241 lines
26 KiB
XML
241 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="765FE53EF88C7BEB21F4B569D94337BF" ID-CLB-Dataset="3251" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5735202" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a1d7ccc4-c76c-4ac3-bdd4-c53c2f378b35" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5735202" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1600872994229" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="E84887F9FFDED6500ACEFDA819B834FD" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Miniopterus pallidus Thomas 1907" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="699" masterDocId="1471FF81FFD6D6580A4AFFEC112F3619" masterDocTitle="Miniopteridae" masterLastPageNumber="709" masterPageNumber="674" pageNumber="699" updateTime="1698845897616" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="1F74A0E4EBCE72978A73B25D4274F10F">Miniopteridae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="95F38A6AD169307435578FB9AC8D82C0">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C2503F254B9F2EAF52721D1FA0ED080A">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="13F7198C2DB434C0B2C28C65885076B8">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="74F8E99839895A69FB97A71BDB34D373" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="FC2C79850817BA5CC9EEA02BCAFF6AA7">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="0989173A0991B65131BB19A5392B1452">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="DCD7F7B458BA38FF8F7C0A7CE4512913">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="E84887F9FFDED6500ACEFDA819B834FD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735300" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190874046" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5735300" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E84887F9FFDED6500ACEFDA819B834FD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFDED6500ACEFDA819B834FD" lastPageNumber="699" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED6500ACEFDA81194346B" box="[132,187,580,626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500ACEFDA81194346B" blockId="8.[128,1273,580,747]" box="[132,187,580,626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<heading id="3B168183FFDED6500ACEFDA81194346B" box="[132,187,580,626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<figureCitation id="F8DA2A6AFFDED6500ACEFDA81194346B" box="[132,187,580,626]" captionStart="Plate 52: Miniopteridae" captionStartId="2.[117,147,3330,3355]" captionTargetBox="[11,2764,18,3659]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Asian Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus fuliginosus), 2. Large Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus magnater), 3. Small Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus pusillus), 4. Intermediate Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus meduius), 5. Ryukyu Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus fuscus), 6. Eschscholtz’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus eschscholtzii), 7. Philippine Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus paululus), 8. Great Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus tristis), 9. Shortridge’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus shortridgei), 10. Javanese Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus blepotis), 11. Little Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus australis), 12. Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus macrocneme), 13. Loyalty Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus robustior), 14. Australian Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus orianae), 15. Pallid Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus pallidus), 16. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus schreibersu), 17. Neghrohion Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus maghrebensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419162/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">15.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED6500A81FDA813E1346B" box="[203,718,580,626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500A81FDA813E1346B" blockId="8.[128,1273,580,747]" box="[203,718,580,626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<heading id="3B168183FFDED6500A81FDA813E1346B" box="[203,718,580,626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFDED6500A81FDA813E1346B" box="[203,718,580,626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Pallid Long-fingered Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED6500959FDA815A5346B" box="[787,1162,580,626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500959FDA815A5346B" blockId="8.[128,1273,580,747]" box="[787,1162,580,626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<heading id="3B168183FFDED6500959FDA815A5346B" box="[787,1162,580,626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDED6500959FDA815A5346B" ID-CoL="43JSQ" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1907" box="[787,1162,580,626]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED6500959FDA815A5346B" box="[787,1162,580,626]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Miniopterus pallidus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED6500ACBFD68100734F0" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500ACBFD6815093480" blockId="8.[128,1273,580,747]" box="[129,1062,644,665]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<heading id="3B168183FFDED6500ACBFD6815093480" box="[129,1062,644,665]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED6500ACBFD6811E23480" bold="true" box="[129,205,644,665]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFDED6500A9CFD68105E3480" box="[214,369,644,665]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Minioptere pale</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED6500BCCFD6810CE3480" bold="true" box="[390,481,644,665]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFDED6500BA1FD6813D03480" box="[491,767,644,665]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Fahle Langfligelfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED650095EFD6812403480" bold="true" box="[788,879,644,665]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFDED6500933FD6812CB3480" box="[889,996,644,665]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Minidptero</vernacularName>
