349 lines
31 KiB
XML
349 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3788544" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5c2ea8f4-6c5d-49ad-bcc6-8946b4eb632b" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163752666" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3788544" ID-ZooBank="7056E01D-A8ED-44D1-833C-6909E0D18C10" approvalRequired="11" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="11" checkinTime="1587995422736" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Schmidt, Christian" docDate="2010" docId="03E8C17158127410FCB6DA9CFC5F4677" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2177.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 39 (39)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@5af8ef61" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Enargia decolor" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="220" masterDocId="FFD1B909581C7400FC3ADE5BFFFB475D" masterDocTitle="Review of the Nearctic species of Enargia Hubner, [1821] (Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Xylenini)" masterLastPageNumber="223" masterPageNumber="205" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" updateTime="1643559262475" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Review of the Nearctic species of Enargia Hubner, [1821] (Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Xylenini)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schmidt, Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa ,, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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||
<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2010-03-18</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>39</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>39</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>205</mods:start>
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<mods:end>223</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.39.429</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">5c2ea8f4-6c5d-49ad-bcc6-8946b4eb632b</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576642</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7056E01D-A8ED-44D1-833C-6909E0D18C10</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3788544" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163752666" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3788544" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E8C17158127410FCB6DA9CFC5F4677" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E8C17158127410FCB6DA9CFC5F4677" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="220" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">
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||
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="219" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="14.[140,516,1222,1285]" box="[140,516,1222,1249]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">
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||
<heading box="[140,516,1222,1249]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Walker, 1858)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[140,516,1222,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolor">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,516,1222,1249]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,329,1222,1249]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">Enargia decolor</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Walker F" box="[342,506,1222,1248]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" pagination="1521 - 1888" refId="ref8994" refString="Walker F (1858) List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Volume 15. Edward Newman, London, 1521 - 1888." type="book chapter" year="1858">Walker, 1858</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="14.[140,516,1222,1285]" box="[140,397,1258,1285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">Figs 35–54, 57, 60, 63</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="219" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1040,1328,1566]" box="[140,577,1328,1355]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[140,577,1328,1355]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">
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<treatmentCitation author="Walker F" box="[140,573,1328,1355]" page="1658" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" year="1858">
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<taxonomicName authority="Walker, 1858: 1658" authorityName="Walker, 1858:" authorityPageNumber="1658" authorityYear="1658" box="[140,573,1328,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Mythimna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolor">
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<emphasis box="[140,337,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">Mythimna decolor</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Walker F" box="[344,573,1328,1355]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" pagination="1521 - 1888" refId="ref8994" refString="Walker F (1858) List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Volume 15. Edward Newman, London, 1521 - 1888." type="book chapter" year="1858">Walker, 1858: 1658</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1040,1328,1566]" box="[140,612,1363,1390]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">
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<taxonomicName box="[140,314,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="discolor">
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<emphasis box="[140,314,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">Enargia discolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith JB" box="[329,465,1363,1390]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" pagination="217 - 225" refId="ref8877" refString="Smith JB (1900). New noctuids from British North America, with notes on some others. Canadian Entomologist 32: 217 - 225." type="journal article" year="1900">Smith 1900</bibRefCitation>
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; misspelling.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="219" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1040,1328,1566]" box="[140,723,1398,1425]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">
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<taxonomicName box="[140,309,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Cosmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="discolor">
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<emphasis box="[140,309,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">Cosmia discolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Dod FHW" box="[324,444,1398,1425]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" pagination="241 - 252" refId="ref8221" refString="Dod FHW (1905) Preliminary list of macro-lepidoptera of Alberta, N. W. T. [continued]. The Canadian Entomologist 37: 241 - 252." type="journal article" year="1905">Dod 1905</bibRefCitation>
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; Dod 1910; misspelling.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1040,1328,1566]" box="[140,541,1434,1460]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">
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<taxonomicName box="[140,308,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolor">
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<emphasis box="[140,308,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">Enargia decolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Franclemont JG" box="[323,536,1434,1460]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" pagination="113 - 116" refId="ref8401" refString="Franclemont JG (1939) Revision of the American species of the genus Enargia Hhbner (Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae, Amphipyrinae). Canadian Entomologist 71: 113 - 116." type="journal article" year="1939">Franclemont 1939</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="219" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1040,1328,1566]" box="[140,858,1469,1496]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[140,858,1469,1496]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">
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<taxonomicName box="[140,320,1469,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolora">
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<emphasis box="[140,320,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">Enargia decolora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Hampson GF" box="[335,575,1469,1496]" page="239" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" year="1910">
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<bibRefCitation author="Hampson GF" box="[335,575,1469,1496]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" pagination="137 - 147" refId="ref8498" refString="Hampson GF (1910) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum. Volume 9. Taylor & Francis, London, 552 pp., xv, plates 137 - 147." type="book chapter" year="1910">Hampson 1910: 239</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; unjustified emendation.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1040,1328,1566]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="14" pageNumber="219">
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‡
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<taxonomicName box="[154,334,1504,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolora">
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<emphasis box="[154,334,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">Enargia decolora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ab.
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<emphasis box="[383,426,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">mia</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation author="Strand E" box="[433,642,1504,1530]" page="164" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" year="1916">
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<bibRefCitation author="Strand E" box="[433,642,1504,1530]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" pagination="150 - 165" refId="ref8904" refString="Strand E (1916) Neue Aberrationen der Noctuiden. Subfamilie Acronyctinae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte Berlin, Abteilung A 81: 150 - 165." type="journal article" year="1916">Strand, 1916: 164</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; unavailable infrasubspecific name. ‡
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<taxonomicName box="[154,334,1539,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolora">
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<emphasis box="[154,334,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">Enargia decolora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ab.
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<emphasis box="[383,412,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">sia</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation author="Strand E" box="[419,628,1539,1565]" page="164" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" year="1916">
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Strand E" box="[419,628,1539,1565]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" pagination="150 - 165" refId="ref8904" refString="Strand E (1916) Neue Aberrationen der Noctuiden. Subfamilie Acronyctinae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte Berlin, Abteilung A 81: 150 - 165." type="journal article" year="1916">Strand, 1916: 164</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
; unavailable infrasubspecific name.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="219" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1108,1609,1672]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,313,1609,1636]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">Type material.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker, 1858:" authorityYear="1658" box="[322,521,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Mythimna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolor">
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<emphasis box="[322,521,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">Mythimna decolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: male
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[600,714,1610,1636]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">
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<typeStatus box="[600,708,1610,1636]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode box="[723,817,1610,1636]" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">BMNH</collectionCode>
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, examined. Type locality: “Orilla [
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<emphasis box="[235,261,1646,1671]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">sic</emphasis>
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], West
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<collectingCountry box="[348,435,1645,1671]" name="Canada" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">Canada</collectingCountry>
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” [Orillia,
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<collectingRegion box="[550,644,1645,1671]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">Ontario</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[655,748,1644,1671]" name="Canada" pageId="14" pageNumber="219">Canada</collectingCountry>
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].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="220" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,166,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,312,166,192]" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">
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<emphasis box="[185,307,166,192]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName box="[323,496,167,193]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolor">
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<emphasis box="[323,496,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Enargia decolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is externally most similar to and broadly sympatric with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Franclemont" authorityYear="1939" box="[200,333,202,228]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infumata">
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<emphasis box="[200,333,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">E. infumata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Specimens with little dark shading can also be similar to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="2010" box="[1003,1100,202,228]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fausta">
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<emphasis box="[1003,1100,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">E. fausta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, particularly females of both species. About 90% of
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<taxonomicName box="[737,846,237,263]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolor">
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<emphasis box="[737,846,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">E. decolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specimens can be recognized by one or more of the following external characters: reniform spot lacking pronounced dark scaling at base, or if dark scaling present, not darker than color of adjacent medial line; claviform often present as dark dash; well-marked specimens with pronounced hindwing medial line; male antenna slightly serrate, not prismatic. Internally, in males the corona extends only halfway along the ventral margin of the valve (2/
|
||
<quantity box="[175,220,448,474]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Franclemont" authorityYear="1939" box="[230,364,448,474]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infumata">
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<emphasis box="[230,364,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">E. infumata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="2010" box="[424,522,448,474]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fausta">
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||
<emphasis box="[424,522,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">E. fausta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Figs 55, 56), and the vesica cornuti and aedeagus are larger (compare Fig. 60 to Figs 58 and 59). Females have a longer ovipositor and corpus bursae (Fig. 63).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="220" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,166,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,492,553,580]" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,336,553,579]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" reason="1">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
and biology.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[499,668,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolor">
|
||
<emphasis box="[499,668,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Enargia decolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a boreal-transcontinental distribution, occurring across the Canadian boreal plain and then southward through the western cordillera at higher elevations, where it is presumably limited by the availability of trembling aspen and possibly other poplars. Records for examined specimens range from northernmost British Columbia (Ft. Nelson) and south-western Northwest Territories (Ft. Smith) east to New Brunswick; also reported from Nova Scotia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ferguson DC" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" pagination="1 - 375" refId="ref8307" refString="Ferguson DC (1954) Th e Lepidoptera of Nova Scotia. Proceedings of Nova Scotian Institute of Science 23 (3): 1 - 375." type="journal article" year="1954">Ferguson 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Ohio (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rings RW & Metzler EH & Arnold FJ & Harris DH" box="[299,496,765,792]" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" pagination="1 - 219" refId="ref8812" refString="Rings RW, Metzler EH, Arnold FJ, Harris DH (1992) Owlet moths of Ohio order Lepidoptera family Noctuidae. Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin 9 (2): 1 - 219" type="journal article" year="1992">Rings et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and New York (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forbes WTM" box="[690,837,765,792]" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" pagination="1 - 433" refId="ref8369" refString="Forbes WTM (1954) Th e Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states, Part III. Noctuidae. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoirs 329: 1 - 433." type="journal article" year="1954">Forbes 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the western
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||
<collectingCountry name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, specimens were examined from western
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||
<collectingRegion box="[694,801,801,827]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[816,885,800,826]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[899,1039,800,826]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[197,285,835,861]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[295,355,835,861]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[366,478,835,861]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Albany and Carbon counties), western
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[933,1043,835,861]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Grant Co.), and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[434,522,871,897]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Graham Co.). Notably, I have not seen any specimens from the Rocky Mountain front ranges of
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[681,791,906,932]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
, where it would be expected to be widespread if there is a continuous distribution southward into
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[943,1089,941,968]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[140,232,976,1002]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
. As discussed under Remarks, the populations from west of the Rocky Mountains south to
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[301,446,1011,1038]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[470,558,1011,1037]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
may represent a distinct species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,166,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">
|
||
The larvae prefer
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[390,607,1047,1073]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tremuloides">
|
||
<emphasis box="[390,607,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Populus tremuloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Prentice RM" box="[677,856,1047,1074]" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" pagination="77 - 281" refId="ref8764" refString="Prentice RM (1962) Forest Lepidoptera of Canada reported by the Forest Insect Survey, Vol. 2: Nycteolidae, Notodontidae, Noctuidae, Liparidae. Canada Department of Forestry, Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch, Publication No. 1013, 77 - 281." type="book chapter" year="1962">Prentice (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reported a small number of larval collections from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,708,1082,1108]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papyrifera">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,708,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Betula papyrifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[722,937,1082,1108]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balsamifera">
|
||
<emphasis box="[722,937,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Populus balsamifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[951,1005,1082,1108]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[951,1005,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Michx." authorityName="Michx." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandidentata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Populus grandidentata</emphasis>
|
||
Michx.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Ait.) Pursh. Since" authorityName="Pursh. Since" baseAuthorityName="Ait." box="[490,845,1117,1144]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[490,629,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Alnus rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
(Ait.) Pursh. Since
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this species has mostly been correctly identified, Prentice’s larval host records are also probably mostly correct. Larvae can reach high population densities, causing local defoliation of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Wong and Melvin 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Wong and Melvin" baseAuthorityYear="1976" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tremuloides">
|
||
<emphasis box="[958,1108,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">P. tremuloides</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wong HR & Melvin JCE" box="[147,437,1223,1250]" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" pagination="1213 - 1220" refId="ref9026" refString="Wong HR, Melvin JCE (1976). Biological observations and larval descriptions of Enargia decolor (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on trembling aspen in northern Alberta. Canadian Entomologist 108: 1213 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1976">Wong and Melvin 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Th e balsam poplar group have quite resinous buds and leaves at bud break, so these may not be suitable hosts, at least for early instar larvae.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McGuffin WC" box="[140,340,1293,1320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" pagination="114 - 124" refId="ref8706" refString="McGuffin WC (1958) Biological and Descriptive Notes on Noctuid Larvae. Canadian Entomologist 90: 114 - 124." type="journal article" year="1958">McGuffin (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gives detailed descriptions including setal maps of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[942,1051,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolor">
|
||
<emphasis box="[942,1051,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">E. decolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but a diagnostic comparison of morphology and biology of larvae to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Franclemont" authorityYear="1939" box="[889,1023,1328,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infumata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[889,1023,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">E. infumata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="2010" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fausta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">E. fausta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is still needed. Wong and Melvin (1974) describe the larvae and larval biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[170,276,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolor">
|
||
<emphasis box="[170,276,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">E. decolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="221" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,166,1672]" lastBlockId="16.[140,1108,167,299]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="221" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,298,1434,1460]" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,293,1434,1460]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" reason="1">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[309,481,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolor">
|
||
<emphasis box="[309,481,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Enargia decolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as it is currently defined may consist of two species. Specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[334,422,1469,1495]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[435,495,1469,1495]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
, western
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[605,715,1469,1495]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[729,817,1469,1495]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[879,1026,1469,1496]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
are on average duskier, and the medial area tends to be the darkest forewing area (subterminal area equally dark in boreal
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[488,594,1539,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolor">
|
||
<emphasis box="[488,594,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">E. decolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); specimens have the markings more obscure overall, often with a pinkish tinge not seen in boreal
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[774,849,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolor">
|
||
<emphasis box="[774,849,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">decolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Comparison of male genitalia from this region to boreal
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[555,630,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enargia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolor">
|
||
<emphasis box="[555,630,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">decolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also suggest a slight difference. Five barcoded specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[402,485,1645,1671]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[542,724,1645,1672]" country="Canada" name="New Brunswick" pageId="15" pageNumber="220">New Brunswick</collectingRegion>
|
||
exhibited four haplotypes, with a maximum divergence of about 0.26 %; three
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[653,710,167,193]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="16" pageNumber="221">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimens representing two haplotypes differed between 0.86–1.37 % from the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[663,746,202,228]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="16" pageNumber="221">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[770,951,202,228]" country="Canada" name="New Brunswick" pageId="16" pageNumber="221">New Brunswick</collectingRegion>
|
||
material. Additional specimens from key geographic areas (
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[676,787,237,263]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="16" pageNumber="221">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[801,916,237,263]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="16" pageNumber="221">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[929,998,237,263]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="16" pageNumber="221">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1011,1100,237,263]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="16" pageNumber="221">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
) are needed to fully evaluate the taxonomic status of these populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |