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<mods:title id="253F07C6E8594F5DF8B1918DD5BA83F2">Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="718D52D1E92B8A39F70930860D3D2623">Low, Martyn E. Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D6A8D35EBD9AB41B2D6013C02C9ECAD7">Lim, Kelvin K. P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="88502B73FF37B8D8FF6B47A37DF90F86" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7967946" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209661780" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7967946" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF37B8D8FF6B47A37DF90F86" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73FF37B8D8FF6B47A37DF90F86" lastPageId="174" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF37B8DBFF6B47A37B5A0E40" box="[151,596,249,278]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF6B47A37B5A0E40" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" box="[151,596,249,278]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<heading id="5B0E2D09FF37B8DBFF6B47A37B5A0E40" box="[151,596,249,278]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFF6B47A378EF0E47" ID-CoL="4Q9PB" authority="(Gnther, 1858 b)" baseAuthorityName="Gnther" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[151,481,249,278]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ptyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF6B47A378140E40" bold="true" box="[151,282,249,276]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Ptyas fusca</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFED747A278D70E47" author="Gnther, A." box="[299,473,249,278]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref311864" refString="Gnther, A. (1858 b) Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, xvi + 281 pp." type="book" year="1858">Ģnther, 1858b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
—
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFE0347A07B5A0E40" bold="true" box="[511,596,249,275]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Native.</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF37B8DBFF0B46447C070E08" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF0B46447C070E08" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF37B8DBFF0B46447C930E6B" box="[247,1437,285,314]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF37B8DBFF0B46447BCA0E64" author="Gnther, A." box="[247,708,285,314]" page="112" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" year="1858">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFF0B46447BCA0E64" ID-CoL="C6S7D" authority="Gnther, 1858 b: 112" authorityName="Gnther" authorityPageNumber="112" authorityYear="1858" box="[247,708,285,314]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coryphodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF0B464478DF0E64" box="[247,465,285,311]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Coryphodon fuscus</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF37B8DBFE2546467BCA0E64" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688452" box="[473,708,285,314]" collectionCode="BMNH" collectorName="de Haas" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" specimenCode="BMNH 1946.1" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFE2546467BCA0E64" author="Gnther, A." box="[473,708,285,314]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref311864" refString="Gnther, A. (1858 b) Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, xvi + 281 pp." type="book" year="1858">Ģnther, 1858b: 112</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF37B8DBFD2C46477C930E6B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4436802310" box="[720,1437,285,312]" collectionCode="BMNH" collectorName="de Haas" country="Malaysia" location="East" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" specimenCode="BMNH 1946.1" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FF37B8DBFD2C46477A4A0E6B" box="[720,836,286,312]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCode id="505F321EFF37B8DBFCAC46477AF20E64" box="[848,1020,285,312]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">BMNH 1946.1</specimenCode>
.17.14, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFB0D46447C930E6B" author="de Haas, C. P. J." box="[1265,1437,285,312]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="511 - 625" refId="ref302520" refString="de Haas, C. P. J. (1950) Checklist of the snakes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (Reptiles, Ophidia). Treubia, 20 (3), 511 - 625." type="journal article" year="1950">
<collectorName id="AD0CFFB3FF37B8DBFB0D46447C450E6B" box="[1265,1355,285,312]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">de Haas</collectorName>
(1950:
</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
538).
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF37B8DBFE64461B7A5F0E08" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120687681" box="[408,849,321,348]" country="Malaysia" location="East" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
Type locality: “Borneo”,
<location id="0526CCBEFF37B8DBFD4F461B7BED0E0F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF37B8D8FF6B47A37DF90F86:0526CCBEFF37B8DBFD4F461B7BED0E0F" box="[691,739,322,348]" country="Malaysia" name="East" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">East</location>
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF37B8DBFD1646187A5F0E08" box="[746,849,321,347]" name="Malaysia" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF37B8DBFCA4461B7C080E08" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688034" box="[856,1286,321,348]" country="Malaysia" location="East" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
or
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF37B8DBFC8A46187AED0E08" box="[886,995,321,347]" name="Indonesia" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
via
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FF37B8DBFBEF46187D740E08" box="[1043,1146,321,347]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
designation
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF37B8DBFF6B463C7BC80EB8" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" type="description">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF6B463C78240EF0" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
White-bellied Rat Snake (
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FF37B8DBFF6346D0782C0EF0" box="[159,290,393,419]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="364.[152,255,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-34@364.[152,1435,181,1923]" captionTargetPageId="364" captionText="FIGURE 20. A) Ptyas fusca, B) Ptyas korros, C) Xenelaphis hexagonotus, D) Hebius petersii E) Rhabdophis rhodomelas, F) Xenochrophis maculatus, G) Xenochrophis trianguligerus, and H) Xenochrophis trianguligerus. Photographs by:Alex Figueroa [A, E–F], Emmanuel Goh [B], Nick Baker [C], Kelvin K.P. Lim [D, G], and Evan S.H. Quah [H]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960359/files/figure.png" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Figure 20A</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF6B46F478760E94" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" box="[151,376,429,455]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF6B46F478760E94" bold="true" box="[151,376,429,455]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF37B8DBFF6B46F4781E0E94" box="[151,272,429,455]" name="Singapore" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Singapore</collectingCountry>
records.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF0B468B7BC80EB8" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" box="[247,710,465,491]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFF0B468B78D70EB8" box="[247,473,465,491]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Zaoccys" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF0B468B785D0EB8" box="[247,339,466,491]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Zaoccys</emphasis>
[sic]
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFE6F468878D70EB8" box="[403,473,465,491]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">fuscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Sclater, 1891a: 30.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF37B8DBFF0B46AF7BB60CC8" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF0B46AF7B550D28" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFF0B46AF78980D5C" box="[247,406,501,527]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Zaocys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF0B46AF78980D5C" box="[247,406,501,527]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Zaocys fuscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Sworder, 1923: 62 (Choa Chu Kang Road [CCK]).—
<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FF37B8DBFBEF46AC7D550D5C" box="[1043,1115,501,527]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1930: 46.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFB0C46AC788A0D67" author="de Haas, C. P. J." pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="511 - 625" refId="ref302520" refString="de Haas, C. P. J. (1950) Checklist of the snakes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (Reptiles, Ophidia). Treubia, 20 (3), 511 - 625." type="journal article" year="1950">de Haas, 1950: 538</bibRefCitation>
.—K.K.P. Lim &amp; L.M. Chou, 1990: 54.—K.K.P. Lim &amp; F.L.K.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFBB245407DF30D67" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[1102,1277,537,564]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref326515" refString="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="1992">Lim, 1992: 145</bibRefCitation>
.—L.M.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFA9C45407B000D0B" author="Chou L. M. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P." pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="70 - 106" refId="ref297613" refString="Chou L. M., Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P. (1994) Animalia. In: Wee, Y. C. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. (Eds.), A First Look at Biodiversity in Singapore. National Council on the Environment, Singapore, pp. 70 - 106." type="book chapter" year="1994">
Chou
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFEAB456778810D04" box="[343,399,573,599]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 1994: 105
</bibRefCitation>
.—R.C.H. Teo &amp; Rajathurai, 1997: 384 (Nee Soon Range [NSSF]).—K.P. Lim &amp; F.L.K.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFE5A45387B580D28" author="Lim, K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[422,598,609,635]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref327168" refString="Lim, K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K. (2002) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Revised Edition. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="2002">Lim, 2002: 146</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF0B45DF7B160D97" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF37B8DBFF0B45DF7C930DCC" box="[247,1437,645,672]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFF0B45DF788C0DCC" authorityName="Wall" authorityYear="1923" box="[247,386,645,671]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ptyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF0B45DF788C0DCC" box="[247,386,645,671]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Ptyas fuscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF37B8DBFE6245DC7BBA0DCC" author="David, P. &amp; Vogel, G." box="[414,692,645,671]" page="44" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFE6245DC7BBA0DCC" author="David, P. &amp; Vogel, G." box="[414,692,645,671]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref301675" refString="David, P. &amp; Vogel, G. (1996) The Snakes of Sumatra: An Annotated Checklist and Key with Natural History Notes. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt-am-Main, 260 pp." type="book" year="1996">David &amp; Vogel, 1996: 44</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—Chan-ard
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFCB945DF7A720DCC" box="[837,892,645,671]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 1999: 35.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF37B8DBFBF645DC7C460DCC" author="Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Colijn, E." box="[1034,1352,645,672]" page="80" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFBF645DC7C460DCC" author="Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Colijn, E." box="[1034,1352,645,672]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref315641" refString="Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Colijn, E. (2001) A Checklist of Southeast Asian and New Guinean Reptiles. Part I. Serpentes. Biodiversity Conservation Project (Indonesian Institute of Sciences - Japan International Cooperation Agency - The Ministry of Forestry). The Gibbon Foundation and Institute of Technology, Bandung, 195 pp." type="book" year="2001">Iskandar &amp; Colijn, 2001: 80</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—E.K.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
Chua, 2015: 157.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF0B45977BB60CC8" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFF0B459778750DB4" baseAuthorityName="Gnther" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[247,379,717,743]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ptyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF0B459778750DB4" box="[247,379,717,743]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Ptyas fusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFE6B45947B8D0DBB" author="Cox, M. J. &amp; van Dijk, P. P. &amp; Nabhitabhata, J. &amp; Thirakhupt, K." box="[407,643,717,744]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref299700" refString="Cox, M. J., van Dijk, P. P., Nabhitabhata, J. &amp; Thirakhupt, K. (1998) A Photographic Guide toSnakes and other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. New Holland Publishers, London, 144 pp." type="book" year="1998">
Cox
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFE2C45977B050DB4" box="[464,523,717,743]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 1998: 55
</bibRefCitation>
.—N. Baker &amp; K.P. Lim, 2008: 107, 161.—K.K.P. Lim
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFAEC45977C420DB4" box="[1296,1356,717,743]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008: 265.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFE5945A87B5D0C58" author="Das, I." box="[421,595,753,780]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref300845" refString="Das, I. (2010) A Field Guide to the Reptiles of Thailand and South-East Asia. New Holland, London, 376 pp." type="book" year="2010">Das, 2010: 299</bibRefCitation>
.—P.K.L. Ng
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFD1245AB7A260C58" box="[750,808,753,779]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011: 273.—N. Baker &amp; K.P. Lim, 2012: 107, 161.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFEAB444F7B0A0C7C" author="Das, I." box="[343,516,789,816]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref300872" refString="Das, I. (2012 a) A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of South-East Asia. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford, 160 pp." type="book" year="2012">Das, 2012a: 63</bibRefCitation>
.—Wallach
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFD77444F7BC80C7C" box="[651,710,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014: 616.—Chan-ard
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFC21444F7D160C7C" box="[989,1048,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015: 171.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFB41444C7C510C63" author="Das, I." box="[1213,1375,789,816]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref300966" refString="Das, I. (2018) A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of Southeast Asia. 2 nd Edition. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford, 176 pp." type="book" year="2018">Das, 2018: 75</bibRefCitation>
.—N.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFEAB44607B130C07" author="Baker, N." box="[343,541,825,852]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="151 - 152" refId="ref289791" refString="Baker, N. (2019) Brown tree skink and white-bellied rat snake at Thomson Nature Park. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2019, 151 - 152." type="journal article" year="2019">Baker, 2019: 151</bibRefCitation>
(Old Upper Thomson Road; Thomson Nature Park; Windsor Nature Park).— R.C.H. Teo &amp; Thomas, 2019: 147, 164, 181 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFB3D44047C990C2B" author="Charlton, T." box="[1217,1431,861,888]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref295882" refString="Charlton, T. (2020) A Guide to Snakes of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, viii + 299 pp." type="book" year="2020">Charlton, 2020: 35</bibRefCitation>
, 192 (Nee Soon Swamp Forest).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF37B8DBFF6B44FC7A3908A4" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF6B44FC7C920A88" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF6B44FC78050CEC" bold="true" box="[151,267,933,959]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Remarks.</emphasis>
Sworder (1923) believed he was the first to record
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFCA144FF7AB80CEC" baseAuthorityName="Gnther" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[861,950,933,959]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ptyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFCA144FF7AB80CEC" box="[861,950,933,959]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">P. fusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF37B8DBFC0244FC7D7D0CEC" box="[1022,1139,933,959]" name="Singapore" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Singapore</collectingCountry>
; however, Sclater (1891a) reported a specimen at ZSI collected by Davison. In his catalogue of specimens at the Raffles Museum,
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFF0B44B478BF0B54" author="Hanitsch, R." box="[247,433,1005,1031]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="7 - 16" refId="ref312380" refString="Hanitsch, R. (1899) Annual report of the curator and librarian on the Raffles Library and Museum, for the Year Ending 31 st December, 1898. In: Straits Settlements, Annual Reports for the Year 1898. Published by Authority, Singapore, pp. 7 - 16." type="book chapter" year="1899">Hanitsch (1899)</bibRefCitation>
found a specimen of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFD4544B77A1A0B54" baseAuthorityName="Gnther" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[697,788,1005,1031]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ptyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFD4544B77A1A0B54" box="[697,788,1005,1031]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">P. fusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in stores, but it had no locality data. As no additional observations were reported,
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFDC843487A080B78" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[564,774,1041,1067]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref326515" refString="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="1992">Lim &amp; Lim (1992)</bibRefCitation>
considered the existence of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFBB8434B7D940B78" baseAuthorityName="Gnther" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[1092,1178,1041,1067]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ptyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFBB8434B7D940B78" box="[1092,1178,1041,1067]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">P. fusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF37B8DBFB4243487C3E0B78" box="[1214,1328,1041,1067]" name="Singapore" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Singapore</collectingCountry>
doubtful. A possible exemplar was seen at Nee Soon in 1997, but the observation was not substantiated (Teo &amp; Rajathurai 1997). Thus, the earliest subsequent published record after Sworder (1923) was 79 years later when
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFEC043247B2B0BC4" author="Baker, N. &amp; Lim, K. P." box="[316,549,1149,1175]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref289875" refString="Baker, N. &amp; Lim, K. P. (2008) Wild Animals of Singapore: A Photographic Guide to Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians and Freshwater Fishes. Draco Publishing and Distribution, Singapore, 180 pp." type="book" year="2008">Baker &amp; Lim (2008)</bibRefCitation>
published a photograph of one taken on
<date id="7447BCA5FF37B8DBFC0943247D770BC4" box="[1013,1145,1149,1175]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2002-07-04">4 July 2002</date>
(
<tableCitation id="4D7BAFDEFF37B8DBFB7543247DEF0BC4" box="[1161,1249,1149,1175]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="16.[152,254,432,458]" captionTargetBox="[207,1414,726,1982]" captionText="TABLE 2. Checklist of the 166 herpetofauna species of Singapore, the year the first specimen was reported or collected, status in Singapore, and number of years went unreported from Singapore prior to 1990. If the reference is from a museum collection, then the museum symbolic code is listed. Under status, IND = Indeterminate (possibly extirpated). Year in parentheses under the last column is the year the species was last reported from Singapore. The herpetofauna of Singapore comprises 31 amphibians and 135 reptiles consisting of two caecilians, 29 frogs (five non-native), 1 crocodilian, 17 turtles (four non-native), 40 lizards (6 non-native), and 77 snakes (two non-native). If the year collected is not specified, then the year reported is used in its place." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5486CAEDFF8AB866FF6446E978550D95" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" tableUuid="5486CAEDFF8AB866FF6446E978550D95">Table 2</tableCitation>
). The only other published observations of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFDE243FB7B7B0BE8" baseAuthorityName="Gnther" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[542,629,1185,1211]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ptyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFDE243FB7B7B0BE8" box="[542,629,1185,1211]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">P. fusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was of three recorded during the BTNR surveys (Teo &amp; Thomas 2019), and from
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFE9A439C78F50B8C" author="Baker, N." box="[358,507,1221,1247]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="151 - 152" refId="ref289791" refString="Baker, N. (2019) Brown tree skink and white-bellied rat snake at Thomson Nature Park. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2019, 151 - 152." type="journal article" year="2019">Baker (2019)</bibRefCitation>
who photographed one at TNP on
<date id="7447BCA5FF37B8DBFC74439C7D470B8C" box="[904,1097,1221,1247]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2019-10-24">24 October 2019</date>
.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFBA8439C7DE40B8C" author="Baker, N." box="[1108,1258,1221,1247]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="151 - 152" refId="ref289791" refString="Baker, N. (2019) Brown tree skink and white-bellied rat snake at Thomson Nature Park. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2019, 151 - 152." type="journal article" year="2019">Baker (2019)</bibRefCitation>
also mentioned seeing
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFEB443B378AF0A50" baseAuthorityName="Gnther" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[328,417,1257,1283]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ptyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFEB443B378AF0A50" box="[328,417,1257,1283]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">P. fusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
several times at WNP, the latest being on
<date id="7447BCA5FF37B8DBFC6C43B07D6C0A50" box="[912,1122,1257,1284]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2019-11-05">5 November 2019</date>
, and detailed three roadkill examples from OUTR from 2001, 2002, and 2012. In addition, the LKCNHM has
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFF37B8DBFB4842577C530A74" box="[1204,1373,1293,1320]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
from RRR from 2008 and 2010, and
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFDA242687A1D0A18" author="Charlton, T." box="[606,787,1329,1355]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref295882" refString="Charlton, T. (2020) A Guide to Snakes of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, viii + 299 pp." type="book" year="2020">Charlton (2020)</bibRefCitation>
published a photograph of one from NSSF and one from an undisclosed locality in CCNR (
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFD8F420C7A140A3C" author="Charlton, T." box="[627,794,1365,1391]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref295882" refString="Charlton, T. (2020) A Guide to Snakes of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, viii + 299 pp." type="book" year="2020">Charlton 2020</bibRefCitation>
). The tissue sample from
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFBC9420C7C260A3C" author="Figueroa, A. &amp; McKelvy, A. D. &amp; Grismer, L. L. &amp; Bell, C. D. &amp; Lailvaux, S. P." box="[1077,1320,1365,1391]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="0161070" refId="ref305477" refString="Figueroa, A., McKelvy, A. D., Grismer, L. L., Bell, C. D. &amp; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016) A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus. PLoS One, 11, e 0161070. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0161070" type="journal article" year="2016">
Figueroa
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFB63420F7DD90A3C" box="[1183,1239,1365,1391]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
(2016)
</bibRefCitation>
was taken from an individual captured at BTNR on
<date id="7447BCA5FF37B8DBFD3142207A6E0AC0" box="[717,864,1401,1427]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2011-07-11">11 July 2011</date>
, and the individual in
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FF37B8DBFBA242207DD00AC0" box="[1118,1246,1401,1427]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="364.[152,255,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-34@364.[152,1435,181,1923]" captionTargetPageId="364" captionText="FIGURE 20. A) Ptyas fusca, B) Ptyas korros, C) Xenelaphis hexagonotus, D) Hebius petersii E) Rhabdophis rhodomelas, F) Xenochrophis maculatus, G) Xenochrophis trianguligerus, and H) Xenochrophis trianguligerus. Photographs by:Alex Figueroa [A, E–F], Emmanuel Goh [B], Nick Baker [C], Kelvin K.P. Lim [D, G], and Evan S.H. Quah [H]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960359/files/figure.png" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Figure 20A</figureCitation>
was also seen at
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF37B8DBFF0B42C77C970AE4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120689105" box="[247,1433,1437,1464]" collectingDate="2012-05-25" collectionCode="BTNR" collectorName="A. Figueroa &amp; Given" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF37B8DBFF0B42C7784C0AEB" box="[247,322,1438,1464]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">BTNR</collectionCode>
and photographed on
<date id="7447BCA5FF37B8DBFDC642C47BC00AE4" box="[570,718,1437,1464]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2012-05-25">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFF37B8DBFDC642C47BC00AE4" box="[570,718,1437,1464]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2012-05-25">25 May 2012</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="AD0CFFB3FF37B8DBFD2242C47A6A0AE4" box="[734,868,1437,1463]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">A. Figueroa</collectorName>
pers. obs.).
<collectorName id="AD0CFFB3FF37B8DBFC1742C47D210AE4" box="[1003,1071,1437,1463]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Given</collectorName>
the lack of reported sightings,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFA7442C77C970AE4" box="[1416,1433,1438,1463]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFA7442C77C970AE4" box="[1416,1433,1438,1463]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">P</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</materialsCitation>
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFA6542C7783C0A88" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">. fusca</emphasis>
appears rare (
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF37B8DBFE2C42987BA50A88" author="Baker, N. &amp; Lim, K. P." box="[464,683,1473,1499]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="ref289917" refString="Baker, N. &amp; Lim, K. P. (2012) Wild Animals of Singapore: A Photographic Guide to Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians and Freshwater Fishes. Updated Edition. Draco Publishing and Distribution Pte Ltd and Nature Society, Singapore, 180 pp." type="book" year="2012">Baker &amp; Lim 2012</bibRefCitation>
); however, we find it to be not uncommon (A. Figueroa pers. obs.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFEAB42BF7C99098B" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
In his catalogue, Raffles (1821) noted “[a]nother snake, which appears to be new, was found at
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF37B8DBFF0B415078650970" box="[247,363,1545,1571]" name="Singapore" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, and is related to
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFDD541537B4D0977" box="[553,579,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">C.</emphasis>
[=
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFD9B41507BCD0970" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[615,707,1545,1571]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFD9B41507BCD0970" box="[615,707,1545,1571]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Coluber</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFD2E41537A2E0970" box="[722,800,1546,1571]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFD2E41537A2E0970" box="[722,800,1546,1571]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Dipsas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the large dorsal scales. It is not venomous; is about six feet long, and of a pretty uniform reddish colour, becoming rather dusky on the head and light on the belly”. “
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFEF8410B785C0938" box="[260,338,1618,1643]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFEF8410B785C0938" box="[260,338,1618,1643]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Dipsas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” here represents the vernacular name for the species (Peters 1960b) which at the time referred to the genus
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFE96412F78A309DC" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[362,429,1654,1679]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFE96412F78A309DC" box="[362,429,1654,1679]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Boiga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, we find the description closely matches
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFC08412F7D4209DC" baseAuthorityName="Gnther" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[1012,1100,1653,1679]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ptyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFC08412F7D4209DC" box="[1012,1100,1653,1679]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">P. fusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
instead of any of Singapore’s
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFF0B41C3787F09E7" box="[247,369,1690,1716]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Boiga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF0B41C3783409E0" box="[247,314,1690,1715]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Boiga</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
This is the earliest record of any snake from
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF37B8DBFC8641C07AE009E0" box="[890,1006,1689,1715]" name="Singapore" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, and along with
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFB5141C3783C0984" authority="(Raffles" class="Reptilia" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Eretmochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imbricata">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFB5141C37C3409E0" box="[1197,1338,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">E. imbricata</emphasis>
(Raffles 1821
</taxonomicName>
), represents the third account for any herpetofauna from
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF37B8DBFC4C41E47D2A0984" box="[944,1060,1725,1751]" name="Singapore" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, after
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFB9641E77DEC0984" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1801" box="[1130,1250,1726,1752]" class="Reptilia" family="Crocodylidae" genus="Crocodylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porosus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFB9641E77DEC0984" box="[1130,1250,1726,1752]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">C. porosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF37B8DBFAE441E77C9F0984" baseAuthorityName="Ridley" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1304,1425,1726,1751]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Heosemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosa">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFAE441E77C9F0984" box="[1304,1425,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">H. spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF6B41B87AFE09AF" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" box="[151,1008,1761,1788]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF6B41B8782409A8" bold="true" box="[151,298,1761,1787]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Occurrence.</emphasis>
Restricted to CNR and surrounding Nature Parks. Uncommon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF6B405C7B82084C" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" box="[151,652,1797,1823]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF6B405C7B0A084C" bold="true" box="[151,516,1797,1823]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF37B8DBFF6B405C781E084C" box="[151,272,1797,1823]" name="Singapore" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Singapore</collectingCountry>
conservation status.
</emphasis>
Vulnerable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF6B40707B090810" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" box="[151,519,1833,1859]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF6B407078AF0810" bold="true" box="[151,417,1833,1859]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Conservation priority.</emphasis>
Highest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF6B40147BDB0834" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" box="[151,725,1869,1896]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF6B401478DC0834" bold="true" box="[151,466,1869,1895]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">IUCN conservation status.</emphasis>
<location id="0526CCBEFF37B8DBFE2540177B720834" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF37B8D8FF6B47A37DF90F86:0526CCBEFF37B8DBFE2540177B720834" box="[473,636,1869,1896]" country="Singapore" county="Upper Thomson Road" municipality="Old Upper Thomson Road" name="Least Concern" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Least Concern</location>
[2012].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF6B40287B3E0880" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF37B8DBFF6B40287B3E0880" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120689583" collectingDate="2001-06-04" collectingDateMax="2012-06-04" collectingDateMin="2001-06-04" collectionCode="CNR, LKCNHM, NHMUK, ZRC, RRNP" country="Singapore" county="Upper Thomson Road" location="Least Concern" municipality="Old Upper Thomson Road" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF6B40287ADB08D8" bold="true" box="[151,981,1905,1931]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF37B8DBFF6B4028781608D8" box="[151,280,1905,1931]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">LKCNHM</collectionCode>
&amp;
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF37B8DBFECB402878AB08D8" box="[311,421,1905,1931]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
<location id="0526CCBEFF37B8DBFE5540287B1F08D8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF37B8D8FF6B47A37DF90F86:0526CCBEFF37B8DBFE5540287B1F08D8" box="[425,529,1905,1931]" country="Singapore" county="Upper Thomson Road" municipality="Old Upper Thomson Road" name="Museum" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Museum</location>
specimens.
<collectingMunicipality id="E022001FFF37B8DBFD6540287ADE08D8" box="[665,976,1905,1931]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
Old
<collectingCounty id="E927E2E9FF37B8DBFD3640287ADE08D8" box="[714,976,1905,1931]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Upper Thomson Road</collectingCounty>
</collectingMunicipality>
:
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF37B8DBFC2540287D1F08D8" box="[985,1041,1905,1931]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">ZRC</collectionCode>
.2.4996 (
<date id="7447BCA5FF37B8DBFB9340287C0C08D8" box="[1135,1282,1905,1931]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2001-06-04">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFF37B8DBFB9340287C0C08D8" box="[1135,1282,1905,1931]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2001-06-04">04-Jun-2001</collectingDate>
</date>
),
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF37B8DBFAEE40287C4508DF" box="[1298,1355,1905,1932]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">ZRC</collectionCode>
.2.5433 (
<date id="7447BCA5FF37B8DBFF0340CC789108FC" box="[255,415,1941,1967]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2002-05-24">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFF37B8DBFF0340CC789108FC" box="[255,415,1941,1967]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2002-05-24">24-May-2002</collectingDate>
</date>
),
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF37B8DBFE4A40CC78E008FC" box="[438,494,1941,1967]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">ZRC</collectionCode>
.2.6994 (
<date id="7447BCA5FF37B8DBFDA840CC7BE608FC" box="[596,744,1941,1967]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2012-06-04">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFF37B8DBFDA840CC7BE608FC" box="[596,744,1941,1967]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2012-06-04">04-Jun-2012</collectingDate>
</date>
);
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFD0340CC7D5F08FC" bold="true" box="[767,1105,1941,1967]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
Rifle Range Road [
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF37B8DBFC0C40CC7D3008FC" box="[1008,1086,1941,1967]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">RRNP</collectionCode>
]:
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF37B8DBFBA040CC7D9A08FC" box="[1116,1172,1941,1967]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">ZRC</collectionCode>
.2.6689 (
<date id="7447BCA5FF37B8DBFB0640CC7C9E08E3" box="[1274,1424,1941,1968]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2008-02-25">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFF37B8DBFB0640CC7C9E08E3" box="[1274,1424,1941,1968]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2008-02-25">25-Feb-2008</collectingDate>
</date>
),
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF37B8DBFF0B40E078210880" box="[247,303,1977,2003]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">ZRC</collectionCode>
.2.6917 (
<date id="7447BCA5FF37B8DBFE6D40E07B2A0880" box="[401,548,1977,2003]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2010-06-24">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFF37B8DBFE6D40E07B2A0880" box="[401,548,1977,2003]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" value="2010-06-24">24-Jun-2010</collectingDate>
</date>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF37B8DBFF6B40847A3908A4" blockId="173.[151,1437,249,2040]" box="[151,823,2013,2040]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF37B8DBFF6B40847B8408A4" bold="true" box="[151,650,2013,2039]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
Additional
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF37B8DBFEE24084789908A4" box="[286,407,2013,2039]" name="Singapore" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Singapore</collectingCountry>
museum specimens.
</emphasis>
No specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF34B8D8FF6B47CF7DF90F86" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF34B8D8FF6B47CF7DF90F86" blockId="174.[151,1436,150,213]" pageId="174" pageNumber="175">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF34B8D8FF6B47CF78840FE3" bold="true" box="[151,394,150,176]" pageId="174" pageNumber="175">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF34B8D8FF6B47CF781E0FE3" box="[151,272,150,176]" name="Singapore" pageId="174" pageNumber="175">Singapore</collectingCountry>
localities.
</emphasis>
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve—Choa Chu Kang*—Nee Soon Swamp Forest—Old Upper Thomson Road—Rifle Range Nature Park—Thomson Nature Park—Windsor Nature Park.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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