576." type="book chapter" year="2008">Hansen 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Editor of Daniel Rolander
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843AAAFE75A6E450CD" box="[699,962,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Diarium Surinamicum</emphasis>
|
||
(in press), we had a deep and first hand analysis of the conflictive first paragraph of the description, published as “...
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843C5DFE2AA02F50A7" box="[1100,1289,450,476]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crepitans">Rana crepitans</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843D0BFE2AA07350A0" box="[1306,1365,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">quae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843D4FFE2AA5D85379" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">Rana typhonia</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF8438EFFE00A444537A" box="[254,354,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">* dicitur</emphasis>
|
||
...” by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD7FF8439A2FE00A7675379" author="Boie" box="[435,577,488,514]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Boie, F. (1827) Naturhistorische Bejtrage vermischten Inhaltes. Isis von Oken 20, VIII - IX: columns 726 - 730." type="journal article" year="1827">Boie (1827)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(the asterisk refers in Boie’s work to “
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843C1EFE00A46B535D" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Lin. system. nat. Seba thes 1 pag.
|
||
<quantity id="0F3CE2D1FFD7FF843886FDE5A5F5535D" box="[151,211,525,550]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.14" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" unit="t" value="114.0">114 t</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<specimenCount id="DEC284BDFFD7FF8438CEFDE5A432535D" box="[223,276,525,550]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" type="generic">71 f.</specimenCount>
|
||
3. 4.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD7FF8438D4FDDAA43D5201" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,927]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD7FF843963FDDAA71B5337" author="Dobreff" box="[370,573,562,588]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Dobreff, J. (2009 a) Daniel Rolander. The invisible naturalist. In A. Polaszeck (ed.). Systema Naturae 250. The Linnean Ark., Boca Raton, London, New York: CRC Press, 11 - 28." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="a">Dobreff (2009a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843A64FDDAA7F85330" box="[629,734,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Diarium</emphasis>
|
||
, drafted during the trip, was exhaustively reviewed and updated in Copenhagen between
|
||
<date id="BC7A69F4FFD7FF843A3FFDB0A7CE5309" box="[558,744,600,626]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" value="1763" valueMax="1765">1763 and 1765</date>
|
||
, resulting in the inclusion, as notes, of several Linnaean names. Rolander originally diary says “...
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843A97FD95A61053EC" box="[646,822,637,663]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crepitans">Rana crepitans</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843B53FD95A65D53ED" box="[834,891,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">quae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843B93FD95A14253EC" authority="Surinamensis" authorityName="Surinamensis" box="[898,1124,637,663]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rana Surinamensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843C7DFD95A19E53ED" box="[1132,1208,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">dicitur</emphasis>
|
||
...”, with a footnote referring to “Seba, Thes.I. pag. 114, t. 71, f. 3. 4.” Then, some time after the publication of the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD7FF8439BDFD20A74D5399" author="Linnaeus" box="[428,619,712,738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae: Salvius." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Rolander crossed out “S
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843BA5FD20A16B539A" box="[948,1101,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">urinamensis</emphasis>
|
||
” and added just above the deletion “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843900FD05A45B527D" box="[273,381,749,774]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843900FD05A45B527D" box="[273,381,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">typhonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, forgetting or likely not bothering to remove the footnote referring to Seba's
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843D45FD05A4A85257" authority="Surinamensis. Lastly" authorityName="Surinamensis. Lastly" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843D45FD05A0B3527D" box="[1364,1429,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Rana</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843886FCFAA4135250" box="[151,309,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Surinamensis</emphasis>
|
||
. Lastly
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the Danish naturalist Martin Vahl got the original manuscript of
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843C85FCFAA0BA5250" box="[1172,1436,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Diarium Surinamicum</emphasis>
|
||
and put an asterisk after “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF8439D5FCD0A70C522A" box="[452,554,824,849]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF8439D5FCD0A70C522A" box="[452,554,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">typhonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, referring to his own note in the margin “
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843C33FCD0A1A1522A" box="[1058,1159,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Lin. Sys.</emphasis>
|
||
” (Dobreff
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843D18FCD0A069522A" box="[1289,1359,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">in litt.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="BC7A69F4FFD7FF843D4FFCD0A4295201" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" value="2010-04-10">April 10th, 2010</date>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD7FF8438D4FC6DA61352E4" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,927]" box="[197,821,901,927]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">In Rolander’s diary, the species was characterized as:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD7FF8438DCFC38A70155DF" blockId="2.[199,1360,976,1188]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF8438DCFC38A5D35292" box="[205,245,976,1001]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">“...</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF8438E4FC38A48E5291" box="[245,424,976,1002]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crepitans">Rana crepitans</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF8439A6FC38A4D75292" box="[439,497,976,1001]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">quae</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF8439EBFC38A7C45291" authority="Surinamensis" authorityName="Surinamensis" box="[506,738,976,1002]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rana Surinamensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843AFBFC38A6755291" box="[746,851,976,1002]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">typhonia</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843B4DFC38A4DB55DF" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
dicitur magnitudine Ranae
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843CB9FC38A0395292" box="[1192,1311,976,1001]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquaticae">aquaticae</taxonomicName>
|
||
est, supra fusca, subtus flava; puncta elevata, convexa, inaequalia per corpus sparsa conspiciuntur: eadem haec puncta instructa sunt emissariis, e quibus excernere solent humorem illum lacteum, quo totum corpus obducit, ut quae modo fusca erat, intra inomentum albissima appareat.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843CE7FBA8A0765522" box="[1270,1360,1088,1113]" class="Liliopsida" family="Palmae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Palmae</taxonomicName>
|
||
tetradactylae fissae; plantae pentadactylae, subpalmatae; digitorum apices rotundati, planiusculi. Indis americanis cibo sunt
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
...”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD7FF8438D7FB3DA1DA54D1" blockId="2.[151,1437,1237,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Thus, Rolander’s description shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843ABBFB3EA67D5594" box="[682,859,1238,1263]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crepitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843ABBFB3EA67D5594" box="[682,859,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Rana crepitans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was named
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843C58FB3EA0BD5594" box="[1097,1435,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843C58FB3EA00B5594" authority="Surinamensis" authorityName="Surinamensis" box="[1097,1325,1238,1263]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rana Surinamensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843D24FB3EA0BD5594" box="[1333,1435,1238,1263]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">typhonia</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has a size comparable to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843A34FB13A7C3546F" box="[549,741,1275,1300]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquaticae">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843A34FB13A7C3546F" box="[549,741,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Rana aquaticae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(probably a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843B92FB13A172546F" box="[899,1108,1275,1300]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="temporaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843B92FB13A172546F" box="[899,1108,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Rana temporaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843C84FB13A4725441" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="esculenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843C84FB13A0BB546F" box="[1173,1437,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Rana esculenta sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD7FF843886FAC8A4725441" author="Linnaeus" box="[151,340,1312,1338]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae: Salvius." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), is dorsally dark and yellowish ventrally, and has elevated, convex, and unequal warts scattered across the body. From these warts, a milky fluid is produced that covers the entire body, so the dark dorsal areas suddenly appear white. The hands have four fingers, separated, and the feet five toes, semipalmated, being the tip of the digits flattened and rounded. The American Indians eat them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD7FF8438D4FA5DA7F857F6" blockId="2.[151,1437,1237,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
In addition,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD7FF843947FA5DA4C054B4" author="Boie" box="[342,486,1461,1487]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Boie, F. (1827) Naturhistorische Bejtrage vermischten Inhaltes. Isis von Oken 20, VIII - IX: columns 726 - 730." type="journal article" year="1827">Boie (1827)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included a seemingly textual transcription of Rolander’s diary on the events on November, 19th [1755], in order to discuss a case of luminescence in the frog collected by Rolander. In that section, Rolander commented his vicissitudes trying to identify the source of the sounds that bewildered him at night, until he realized that the responsibles were a group of frogs hidden in the roof of a barn, and the fact that on that night he was awakened by a noise similar to that of a crow, describing the situation as “...