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pélido
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500ACAFD47100734F0" blockId="8.[128,1273,580,747]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<heading id="3B168183FFDED6500ACAFD47100734F0" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED6500ACAFD47105734D9" bold="true" box="[128,376,683,704]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFDED6500B35FD4713A234D9" box="[383,653,683,704]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Anatolian Bent-winged Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFDED65008D3FD47129D34D9" box="[665,946,683,704]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Anatolian Long-fingered Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFDED65009F4FD47159734D9" box="[958,1208,683,704]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Ashen Long-fingered Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFDED6500E8DFD47100734F0" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Pallid Bent-winged Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED65008AEFCF812D63544" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED65008AEFCF812D63544" blockId="8.[740,1337,788,1215]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED65008AEFCF81250352C" bold="true" box="[740,895,788,821]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDED65009C5FCF8159E352C" ID-CoL="43JSX" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[911,1201,788,821]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schreibersi">Miniopterus schreibersi</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDED6500EF5FCF812DB3544" ID-CoL="43JSQ" authority="Thomas, 1907" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1907" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">[sic] pallidus Thomas, 1907</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED6500E4FFCAC129D35CA" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500E4FFCAC129D35CA" blockId="8.[740,1337,788,1215]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<materialsCitation id="D0893CB2FFDED6500E4FFCAC129D35CA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3747914307" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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“South coast of Caspian,”
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500962FC8F124B359D" box="[808,868,867,900]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Iran</collectingCountry>
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. Restricted by D. M. Lay in 1967 to “vicinity of Bandari-Gaz,”
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<collectingRegion id="A225F80DFFDED6500EF0FC66124E35CA" country="Iran" name="Golestan" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Golestan Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED650093BFC56128235CA" box="[881,941,954,979]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Iran</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED65008ACFC35122632F1" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED65008ACFC35122632F1" blockId="8.[740,1337,788,1215]" lastBlockId="8.[130,1344,1223,3466]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDED65008ACFC3512D935E3" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1907" box="[742,1014,985,1018]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallidus">Miniopterus pallidus</taxonomicName>
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was traditionally considered a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDED6500E7FFBED15C4323B" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1077,1259,1025,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schreibersii">M. schreibersii</taxonomicName>
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until genetic differences at mtDNA and nDNA levels justified its species rank. Both species occasionally share roosts in an area of sympatry in
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED65009D0FB72153C32A6" box="[922,1043,1182,1215]" name="Turkey" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Anatolia</collectingCountry>
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, and a few cases of hybridization have been reported. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED6500AC8FB1E10E633CC" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="distribution">
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<caption id="349E6667FFDED6500AC8FB1E10E633CC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735246" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5735246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5735246/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" targetBox="[126,717,800,1214]" targetPageId="8">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500AC8FB1E10E633CC" blockId="8.[130,1344,1223,3466]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED6500AC8FB1E101D3316" bold="true" box="[130,306,1266,1295]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Distribution.</emphasis>
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E
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500B28FB1E10F53316" box="[354,474,1266,1295]" name="Turkey" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Anatolia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500BBEFB1E13733316" box="[500,604,1266,1295]" name="Turkey" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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), S
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED65008DDFB1E123B3316" box="[663,788,1266,1295]" name="Armenia" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Armenia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500962FB1E12EE3316" box="[808,961,1266,1295]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED650099FFB1E15353316" box="[981,1050,1266,1295]" name="Syria" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Syria</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500E65FB1E15803316" box="[1071,1199,1266,1295]" name="Lebanon" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
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, NW
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500F4BFB1E1197332F" name="Jordan" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Jordan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500A80FAF91029332F" box="[202,262,1301,1334]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Iran</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500B7BFAF910D8332F" box="[305,503,1301,1334]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
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, and S
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED650082AFAF91222332F" box="[608,781,1301,1334]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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. Distribution of the complex along the Levant and in
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500B1FFAD110A13347" box="[341,398,1341,1374]" name="Iraq" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Iraq</collectingCountry>
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is unclear. Localities closer to Mediterranean coast probably correspond to Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat (
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDED65008A0FA891289339F" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[746,934,1381,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="708" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schreibersii">M. schreibersii</taxonomicName>
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), whereas those more inland and in
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500AA0FA60100C33B4" box="[234,291,1420,1453]" name="Iraq" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Iraq</collectingCountry>
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correspond to the Pallid Long-fingered Bat; genetic analyses are needed to confirm this pattern.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED6500AC8FA3313383E3C" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500AC8FA3313383E3C" blockId="8.[130,1344,1223,3466]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
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||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED6500AC8FA33105233E5" bold="true" box="[130,381,1503,1532]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 56-65 mm, tail 58-66 mm, ear 11-7-14-9 mm, forearm 43-448 mm; weight 14-7-15-2 g. Pelage of the Pallid Long-fingered Bat is short (c.7-5 mm mid-dorsal region), fine, soft, and silky. Dorsalfur is uniform grayish or grayish brown, and ventral fur is paler. Hairs are bicolored, basally darker. Tail and uropatagium are relatively long. Wing membranes and uropatagium are dark. Ears are small, and tragus (4-9-6-3 mm) is slender and slightly curved forward. General color pattern was used as a diagnostic character to differentiate species; i.e. the Pallid Long-fingered Bat is paler on dorsum and more brownish on venter than Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat. Later, it was concluded that color of both species overlap widely, and differences were linked to seasonal changes, rendering color variation not useful to identify species. The Pallid Long-fingered Bat hasa slightly larger forearm, but differences although significant, cannot be used as a diagnostic character due to the large overlap in measurements. Chromosomal complement of the Pallid Long-fingered Bat has 2n = 46 and FN = 54 (
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500B4DF80C106A31E4" box="[263,325,2016,2045]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Iran</collectingCountry>
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), with 50 autosomal arms (FNa = 50). X-chromosome is metacentric, and Y-chromosome is acrocentric.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED6500ACEF7C313753FB6" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500ACEF7C313753FB6" blockId="8.[130,1344,1223,3466]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED6500ACEF7C311DB3E55" bold="true" box="[132,244,2095,2124]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Mediterranean scrub at almost sea level (most western populations), semiarid steppe above elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="A7199B0AFFDED6500BB0F7BE13723E6A" box="[506,605,2130,2163]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
|
||
(Central Anatolian Plateau), semiarid mountainous areas above
|
||
<quantity id="A7199B0AFFDED6500B7FF79610B63E82" box="[309,409,2170,2203]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500BF8F79610DD3E82" box="[434,498,2170,2203]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and deserts, marginally. In areas where they co-occur, the Pallid Long-fingered Bat occurs in more continental environments, and Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat occupies more Mediterranean habitats close to the sea. The Pallid Long-fingered Bat seems to avoid most of the Hyrcanian zone of humid forests in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500B58F6FB10603F21" box="[274,335,2327,2360]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In steppe and semiarid zones, Pallid Long-fingered Bats select places with mild climatic conditions. Foraging habitats in arid landscape are concentrated in valley bottoms and river environments or water bodies (ponds, lagoons, etc.) with riparian or floodplain vegetation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED6500ACCF65910683C6C" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500ACCF65910683C6C" blockId="8.[130,1344,1223,3466]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED6500ACCF65910A03FCF" bold="true" box="[134,399,2485,2518]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Pallid Long-fingered Bat is an aerial hawker, mostly hunting moths in open spaces, butit can forage in somewhat cluttered places because it has relatively maneuverable flight. Diet contained more than 95%
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDED65009BBF5EF158F3C3D" box="[1009,1184,2563,2596]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
in samples from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500A9CF5DF103D3C55" box="[214,274,2611,2636]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500B69F5DF10473C55" box="[291,360,2611,2636]" name="Syria" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500BFBF5DF13383C55" box="[433,535,2611,2636]" name="Jordan" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the rest was from Coleoptera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDED6500E58F5DF15513C55" box="[1042,1150,2611,2636]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDED6500EC4F5DF141B3C55" box="[1166,1332,2611,2636]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Neuroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Odonata.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED6500ACDF59611C33A84" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500ACDF59611C33A84" blockId="8.[130,1344,1223,3466]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED6500ACDF596103F3C82" bold="true" box="[135,272,2682,2715]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500B8BF59610D43C82" box="[449,507,2682,2715]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
at elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="A7199B0AFFDED6500948F596125D3C82" box="[770,882,2682,2715]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
|
||
, mating occurs in late October and births in earlyJune. Implantation occurs in about early March after arousal from hibernation. Gestation lasts 7-5-8 months. In the Lesser Caucasus (south-western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFDED6500ACCF51C10083D08" box="[134,295,2800,2833]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
), reproductive phenology is somewhat later. Implantation occurred in early April at the end of hibernation, small fetuses were observed in mid-April, births were spread over 30 days, juveniles were observed from mid-June through July, and lactation ended in the second one-half ofJuly. At birth, young are naked, with closed eyes, folded pinnae, and body weights of ¢.3-7 g. By the end offirst week of age, ears were erect, and a few sparse hairs were present on their bodies. Eyes opened during the first week, and young began to move. Short soft hair of young was apparent at 6-10 days old. Hair at birth was dark gray and gradually changed to light gray during postnatal period. In their second month, young started flying independent in the cave, and average body weight was 11-3 g, corresponding to 91:6% of adult body weight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED6500ACDF34D103D3B93" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500ACDF34D103D3B93" blockId="8.[130,1344,1223,3466]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED6500ACDF34D10553ADB" bold="true" box="[135,378,3233,3266]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Pallid Long-fingered Bat is nocturnal. Individuals have been seen hibernating in November—-December. It uses mostly caves, unused mines, and tunnels as day roosts. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with start frequencies of 58:5-60-5 kHz, end frequencies of 30-56-4 kHz, peak frequencies of 55-5-57-9 kHz, durations of 4-8—6-2 milliseconds, and intervals of 36-7-109-3 milliseconds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED6500F31FEFC18973799" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500F31FEFC18973799" blockId="8.[1402,2612,272,742]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED6500F31FEFC19663728" bold="true" box="[1403,2121,272,305]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies of Pallid Long-fingered Bats usually have hundreds of individuals, reaching highs of 1000-1500 individuals. It often shares roosts with other cave-dwelling species of Rhinolophus and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFDED650032AFEB3189B3799" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[2400,2484,351,384]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED6500F31FE6A170737EE" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500F31FE6A170737EE" blockId="8.[1402,2612,272,742]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED6500F31FE6A17F737BE" bold="true" box="[1403,1752,390,423]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A225F80DFFDED6500CA9FE6A163737BE" box="[1763,1816,390,423]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Pallid Long-fingered Bat was separated from Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat, which is classified as Near Threatened.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFDED6500F36FDE919B834FD" pageId="8" pageNumber="699" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFDED6500F36FDE919B834FD" blockId="8.[1402,2612,272,742]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFDED6500F36FDE9173A3407" bold="true" box="[1404,1557,517,542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="699">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Akmali et al. (2015), Benda & Gaisler (2015), Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Faizolahi et al. (2012), Benda, Hanak & Cerveny (2011), Bilgin, Girin, Maraci et al. (2012), Benda, Luéan et al. (2010), Bilgin, Girin, Rebelo et al. (2016), Bilgin, Karatas et al. (2006), Furman, Coraman et al. (2009), Furman, Oztunc & Coraman (2010), Furman, Postawa et al. (2010), Harrison & Bates (1991), Karatas & Sézen (2004), Karatas et al. (2008), Lay (1967), Mehdizadeh et al. (2019), Sharifi & Vaissi (2013), Sharifi et al. (2002), Sramek et al. (2013), Thomas (1907b), Whitaker & Karatag (2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |