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<document id="F3D16F87872CF28E8FB122DC64FC1CD1" ID-CLB-Dataset="3251" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5735202" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a1d7ccc4-c76c-4ac3-bdd4-c53c2f378b35" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5735202" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1600872994229" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="E84887F9FFD8D6560A33FC7219C93D12" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Miniopterus natalensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="705" masterDocId="1471FF81FFD6D6580A4AFFEC112F3619" masterDocTitle="Miniopteridae" masterLastPageNumber="709" masterPageNumber="674" pageNumber="705" updateTime="1698845897616" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="F651E6D1BDEA04169DEC9C63AA651ACB" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="02C6FA291EB251D2C1F903BDB75783C2">
<mods:title id="BDE8580DC1D9DD2AEEBA0B4C4852362F">Miniopteridae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="8C67F811558EE76B86C9CD459AD93F72" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="78642C28FAE751CD0989F6F234B94339">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="92AA27BD20985D6536B31DE20FBD9059">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="EBAA27612068BF060A1E3CFF68E28939">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="B590F0D63BA08E612A4B1BD8EAE0851E">2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="FC98AD26562D7B507EB7888606D69733" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="0E831B01DBDA14AD39FD37F1428D4C5E">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="B6C092DADEC46603B023B41ED2C6BD59">
<mods:placeTerm id="BBDAA928CEE14EC80215FE717E1CA90F">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="33D0D8D65B133B0EDB7DF67CDA11FCEE">
<mods:title id="706294209DEA8AA297B9648DE8A1AF2F">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="4A1E0437706A8D30CA15E18E9BEBC8E6">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="E84887F9FFD8D6560A33FC7219C93D12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735334" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190874054" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5735334" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E84887F9FFD8D6560A33FC7219C93D12" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD8D6560A33FC7219C93D12" lastPageNumber="705" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560A33FC72119D35D5" box="[121,178,926,972]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560A33FC72119D35D5" blockId="14.[118,1185,926,1055]" box="[121,178,926,972]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<heading id="3B168183FFD8D6560A33FC72119D35D5" box="[121,178,926,972]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<figureCitation id="F8DA2A6AFFD8D6560A33FC72119D35D5" box="[121,178,926,972]" captionStart="Plate 53: Miniopteridae" captionStartId="12.[103,133,3284,3309]" captionTargetBox="[11,2761,17,3658]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="18. Villiers’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus villiersi), 19. Greater Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus inflatus), 20. Newton's Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus newtoni), 21. Least Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus minor), 22. Sandy Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus arenarius), 23. African Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus africanus), 24. Natal Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus natalensis), 25. Mozambican Long-fingered Bat (Muniopterus mossambicus), 26. Lesser Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus fraterculus), 27. Aellen’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus aelleni), 28. Griveaud’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus griveaudi), 29. Glen’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus gleni), 30. Madagascar Long-fingered Bat (Manaopterus brachytragos), 31. Montagne d’Ambre Long-fingered Bat (Minaiopterus ambohitrenss), 32. Major’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus majori), 33. Eger’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus egent), 34. Manavil Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus manai), 35. Sororcula Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus sororculus), 36. Peterson’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus petersoni), 37. Mahafaly Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus mahafaliensis), 38. Griffiths’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus griffiths)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419164" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419164/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">24.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560A89FC72139135D5" box="[195,702,926,972]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560A89FC72139135D5" blockId="14.[118,1185,926,1055]" box="[195,702,926,972]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<heading id="3B168183FFD8D6560A89FC72139135D5" box="[195,702,926,972]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFD8D6560A89FC72139135D5" box="[195,702,926,972]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Natal Long-fingered Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560949FC72158E35D5" box="[771,1185,926,972]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560949FC72158E35D5" blockId="14.[118,1185,926,1055]" box="[771,1185,926,972]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<heading id="3B168183FFD8D6560949FC72158E35D5" box="[771,1185,926,972]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D6560949FC72158E35D5" ID-CoL="43JSN" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[771,1185,926,972]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D6560949FC72158E35D5" box="[771,1185,926,972]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Miniopterus natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560A32FC3213753203" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560A32FC32157135EA" blockId="14.[118,1185,926,1055]" box="[120,1118,990,1011]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<heading id="3B168183FFD8D6560A32FC32157135EA" box="[120,1118,990,1011]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D6560A32FC3211EB35EA" bold="true" box="[120,196,990,1011]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFD8D6560A84FC3210BC35EA" box="[206,403,990,1011]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Minioptéere du Natal</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D6560BE2FC32132C35EA" bold="true" box="[424,515,990,1011]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFD8D6560846FC32123035EA" box="[524,799,990,1011]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Natal-Langfllgelfledermaus</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D656097EFC3212A035EA" bold="true" box="[820,911,990,1011]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFD8D65609D3FC32157135EA" box="[921,1118,990,1011]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Minidptero de Natal</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560A32FBE913753203" blockId="14.[118,1185,926,1055]" box="[120,602,1029,1050]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<heading id="3B168183FFD8D6560A32FBE913753203" box="[120,602,1029,1050]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D6560A32FBE910403203" bold="true" box="[120,367,1029,1050]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFD8D6560B33FBE913753203" box="[377,602,1029,1050]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Natal Bent-winged Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560896FBA412093288" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560896FBA412093288" blockId="14.[732,1326,1096,1524]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D6560896FBA412583270" bold="true" box="[732,887,1096,1129]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D65609C7FBA4120E3288" authority="A. Smith, 1833" authorityName="A. Smith" authorityYear="1833" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natalensis">Vespertilio natalensis A. Smith, 1833</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560904FB9812DC32A1" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560904FB9812DC32A1" blockId="14.[732,1326,1096,1524]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<materialsCitation id="D0893CB2FFD8D6560904FB9812DC32A1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3747914322" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
“
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560912FB9815053288" box="[856,1066,1140,1169]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">South Africa</collectingCountry>
,—towards Natal [=
<collectingRegion id="A225F80DFFD8D6560949FB7712F132A1" box="[771,990,1179,1208]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
].”
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560897FB52140630A0" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560897FB52140630A0" blockId="14.[732,1326,1096,1524]" lastBlockId="14.[116,1325,1530,3496]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D6560897FB5212DD32C6" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[733,1010,1214,1247]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natalensis">Miniopterus natalensis</taxonomicName>
was the main sub-Saharan representative of the former schreibersii complex. Later restriction of schreibersii to the circum-Mediterranean Basin made
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D6560F4CFAD912193364" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natalensis">natalensis</taxonomicName>
the taxonomic reference name for medium-sized
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D65609EAFA68157B33BC" box="[928,1108,1412,1445]" genus="Miniopterusin" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" rank="genus">Miniopterusin</taxonomicName>
much ofAfrica. Nevertheless, preliminary genetic studies have shown that it is actually formed by a complex of species whose situation is still far from clear. On top of this confusion,it is possible that
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D6560AB7F9CD1089305B" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[253,422,1569,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natalensis">M. natalensis</taxonomicName>
can be confused with
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D6560897F9CD1243305B" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1903" box="[733,876,1569,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inflatus">M. inflatus</taxonomicName>
in areas where there is only one species of medium size. At present, the two subspecies found farthest from the type locality, villiersi from Upper
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560BFAF99C133C3088" box="[432,531,1648,1681]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Guinea</collectingCountry>
in West Africa and arenarius from
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D65609AFF99C15173088" box="[997,1080,1648,1681]" name="Kenya" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560E37F99C15DE3088" box="[1149,1265,1648,1681]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
, are considered valid species. Taxonomy of
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D6560835F974120A30A0" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[639,805,1688,1721]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natalensis">M. natalensis</taxonomicName>
needs additional research. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560A3CF92F1257314F" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="distribution">
<caption id="349E6667FFD8D6560A3CF92F1257314F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735274" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5735274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5735274/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" targetBox="[116,708,1109,1523]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560A3CF92F1257314F" blockId="14.[116,1325,1530,3496]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D6560A3CF92F100930F9" bold="true" box="[118,294,1731,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Distribution.</emphasis>
E Africa (
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560BF3F92F130430F9" box="[441,555,1731,1760]" name="Uganda" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Uganda</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560871F92F138330F9" box="[571,684,1731,1760]" name="Rwanda" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D65608F6F92F121C30F9" box="[700,819,1731,1760]" name="Burundi" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Burundi</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D656090EF92F12B430F9" box="[836,923,1731,1760]" name="Kenya" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D65609A0F92F154630F9" box="[1002,1129,1731,1760]" name="Tanzania" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
) and S Africa (SE
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560AFDF907107E3111" box="[183,337,1771,1800]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560B2EF90710E43111" box="[356,459,1771,1800]" name="Angola" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Angola</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560B95F90713663111" box="[479,585,1771,1800]" name="Zambia" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Zambia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560814F90713ED3111" box="[606,706,1771,1800]" name="Malawi" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Malawi</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D656089FF90712A03111" box="[725,911,1771,1800]" name="Mozambique" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D65609E9F90715323111" box="[931,1053,1771,1800]" name="Namibia" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Namibia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560E7BF90715993111" box="[1073,1206,1771,1800]" name="Botswana" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Botswana</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560E80F90711803136" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560A88F8FE105A3136" box="[194,373,1810,1839]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">South Africa</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560BC2F8FE133B3136" box="[392,532,1810,1839]" name="Swaziland" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D656082DF8FE13F03136" box="[615,735,1810,1839]" name="Lesotho" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Lesotho</collectingCountry>
). Nevertheless, species assignment of the populations from E Africa needs genetic confirmation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560A3CF88D15E13E8B" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="description">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560A3CF88D15E13E8B" blockId="14.[116,1325,1530,3496]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D6560A3CF88D10413167" bold="true" box="[118,366,1889,1918]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head—body 55-6-68 mm, tail 46-55-5 mm, ear 9-5—
<quantity id="A7199B0AFFD8D6560E0EF88D158D3167" box="[1092,1186,1889,1918]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
, hindfoot 8-10 mm, forearm 42-48 mm; weight 9-4-13 g (
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560956F86812FC31BC" box="[796,979,1924,1957]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">South Africa</collectingCountry>
). Dorsal pelage is dense, velvety, and usually very dark brown to grayish black (gray morph) or rusty red to rusty brown (orange morph). Ventral pelage is slightly paler than dorsum. Mid-dorsal hairs (7-9 mm long) are unicolored or with slightly paler tips. Wing membranes and uropatagium are very dark gray, blackish brown, or black. Ears are small, and tragus (4-7 mm) is relatively long with two-thirds parallel-sided, posterior margin becoming convex near rounded tip. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FN = 50.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560A3CF77415503F67" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560A3CF77415503F67" blockId="14.[116,1325,1530,3496]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D6560A3CF77411CA3EA0" bold="true" box="[118,229,2200,2233]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Habitat.</emphasis>
Temperate, subtropical, and tropical habitats from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
<quantity id="A7199B0AFFD8D6560AE4F72810323EF8" box="[174,285,2244,2273]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
. Found in Mediterranean-type shrublands (fynbos) or woodland savanna (bushveld) up to c¢.
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in
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and in wet Afromontane forest at
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in
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(Volcanoes National Park) and
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D65608E2F6FF12093F29" box="[680,806,2323,2352]" name="Tanzania" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A225F80DFFD8D6560976F6FF157D3F29" box="[828,1106,2323,2352]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Mount Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
). Found in arid open acacia savanna, thorn savanna, and mopane savanna at 1000-1300 m in
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560EF9F6DA14043F4E" box="[1203,1323,2358,2391]" name="Namibia" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Namibia</collectingCountry>
and in miombo woodlands at 1000-1600 m in
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(Shaba region).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560A3CF66914073A07" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560A3CF66914073A07" blockId="14.[116,1325,1530,3496]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D6560A3CF66910553FBF" bold="true" box="[118,378,2437,2470]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
The Natal Long-fingered Bat feeds on insects captured in flight. It has intermediate wing loading (10-7 N/m?) and intermediate aspect ratio (7); these wing characteristics allow good performance when flying in cluttered edges but also in more open areas. In Knysna Forest (
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D656082BF610123C3C04" box="[609,787,2556,2589]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">South Africa</collectingCountry>
), its main prey was
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D6560E5FF61010613C5D" authority=", Hemiptera, and Coleoptera" authorityName="Hemiptera, and Coleoptera" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
(23-28% biomass), followed by
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D656095EF5CF12903C5D" box="[788,959,2595,2628]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
(19%) and
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D6560E21F5CF14043C5D" box="[1131,1323,2595,2628]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
(3%). In
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560ABBF5A3107A3C75" box="[241,341,2639,2668]" name="Algeria" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Algeria</collectingCountry>
Forest Station (
<collectingRegion id="A225F80DFFD8D6560860F5A312473C75" box="[554,872,2639,2668]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Western Cape Province</collectingRegion>
of
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), almost one-half of the diet consisted in
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D6560B8CF59E13003C8A" box="[454,559,2674,2707]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
, a third Hemiptera, and much smaller proportions of
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D6560A3CF576125B3CA2" authority=", Coleoptera, and Trichoptera. In De Hoop" authorityName="Coleoptera, and Trichoptera. In De Hoop" box="[118,884,2714,2747]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Trichoptera. In De Hoop</taxonomicName>
Nature Reserve (
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), it foraged exclusively over a temporary pond (vlei), with kloofs (steep ravines) leading away from it, and immediate surroundings, but no individuals were observed over farms or Mediterranean-type shrublands (fynbos) away from the vlei. In this area, preliminary results show that diet consisted mainly of
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D6560889F4DB12403D41" box="[707,879,2871,2904]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD8D65609CBF4DB12C53D41" box="[897,1002,2871,2904]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
, and Hemiptera. Average consumption per night per individual was 1-7 g (c.15% of body weight) in winter, whereas it was 2-4 g (20% of body weight) in summer. Winter population was estimated at ¢.20,000 individuals, suggesting consumption of
<quantity id="A7199B0AFFD8D656096DF44212403DD6" box="[807,879,2990,3023]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.4" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" unit="kg" value="34.0">34 kg</quantity>
of insects/night. Summer population increased to ¢.200,000 bats that could consume
<quantity id="A7199B0AFFD8D6560936F43912F53DEF" box="[892,986,3029,3062]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.8" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" unit="kg" value="480.0">480 kg</quantity>
of insects/night. These figures give a total of
<quantity id="A7199B0AFFD8D6560BD3F41113733A07" box="[409,604,3069,3102]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.4" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" unit="t" value="94.0">94 metric tons</quantity>
oftotal insect consumption/year by this one colony.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560A3FF3C81B0E35BD" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560A3FF3C81B0E35BD" blockId="14.[116,1325,1530,3496]" lastBlockId="14.[1393,2604,307,2833]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D6560A3FF3C811D73A5C" bold="true" box="[117,248,3108,3141]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Breeding.</emphasis>
Natal Long-fingered Bats are seasonally monoestrous, with only one young per year per female; twins are rare, with only one case in more than 150 pregnant females from
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560A88F39F10403A8D" box="[194,367,3187,3220]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. During the reproductive cycle, there is a period of delayed implantation lasting 2—4 months throughout the wide latitudinal distribution of the Natal Longfingered Bat. As a consequence of delayed implantation, time elapsed between copulation and parturition increases with increasing latitude and length of unfavorable cold winters. The species is an example of how reproductive flexibility allows colonization of areas with changing latitude, temperature, rainfall, and food availability from temperate to tropical environments. In Shaba (
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D656082FF2B313D63B99" box="[613,761,3423,3456]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
,
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, 1000-1500 m), copulation/fertilization occurs in April, implantation of the embryo at the end ofJuly (with ¢.3 months delay), and births in midto the end of October at beginning of rainy season (i.e. c.6 months from mating to birth). In
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560C99FE8F16703765" box="[1747,1887,355,380]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
(18-19 S), copulation/fertilization take place from mid-April to mid-May, implantation in early July (with c.2-5 months delay), and births between late October and mid-November (6—7 months from mating to birth). In Transvaal (
<geoCoordinate id="05D55028FFD8D6560FF5FE39172737EB" box="[1471,1544,469,498]" degrees="25" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" precision="55555" value="-25.0">25° S</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560C50FE3917E337EB" box="[1562,1740,469,498]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">South Africa</collectingCountry>
), copulation/fertilization peaks in late-March, implantation in late-July (with c.4 months delay), and births in November (c.8 months from mating to birth). In
<collectingRegion id="A225F80DFFD8D6560C4AFDC417E73458" box="[1536,1736,552,577]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560CAAFDC416A03458" box="[1760,1935,552,577]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">South Africa</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="05D55028FFD8D6560DEBFDC416C43458" box="[1953,2027,552,577]" degrees="30" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" precision="55555" value="-30.0">30° S</geoCoordinate>
), copulation/fertilization occurs in April, implantation in mid-August (c.4 month delay), and births starting in early December (7-5 months from copulation to birth). In general, deliveries take place in wet seasons in subtropical zones (
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,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560D69FD7A16AB34AE" box="[1827,1924,662,695]" name="Malawi" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Malawi</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560D9FFD7A191334AE" box="[2005,2108,662,695]" name="Zambia" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Zambia</collectingCountry>
) and at the end of the cold season and beginning of rains in temperate zones (
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). In East
<collectingRegion id="A225F80DFFD8D6560341FD51187F34C7" box="[2315,2384,701,734]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Cape</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560322FD511B3534C7" box="[2408,2586,701,734]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">South Africa</collectingCountry>
), the mating period is not very synchronized and takes place during four weeks in April-May, and implantation is synchronized among all females, probably related to increasing daylength, resulting in synchronized births. Fetal growth during the final month of pregnancy can vary among years to adapt to increased availability of food as a result of the onset of rains. During years when rains are delayed, development offetusesis also delayed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560F38FC461B08308B" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="activity">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560F38FC461B08308B" blockId="14.[1393,2604,307,2833]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D6560F38FC46177635D2" bold="true" box="[1394,1625,938,971]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
In
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560CD8FC46166E35D2" box="[1682,1857,938,971]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, peak nightly activity of Natal Long-fingered Bats occurs during the first 2-3 hours after sunset and another secondary peak during the last three hours before sunrise, with some activity throughout the rest of the night. Weather influences activity, and heavy rains shorten or preventflights. In October—January, activity patterns of males and females differed. Females tended to leave roosts first at night and return later in the morning, and males were most active during the middle of the night. Greatest nocturnal activity of females is due to increased food and water requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Females have delayed implantation that can last several months in all sites where reproduction was studied. This delay is associated with winter when females go into hibernation in temperate regions. Similar dates of torpor/hibernation were found in several temperate locations in
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D656025BFAD91995334F" box="[2065,2234,1333,1366]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">South Africa</collectingCountry>
but also in mountain areas of
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560FD2FAB017233364" box="[1432,1548,1372,1405]" name="Namibia" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Namibia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560C19FAB017CB3364" box="[1619,1764,1372,1405]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
at lower latitudes. Intensity of torpor/hibernation is not well studied. For example, in De Hoop Guano Cave (
<collectingRegion id="A225F80DFFD8D656025FFA68187733BC" box="[2069,2392,1412,1445]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Western Cape Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560323FA681B3533BC" box="[2409,2586,1412,1445]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">South Africa</collectingCountry>
), winter nocturnal activity occurs at sea level but is very reduced. Although diurnal torpor has been observed in
<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD8D6560CD7FA3F163E33ED" box="[1693,1809,1491,1524]" name="Namibia" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Namibia</collectingCountry>
and
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, nocturnal activity is still possible. The Natal Long-fingered Bat mostly uses caves as daytime roosts, but unused mines and tunnels are also used. Availability of suitable roosting sites seemsto be a critical factor in determining its distribution. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with end frequencies of 43-47 kHz, peak frequencies of 47-6-50-9 kHz, and durations of 3-9—6-1 milliseconds.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560F39F97418E83FD7" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560F39F97418E83FD7" blockId="14.[1393,2604,307,2833]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D6560F39F974191B30A0" bold="true" box="[1395,2100,1688,1721]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Natal Long-fingered Bats occur in metapopulations that occur in a large territory in which there are several shelters (caves, etc.) that are used throughout the year by members of the population according to their energy requirements, availability of food resources, and characteristics of roosts (mainly temperature). In general, breeding females select warm shelters near areas with abundant food resourcesto facilitate development of young. In winter or unfavorable periods, they choose shelters with cold and stable temperatures to be able to hibernate or at least have daytime torpor. These different requirements generate seasonal movements among shelters that can be considered as regional migrations. Seasonal migration is more than
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and mainly involves pregnant females; movements occur between caves located on the southern Transvaal Highveld and northern Transvaal Bushveld where wintering and maternity colonies are formed, respectively. These northerly migrations occur from late winterto late spring. Late summer migrations occur in the opposite direction and involve females and weaned young. A genetic study throughout
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distinguished three populations: one in the north-east, one in the south, and another in the north-west. It was found that both sexes are strongly philopatric to their natal subpopulations and gene flow is restricted among subpopulations. For the north-western population, some individuals moved ¢.
<quantity id="A7199B0AFFD8D6560C5DF6DB17AF3F41" box="[1559,1664,2359,2392]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" unit="km" value="560.0">560 km</quantity>
from Koegelbeen to Steenkampskraal to hibernate—a considerably longer distance than the one recorded in the former Transvaal. Wing morphology of the Natal Long-fingered Bat, with higher aspect ratio that improves flight efficiency over long distances, could have resulted from selective pressure for long-distance migration.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560F39F63918A13FEF" box="[1395,2446,2517,2550]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560F39F63918A13FEF" blockId="14.[1393,2604,307,2833]" box="[1395,2446,2517,2550]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D6560F39F63917FF3FEF" bold="true" box="[1395,1744,2517,2550]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD8D6560F39F5E619C93D12" pageId="14" pageNumber="705" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD8D6560F39F5E619C93D12" blockId="14.[1393,2604,307,2833]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD8D6560F39F5E617263C06" bold="true" box="[1395,1545,2570,2591]" pageId="14" pageNumber="705">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Anciaux de Faveaux (1977 1978), Baeten et al. (1984), Bernard (1980, 1994), Bernard &amp; Cumming (1997), Bernard &amp; Happold (2013f), Bernard et al. (1996), Churchill et al. (1997), Crawford-Cabral (1989), Goodman, Ryan et al. (2007), Happold &amp; Happold (1990), Hayman et al. (1966), Herselman &amp; Norton (1985), Jacobs (1999a, 2000), Kityo &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (1996),
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et al. (1990a, 1990b), van der Merwe (1973a, 1973b, 1975, 1981, 1987), Miller-Butterworth, Eick et al. (2005), MillerButterworth, Jacobs &amp; Harley (2003), Monadjem, Griffin et al. (2017c), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), O'Shea &amp; Vaughan (1980), Rautenbach et al. (1993), Schoeman &amp; Jacobs (2003, 2008), Smith (1833-1834), Stoffberg et al. (2004), Voigt et al. (2014).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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