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843D2BF9A6A78157F7" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">somnum mihi ademit crepitatio cornicans, ingratissim</emphasis>
|
||
a...”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD7FF8438D4F970A0115659" blockId="2.[151,1437,1237,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
In summary, Rolander’s corrections on his own manuscript suggest that Linnaeus eventually described and named his
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF84395AF956A4D957AC" box="[331,511,1726,1751]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crepitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF84395AF956A4D957AC" box="[331,511,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Rana crepitans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843A39F956A7F357AC" box="[552,725,1726,1751]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843A39F956A7F357AC" box="[552,725,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Rana typhonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. If the explicit note added by Rolander to his manuscript is still considered unconvincing, the reinterpretation of Linnaeus’s (1758) diagnosis in light of this new information should help to support the identity proposed herein.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD7FF843B9DF8E0A11E565A" box="[908,1080,1800,1825]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843B9DF8E0A11E565A" box="[908,1080,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Rana typhonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was characterized as:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD7FF8438D7F8BBA41356E9" blockId="2.[195,1362,1875,1938]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF8438D7F8BBA7745617" box="[198,594,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">R[ana] auricularibus lobis ovatis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD7FF843A70F8BBA41356E9" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Habitat in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B0D30FA4FFD7FF843AF0F8BBA66E5617" box="[737,840,1875,1900]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, clamitans nocte fono cornicis tetro lucente. Rolander.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD6FF8538D7FF70A07351C9" blockId="3.[197,1437,152,1074]" box="[198,1365,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">The following translation and analysis of Linnaeus’s description further supports our interpretation:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD6FF8538D4FF55A7305379" blockId="3.[197,1437,152,1074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF8538D4FF55A75251AD" box="[197,628,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">1. R[ana] auricularibus lobis ovatis</emphasis>
|
||
: The “ovate ear lobes” had two different interpretations. Dozens of authors had followed
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD6FF8539F4FF0AA7905187" author="Schneider" box="[485,694,226,252]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Schneider, J. G. (1799) Historiae amphibiorum naturalis et literariae. Fasciculus primus continens ranas, calamitas, bufones, salamandras et hydros in genera et species descriptos notisque suis distinctos. Ienae: Frommann." type="book" year="1799">Schneider (1799)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who re-defined this character state as “...
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853CBAFF0AA609505A" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD6FF853CBAFF0AA0BA5180" box="[1195,1436,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Marginidae" genus="Margo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="capitis" subSpecies="aucta">Margo capitis aucta</taxonomicName>
|
||
membrana altra supra oculos et aures eminente”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(i.e., “...Margins of the head with a noticeable high membrane on the eyes and ears...”); this was the basis for the application of the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD6FF853CC3FEC5A058503D" box="[1234,1406,301,326]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853CC3FEC5A058503D" box="[1234,1406,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Rana typhonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to toads now placed in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD6FF8539EBFEBAA7ED5010" box="[506,715,338,363]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF8539EBFEBAA7ED5010" box="[506,715,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Rhinella typhonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853AE1FEBAA6A85010" box="[752,910,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">margaritifera</emphasis>
|
||
group. On the other hand, other authors (i.a.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD6FF8538F0FE90A48350E9" author="Andersson" box="[225,421,376,402]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Andersson, L. G. (1900) Catalogue of Linnaean type-specimens of Linnaeus's reptilia in The Royal Museum in Stockholm. Bihang till Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 26 (4) (1), 1 - 29." type="journal article" year="1900">Andersson 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD6FF8539A3FE90A75F50E9" author="Hoogmoed" box="[434,633,376,402]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1989) South American bufonids (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), an enigma for taxonomists. Treballs d'Ictiologica i Herpetologia, 2, 167 - 180." type="journal article" year="1989">Hoogmoed 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) considered them as “the large blown out vocal sacs” shown by the individual labeled by Quensel in the Stockholm Museum catalogue as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD6FF853C06FE75A1E450CD" box="[1047,1218,413,438]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853C06FE75A1E450CD" box="[1047,1218,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Rana typhonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, this character state was later the basis for Andersson’s (1900) synonymization of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD6FF853CB6FE2AA07B50A0" box="[1191,1373,450,475]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853CB6FE2AA07B50A0" box="[1191,1373,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Rana typhonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD6FF8538F0FE00A728537A" box="[225,526,488,513]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Hoplobatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF8538F0FE00A728537A" box="[225,526,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Hoplobatrachus tigerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD6FF8538D4FDE5A7EC5309" blockId="3.[197,1437,152,1074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF8538D4FDE5A4EA535D" box="[197,460,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
2. Habitat in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B0D30FA4FFD6FF853976FDE5A4EA535D" box="[359,460,525,550]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Although the origin is imprecise by modern standards, it fits the Linnaean style [note that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD6FF85394AFDDAA7285337" author="Linnaeus" box="[347,526,562,588]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae: Salvius." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, described anurans from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B0D30FA4FFD6FF853B2DFDDAA6865330" box="[828,928,562,587]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853B2DFDDAA6865330" box="[828,928,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">America</emphasis>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
(5),
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853BCAFDDAA1735330" box="[987,1109,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD6FF853BCAFDDAA1105330" box="[987,1078,562,587]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Europa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Europa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(5),
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853C9EFDDAA04F5330" box="[1167,1385,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Exteris regionibus</emphasis>
|
||
(2),
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF8538F0FDB0A402530A" box="[225,292,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Indiis</emphasis>
|
||
(2),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B0D30FA4FFD6FF85394DFDB0A4EE530A" box="[348,456,600,625]" name="Suriname" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF85394DFDB0A4EE530A" box="[348,456,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Surinami</emphasis>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
(2), and
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853A20FDB0A7AB530A" box="[561,653,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Virginia</emphasis>
|
||
(1)].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD6FF8538D4FD95A7F053ED" blockId="3.[197,1437,152,1074]" box="[197,726,637,662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF8538D4FD95A7F053ED" box="[197,726,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">3. clamitans nocte fono cornicis tetro lucente</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD6FF8538CAFD4AA73D527C" blockId="3.[197,1437,152,1074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD6FF8538CAFD4AA70153C7" author="Kitchell" box="[219,551,674,700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Kitchell, K. & Dundee, H. A. (1994) A trilogy on the Herpetology of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae X. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Services, 100, 1 - 61." type="journal article" year="1994">Kitchell and Dundee (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
translated the later sentence as a single phrase, meaning “calling by night with the foul sound of the crow as it grows light”. Under the new evidence, we consider the statement to encompass two characters:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD6FF8538D4FCFAA66C520C" blockId="3.[197,1437,152,1074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF8538D4FCFAA77C5250" box="[197,602,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">3.1 Clamitans nocte fono cornicis</emphasis>
|
||
: This characterizes the strident call of the species, similar to that of a crow, and has a noticeable similitude with the reference to the “...
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853BFCFCD0A05F522A" box="[1005,1401,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">crepitatio cornicans, ingratissima</emphasis>
|
||
...” mentioned by Rolander for his
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD6FF853A71FCB5A637520D" box="[608,785,861,886]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crepitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853A71FCB5A637520D" box="[608,785,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Rana crepitans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD6FF8538D4FC6AA4B85549" blockId="3.[197,1437,152,1074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF8538D4FC6AA4A252E0" box="[197,388,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">3.2 tetro lucente</emphasis>
|
||
: Refers to the ability to produce a dim light or glow. Rolander noted that the barn where the frogs were calling seemed as if illuminated by a yellow foxfire (“...
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853C43FC40A138529D" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">horreum idem forte intravi, quod crepitantibus Ranis, quasi igne flavescente fatuo, illustrabatur...</emphasis>
|
||
”), and the glow was purportedly produced by the frogs “...as they alternately open and close their mouths to croak...” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD6FF853D02FC1AA0BE5577" author="Boie" box="[1299,1432,1010,1036]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Boie, F. (1827) Naturhistorische Bejtrage vermischten Inhaltes. Isis von Oken 20, VIII - IX: columns 726 - 730." type="journal article" year="1827">Boie 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD6FF8538E2FBF0A4B45549" author="Hansen" box="[243,402,1048,1074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Hansen, L. (Editor-in-chief) (2008) Daniel Rolander's Journal. Translated by J. Dobreff, C. Dahlman, D. Morgan, and J. Tipton. In The Linnaeus Apostles - Global science and adventure. Europe, North- South America. London, Whitby: IK Foundation and Company. Vol. 3 Book 3, 1215 - 1576." type="book chapter" year="2008">Hansen 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD6FF8538D4FB8AA6A955BC" blockId="3.