165 lines
18 KiB
XML
165 lines
18 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E6F5C428B9389981044D0FEFB4EB4DB2">The Ecology And Migrations Of Sea Turtles 8. Tests Of The Developmental Habitat Hypothesis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F4EF025BBA6AEF1D6099BA8BA44AF654">Meylan, Peter A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9A0AC9336D6D3CE8D76CAF4AE6CE498E">Meylan, Anne B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="18592B651A07EED634C8672BCE9A8470">Gray, Jennifer A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="32F0A9141C92D5679C8E95151BCAEC9D">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F86198FD431AD2CA55EE3CD07D57350A">2011-08-10</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C33665034712FFD73C609155FE00FB54" box="[314,467,1129,1152]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9336884712FFD73C609155FE00FB54" blockId="53.[314,467,1129,1152]" box="[314,467,1129,1152]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
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<heading id="D0DB81E44712FFD73C609155FE00FB54" box="[314,467,1129,1152]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D0B4712FFD73C609155FE00FB54" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[314,467,1129,1152]" class="Reptilia" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Eretmochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958EA9A4712FFD73C609155FE00FB54" box="[314,467,1129,1152]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Eretmochelys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33665034712FFD73DC691A0FC14FA02" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9336884712FFD73DC691A0FD0DFE96" blockId="53.[128,654,1180,1759]" lastBlockId="53.[701,1228,213,1494]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
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<collectingCountry id="F33B76184712FFD73DC691A0FEC4FB66" box="[156,279,1180,1204]" name="Bermuda" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">BERMUDA</collectingCountry>
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: The histogram showing the size distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D0B4712FFD73CD19186FDF7FB05" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[395,548,1210,1233]" class="Reptilia" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Eretmochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958EA9A4712FFD73CD19186FDF7FB05" box="[395,548,1210,1233]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Eretmochelys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in figure 13
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has the same shape as that for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D0B4712FFD73F2991E4FF1AFAD8" class="Reptilia" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Chelonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mydas">
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<emphasis id="B958EA9A4712FFD73F2991E4FF1AFAD8" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">C. mydas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in figure 5
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<collectionCode id="ED3DAE4D4712FFD73C0F91C9FEBEFADF" box="[341,365,1269,1291]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">A</collectionCode>
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, with a steep left side, approximately equal columns for size classes
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<quantity id="4CD49B6D4712FFD73DDA900CFF27FA91" box="[128,244,1328,1350]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="37.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="20.0">20–55 cm</quantity>
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(vs. 30–60 for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D0B4712FFD73CE2900CFDFBFA92" box="[440,552,1327,1350]" class="Reptilia" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Chelonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mydas">
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<emphasis id="B958EA9A4712FFD73CE2900CFDFBFA92" box="[440,552,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">C. mydas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), and a drop-off from
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<quantity id="4CD49B6D4712FFD73C6E9071FE79FAB6" box="[308,426,1357,1379]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="67.5" valueMax="75.0" valueMin="60.0">60–75 cm</quantity>
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. As for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D0B4712FFD73F4C9071FD55FAB7" box="[534,646,1356,1379]" class="Reptilia" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Chelonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mydas">
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<emphasis id="B958EA9A4712FFD73F4C9071FD55FAB7" box="[534,646,1356,1379]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">C. mydas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, this shape is best explained by arrival of hawksbills from the epipelagic stage into the benthic developmental stage, residency in Bermuda for much of the immature growth period, and then departure as sexual maturity is approached. The evidence for hawksbills occurring in adjacent epipelagic environments is stronger for this species than for
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<emphasis id="B958EA9A4712FFD73F29930BFF1CF9BE" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D0B4712FFD73F29930BFF1FF9BE" class="Reptilia" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Chelonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mydas">C. mydas</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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with six stranded hawksbills smaller than the smallest hawksbill known from the Platform being documented by the stranding network. The smallest
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D0B4712FFD73CC39397FDE1F916" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[409,562,1707,1730]" class="Reptilia" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Eretmochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958EA9A4712FFD73CC39397FDE1F916" box="[409,562,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Eretmochelys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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caught on the Bermuda Platform (
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<quantity id="4CD49B6D4712FFD73C9293F5FDFBF90B" box="[456,552,1737,1759]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.76" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="17.6">17.6 cm</quantity>
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<collectionCode id="ED3DAE4D4712FFD73F6993F5FDBAF90B" box="[563,617,1737,1759]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14865" name="St. Cloud State University" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" type="Herbarium">SCL</collectionCode>
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) is smaller than that reported from other sites that likely serve as benthic developmental habitat for this species, but not remarkably so.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9336884712FFD73F819476FCCFFD9D" blockId="53.[701,1228,213,1494]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
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The few necropsies available of large
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D0B4712FFD73FE7945BFC85FEAA" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[701,854,359,382]" class="Reptilia" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Eretmochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958EA9A4712FFD73FE7945BFC85FEAA" box="[701,854,359,382]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Eretmochelys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have so far revealed no turtles that were mature. The largest of these was larger that the minimum size of maturity observed to date for this species in the Atlantic. There is a single international tag return of a
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<quantity id="4CD49B6D4712FFD73E1794C6FC44FDDB" box="[845,919,506,528]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
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SCL hawksbill tagged in
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<quantity id="4CD49B6D4712FFD73FE7972BFCC0FDF9" box="[701,787,535,557]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05206" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="in" value="1989.0">1989 in</quantity>
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<collectingCountry id="F33B76184712FFD73E41972BFC55FDF9" box="[795,902,535,557]" name="Bermuda" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
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and recaptured in
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<collectingCountry id="F33B76184712FFD7393F972BFB18FDF9" box="[1125,1227,535,557]" name="Grenada" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Grenada</collectingCountry>
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in 2000.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9336884712FFD73F81976FFBF7FD09" blockId="53.[701,1228,213,1494]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
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Four studies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D0B4712FFD73EFB976EFBE9FDBD" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[929,1082,594,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Eretmochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958EA9A4712FFD73EFB976EFBE9FDBD" box="[929,1082,594,617]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Eretmochelys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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at foraging sites in the West Atlantic (table 11) show a similar maximum size of immatures; a fifth has nesting sites adjacent to the areas where immatures were being studied.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9336884712FFD73F8097D8FC14FA02" blockId="53.[701,1228,213,1494]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
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THE LITERATURE: Studies by Nietschmann (1981),
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B794712FFD73E41963FFC19FCCD" author="Boulon, R. H." box="[795,970,771,793]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" pagination="811 - 814" refId="ref37153" refString="Boulon, R. H. 1994. Growth rates of wild immature hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata, in St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands. Copeia 1994: 811 - 814." type="journal article" year="1994">Boulon (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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, van Dam and Diez (1998a), and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B794712FFD73E0E961CFC2FFCE2" author="Meylan, A. B." box="[852,1020,800,822]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" pagination="189 - 194" refId="ref41165" refString="Meylan, A. B. 1999. International movements of immature and adult hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Caribbean region. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 3: 189 - 194." type="journal article" year="1999">Meylan (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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in the Caribbean, and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B794712FFD73FA19601FC7CFC87" author="Limpus, C. J." box="[763,943,829,851]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" pagination="489 - 506" refId="ref40162" refString="Limpus, C. J. 1992. The hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, in Queensland: population structure within a southern Great Barrier Reef feeding ground. Wildlife Research 19: 489 - 506." type="journal article" year="1992">Limpus (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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||
in
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<collectingCountry id="F33B76184712FFD73EB09601FB85FC87" box="[1002,1110,829,851]" name="Australia" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Australia</collectingCountry>
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reported relatively few long-distance tag returns of immature hawksbills. In some cases, howev- er, movements of immatures may be extensive. Three
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D0B4712FFD73E09968DFC3FFC1C" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[851,1004,945,968]" class="Reptilia" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Eretmochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA9A4712FFD73E09968DFC3FFC1C" box="[851,1004,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Eretmochelys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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tagged as immatures in known benthic developmental habitat in
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<collectingCountry id="F33B76184712FFD73E6196D1FC53FBD7" box="[827,896,1005,1027]" name="Brazil" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||
made trans-Atlantic migrations to West Africa.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B794712FFD73E999136FCECFBE9" author="Marcovaldi, M. A. & A. Filippini" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" pagination="3" refId="ref40807" refString="Marcovaldi, M. A., and A. Filippini. 1991. Trans- Atlantic movement by an immature hawksbill. Marine Turtle Newsletter 52: 3." type="journal article" year="1991">Marcovaldi and Filippini (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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||
reported an immature hawksbill that made a developmental migration of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD49B6D4712FFD73FE7915DFCF8FBA3" box="[701,811,1121,1143]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6799999999999997" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="km" value="3680.0">3680 km</quantity>
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, from Atol das Rocas,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B76184712FFD73903915DFB72FBA3" box="[1113,1185,1121,1143]" name="Brazil" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||
, to
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<collectingRegion id="49E8F86A4712FFD73FE79143FCD8FB41" box="[701,779,1151,1173]" country="Senegal" name="Dakar" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Dakar</collectingRegion>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B76184712FFD73E459143FCAFFB41" box="[799,892,1151,1173]" name="Senegal" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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||
. The turtle that made this remarkable journey was
|
||
<quantity id="4CD49B6D4712FFD73EAA91A0FBEEFB65" box="[1008,1085,1180,1201]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="74.0">74 cm</quantity>
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SCL when recaptured, a size at which it would be expected to begin the maturation process on the adult foraging grounds. Two additional hawksbills originally tagged at Fernando de Noronha were recaptured in Corisco Bay on the border between
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<collectingCountry id="F33B76184712FFD73EEE9077FB40FAB5" box="[948,1171,1355,1377]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Equatorial Guinea</collectingCountry>
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||
and
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<collectingCountry id="F33B76184712FFD73FE79054FCDDFAAA" box="[701,782,1384,1406]" name="Gabon" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B794712FFD73E709055FB87FAAB" author="Grossman, A." box="[810,1108,1384,1407]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" pagination="26 - 27" refId="ref39083" refString="Grossman, A., et al. 2007. Second TAMAR- Tagged hawksbill recaptured in Corisco Bay, West Africa. Marine Turtle Newsletter 116: 26 - 27." type="journal article" year="2007">Grossman et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
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).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B794712FFD739299054FCD2FA4F" author="Meylan, A. B." pageId="53" pageNumber="53" pagination="189 - 194" refId="ref41165" refString="Meylan, A. B. 1999. International movements of immature and adult hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Caribbean region. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 3: 189 - 194." type="journal article" year="1999">Meylan (1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
: table 1) summarized the few developmental migrations of hawksbills known from the greater Caribbean.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
|
||
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