[151,1436,1122,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Considering that Linnaeus was never in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B0D30FA4FFD6FF853A89FB8AA7D95507" box="[664,767,1122,1148]" name="Suriname" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Surinam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and almost certainly never heard the mating call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD6FF853D4FFB8BA5DB55DA" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853D4FFB8BA5DB55DA" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Rana typhonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nor did he observe the alleged bioluminescence, it is highly probable that the origin of these two key characters in Linnaeus’s description stem from Rolander’s notes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD6FF8538D7FB3AA4F65469" blockId="3.[151,1436,1122,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The diagnosis previously analyzed was followed by a brief description, applicable to various species of treefrogs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD6FF85391FFB10A4E55469" author="Linnaeus" box="[270,451,1272,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae: Salvius." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD6FF8538D7FAABA73054DD" blockId="3.[195,1357,1347,1446]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF8538D7FAABA73054DD" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Dorsum rugis quatuor longitudinalibus, punctis elevatis, maculisque nigris. Pedes mutici.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD6FF853CE3FAABA06A5427" box="[1266,1356,1347,1372]" class="Liliopsida" family="Palmae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Palmae</taxonomicName>
|
||
tetradactylae fissae; Plantae pentadactylae palmatae; digitis angustis; secundo longissimo; absque unguibus orbiculatis.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD6FF8538D7FA30A6825489" blockId="3.[198,932,1496,1522]" box="[198,932,1496,1522]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD6FF8538D7FA30A7285489" author="Kitchell" box="[198,526,1496,1522]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Kitchell, K. & Dundee, H. A. (1994) A trilogy on the Herpetology of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae X. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Services, 100, 1 - 61." type="journal article" year="1994">Kitchell and Dundee (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
translated the above paragraph as:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD6FF8538D7F9CAA75757FC" blockId="3.[197,1360,1570,1671]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">“The back has four longitudinal wrinkles, raised dots, and black spots. The feet are stubby, front feet four-toed and split, rear feet five-toed and palmate. The toes are narrow, the second being the longest, but lacking rounded claws”.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD6FF8538D7F950A728561C" blockId="3.[151,1436,1720,1970]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The last character state (“but lacking rounded claws”) describes any frog except a treefrog; however, the key is in the latin word
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF8539ABF935A729578D" box="[442,527,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">absque</emphasis>
|
||
. It can be translated as a negative, as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD6FF853BF0F935A010578C" author="Kitchell" box="[993,1334,1757,1783]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Kitchell, K. & Dundee, H. A. (1994) A trilogy on the Herpetology of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae X. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Services, 100, 1 - 61." type="journal article" year="1994">Kitchell and Dundee (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did, but
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853886F8EBA5CC5667" box="[151,234,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">absque</emphasis>
|
||
also means “with the exception of” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD6FF853A8CF8EAA6835667" author="Various" box="[669,933,1794,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Various, Authors (1968) Oxford Latin Dictionnary. Oxford: Clarendon Press (Oxford University Press)." type="book" year="1968">Various Authors 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, we translate the sentence “...
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853D42F8EBA675563A" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">digitis angustis; secundo longissimo; absque unguibus orbiculatis</emphasis>
|
||
...” as “... toes narrow, except for the rounded tip, the second being the longest...”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C87B4F34FFD6FF8538D7F89AA1E756C9" blockId="3.[151,1436,1720,1970]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Consequently, and also based on Rolander (
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853AD5F89BA7FC56F7" box="[708,730,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">in</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD6FF853AF3F89AA67D56F7" author="Boie" box="[738,859,1906,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Boie, F. (1827) Naturhistorische Bejtrage vermischten Inhaltes. Isis von Oken 20, VIII - IX: columns 726 - 730." type="journal article" year="1827">Boie 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD6FF853B83F89AA10B56F7" author="Hansen" box="[914,1069,1906,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Hansen, L. (Editor-in-chief) (2008) Daniel Rolander's Journal. Translated by J. Dobreff, C. Dahlman, D. Morgan, and J. Tipton. In The Linnaeus Apostles - Global science and adventure. Europe, North- South America. London, Whitby: IK Foundation and Company. Vol. 3 Book 3, 1215 - 1576." type="book chapter" year="2008">Hansen 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5532C5FFD6FF853C7CF89AA01656F7" author="Linnaeus" box="[1133,1328,1906,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae: Salvius." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus (1758)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, we have no doubts that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD6FF853955F870A4D656CA" box="[324,496,1944,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853955F870A4D656CA" box="[324,496,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Rana typhonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the name given by Linnaeus to Rolander’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FC434B7FFD6FF853C18F870A19C56CA" box="[1033,1210,1944,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crepitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAB09326FFD6FF853C18F870A19C56CA" box="[1033,1210,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Rana crepitans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |