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<mods:title id="E23563B1959011C1A54FB02C58438E3E">Status of Rumex palustris (Polygonaceae) in the flora of Iran: an overview of current taxonomy, anatomy and ecology</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="AF561D7004A7F5FBBF2C1AC7C8216F23">Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, P. O. Box 47416 - 95447, Babolsar, Iran. &amp; minakhorasani 57 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7422 - 8660</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="9788C58F500B5356412FFE4642839E33">Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, P. O. Box 47416 - 95447, Babolsar, Iran. &amp; a. naqinezhad @ umz. ac. ir; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4602 - 6279</mods:affiliation>
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<heading id="EA0981B9FF82571A01B5C146C01CF8F2" box="[136,536,1844,1871]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" reason="3">
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<treatmentCitation id="305F10C4FF82571A01B5C146C01CF8F2" author="Smith, J. E." box="[136,536,1844,1871]" page=")" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" year="1800">
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF82571A01B5C146C01CF8F2" ID-CoL="4TPTZ" ID-ENA="50298" authority="Smith (1800: 394)" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="394" authorityYear="1800" box="[136,536,1844,1871]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A01B5C146C341F8F3" bold="true" box="[136,325,1844,1871]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">Rumex palustris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF82571A0076C146C01CF8F2" author="Smith, J. E." box="[331,536,1844,1870]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" refId="ref7977" refString="Smith, J. E. (1800) Flora Britannica, vol. 1. Typis J. Davis, veneunt apud J. White, Edinburgh, 454 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 125864" type="book" year="1800">Smith (1800: 394)</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="91EE11FBFF82571A0323C147C611F8F3" box="[542,1045,1844,1871]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">
<heading id="EA0981B9FF82571A0323C147C02AF8F3" box="[542,558,1845,1871]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" reason="3">≡</heading>
<treatmentCitation id="305F10C4FF82571A0309C146C611F8F3" author="Gray, S. F." box="[564,1045,1844,1871]" page=")" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" year="1821">
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF82571A0309C146C611F8F3" ID-CoL="3S8RV" authority="(Sm.) Gray (1821: 275)" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="275" authorityYear="1821" baseAuthorityName="Sm." box="[564,1045,1844,1871]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Lapathum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustre">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A0309C146C103F8F2" box="[564,775,1844,1870]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">Lapathum palustre</emphasis>
(Sm.) 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF82571A026EC146C611F8F3" author="Gray, S. F." box="[851,1045,1844,1871]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" refId="ref6203" refString="Gray, S. F. (1821) A natural arrangement of British plants, vol. 2. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, London, 760 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 43804" type="book" year="1821">Gray (1821: 275)</bibRefCitation>
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≡ 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF82571A050CC147C3B4F8CE" ID-CoL="4TPTZ" authority="(Sm.) Hooker (1870: 312)" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="maritimus" subSpecies="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A050CC147C6F2F8F2" box="[1073,1270,1845,1870]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">Rumex maritimus</emphasis>
subsp. 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A0474C146C7AFF8F2" box="[1353,1451,1844,1870]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">palustris</emphasis>
(Sm.) 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF82571A01F3C12AC3B4F8CE" author="Hooker, J. D." box="[206,432,1880,1906]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" refId="ref6267" refString="Hooker, J. D. (1870) The student's flora of the British Islands. Macmillan and Company, London, 504 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 19896" type="book" year="1870">Hooker (1870: 312)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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= 
<treatmentCitation id="305F10C4FF82571A01A0C1F2C001F829" author="Thuillier, J. L." box="[157,517,1920,1942]" page=")" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" year="1799">
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF82571A01A0C1F2C001F829" ID-CoL="4TPRD" authority="Thuillier (1799: 182)" authorityName="Thuillier" authorityPageNumber="182" authorityYear="1799" box="[157,517,1920,1942]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="limosus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A01A0C1F2C32BF829" box="[157,303,1920,1941]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">Rumex limosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF82571A000AC1F2C001F829" author="Thuillier, J. L." box="[311,517,1920,1942]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" refId="ref8179" refString="Thuillier, J. L. (1799) Flore des environs de Paris. A Paris: Chez la Veuve Desaint, Libraire, rue du Foint-Saint-Jacques, 550 pp." type="book" year="1799">Thuillier (1799: 182)</bibRefCitation>
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= 
<treatmentCitation id="305F10C4FF82571A031FC1F2C1F2F82A" author="Renault, P. A." box="[546,1014,1920,1942]" page=")" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" year="1804">
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<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A031FC1F2C0D8F829" box="[546,732,1920,1941]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">Lapathum limosum</emphasis>
(Thuill.) 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF82571A0200C1F2C1F2F82A" author="Renault, P. A." box="[829,1014,1920,1942]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" refId="ref7649" refString="Renault, P. A. (1804) Flore du Departement de l'Orne. Alenc ¸ on, Malassis, 221 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 168094" type="book" year="1804">Renault (1804: 60)</bibRefCitation>
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≡ 
<treatmentCitation id="305F10C4FF82571A052EC1F2C3A1F806" author="Celakovsky, L." page=")" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" year="1871">
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF82571A052EC1F2C3A1F806" ID-CoL="4TPRD" authority="(Thuill.) Celakovsky (1871: 158)" authorityName="Celakovsky" authorityPageNumber="158" authorityYear="1871" baseAuthorityName="Thuill." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="maritimus" subSpecies="limosus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A052EC1F2C6B9F829" box="[1043,1213,1920,1941]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">Rumex maritimus</emphasis>
subsp. 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A0437C1F2C757F829" box="[1290,1363,1920,1941]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">limosus</emphasis>
(Thuill.) 
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≡ 
<treatmentCitation id="305F10C4FF82571A0082C1D6C608F806" author="Formanek, E." box="[447,1036,1956,1978]" page=")" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" year="1886">
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF82571A0082C1D6C608F806" ID-CoL="4TPRD" authority="(Thuill.) Formanek (1886: 25)" authorityName="Formanek" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1886" baseAuthorityName="Thuill." box="[447,1036,1956,1978]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="maritimus" variety="limosus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A0082C1D6C063F805" box="[447,615,1956,1977]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">Rumex maritimus</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A03AAC1D6C0E4F805" box="[663,736,1956,1977]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">limosus</emphasis>
(Thuill.) 
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.
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= 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF82571A01A1C1BAC3C4F862" ID-CoL="5R9QW" authority="Bo" authorityName="Bo" box="[156,448,1992,2014]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="palustris" variety="nanus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A01A1C1BAC333F861" box="[156,311,1992,2013]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">Rumex palustris</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A005BC1BAC39BF861" box="[358,415,1992,2013]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">nanus</emphasis>
Bo
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̈nninghausen (1824: 108).
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="91EE11FBFF82571A01B5C19EC6A6F7BE" box="[136,1186,2028,2050]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">
= 
<treatmentCitation id="305F10C4FF82571A01A1C19EC011F7BE" author="Gussone, G." box="[156,533,2028,2050]" page=")" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" year="1826">
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF82571A01A1C19EC011F7BE" ID-CoL="4TPZ5" authority="Gussone (1826: 151)" authorityName="Gussone" authorityPageNumber="151" authorityYear="1826" box="[156,533,2028,2050]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uliginosus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A01A1C19EC342F7BD" box="[156,326,2028,2049]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">Rumex uliginosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF82571A0071C19EC011F7BE" author="Gussone, G." box="[332,533,2028,2050]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" refId="ref6249" refString="Gussone, G. (1826) Plantae rariores. Regia Typographia, Neapoli, 401 pp." type="book" year="1826">Gussone (1826: 151)</bibRefCitation>
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≡ 
<treatmentCitation id="305F10C4FF82571A0313C19EC69AF7BE" author="Arcangeli, G." box="[558,1182,2028,2050]" page=")" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" year="1882">
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF82571A0313C19EC69AF7BE" ID-CoL="4TPZ5" authority="(Guss.) Arcangeli (1882: 585)" authorityName="Arcangeli" authorityPageNumber="585" authorityYear="1882" baseAuthorityName="Guss." box="[558,1182,2028,2050]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="palustris" subSpecies="uliginosus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A0313C19EC0CEF7BD" box="[558,714,2028,2049]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">Rumex palustris</emphasis>
subsp. 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A022FC19EC171F7BD" box="[786,885,2028,2049]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">uliginosus</emphasis>
(Guss.) 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF82571A02FBC19EC69AF7BE" author="Arcangeli, G." box="[966,1182,2028,2050]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" refId="ref5349" refString="Arcangeli, G. (1882) Compendio della flora italiana; ossia, Manuale per la determinazione delle piante che trovansi selvatiche od inselvatichite nell'Italia e nelle isole adiacenti. E. Loescher, Torino, 889 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9995" type="book" year="1882">Arcangeli (1882: 585)</bibRefCitation>
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= 
<treatmentCitation id="305F10C4FF82571A01A1CE62C022F799" author="Opiz, F. M." box="[156,550,2064,2086]" page=")" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" year="1852">
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF82571A01A1CE62C022F799" ID-CoL="4ZPKK" authority="Opiz (1852: 93)" authorityName="Opiz" authorityPageNumber="93" authorityYear="1852" box="[156,550,2064,2086]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Steinmannia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF82571A01A1CE62C380F799" box="[156,388,2064,2085]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="162">Steinmannia flavovirens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF82571A00B4CE62C022F799" author="Opiz, F. M." box="[393,550,2064,2086]" pageId="1" pageNumber="162" refId="ref7210" refString="Opiz, F. M. (1852) Seznam rostlin kveteny ceske. Nakladem Ceske museum, Prague, pp. 216." type="book" year="1852">Opiz (1852: 93)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF81571901B5C6D2C030FF08" blockId="2.[136,1247,159,217]" box="[136,564,159,181]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="91EE11FBFF81571901B5C6D2C030FF08" box="[136,564,159,181]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
= 
<treatmentCitation id="305F10C4FF81571901A1C6D2C034FF08" author="Saint-Lager, J. B." box="[156,560,159,181]" page=")" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" year="1889">
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF81571901A1C6D2C034FF08" ID-CoL="4TPR9" authority="Saint-Lager (1889: 709)" authorityName="Saint-Lager" authorityPageNumber="709" authorityYear="1889" box="[156,560,159,181]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflorus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF81571901A1C6D2C33BFF08" box="[156,319,159,181]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Rumex laxiflorus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF8157190078C6EDC034FF08" author="Saint-Lager, J. B." box="[325,560,159,181]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" refId="ref7687" refString="Saint-Lager, J. B. (1889) Polygonaceae. In: Cariot, A. (Ed.) Etude des fleurs: Botanique descriptive, vol. 2. Libraire et imprimerie Vitte et Perrussel, Lyon, 1003 pp." type="book" year="1889">Saint-Lager (1889: 709)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF81571901B5C6B6C6DBFF64" blockId="2.[136,1247,159,217]" box="[136,1247,195,217]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="91EE11FBFF81571901B5C6B6C6DBFF64" box="[136,1247,195,217]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
= 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF81571901A1C6B6C025FF65" ID-CoL="4TPS9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[156,545,195,217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maritimus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF81571901A1C6B6C340FF65" box="[156,324,196,217]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Rumex maritimus</emphasis>
(
<treatmentCitation id="305F10C4FF815719006CC6B1C025FF65" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358107" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4358107" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[337,545,195,217]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/72BE65E9D41552D4574AF1FCCC4F32EE" page="335" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" year="1753">
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF815719006CC6B1C025FF65" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[337,545,195,217]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" refId="ref6815" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum, vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 560 pp." type="book" year="1753">Linnaeus (1753: 335)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
≡ 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF8157190307C6B6C6DBFF64" ID-CoL="4TPS9" authority="(L.) Bonnier &amp; Layens (1894: 272)" box="[570,1247,195,217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="palustris" subSpecies="maritimus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190307C6B6C0D2FF64" box="[570,726,195,217]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Rumex palustris</emphasis>
subsp. 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190223C6B6C17BFF65" box="[798,895,196,217]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">maritimus</emphasis>
(L.) 
<treatmentCitation id="305F10C4FF815719028DC6B1C6DFFF64" author="Bonnier, G. &amp; Layens, G." box="[944,1243,195,217]" page="272" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" year="1894">
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF815719028DC6B1C6DFFF64" author="Bonnier, G. &amp; Layens, G." box="[944,1243,195,217]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" refId="ref5507" refString="Bonnier, G. &amp; Layens, G. (1894) Tableaux synoptiques des plantes vasculaires de la Flore de la France. Paris: Paul Dupont, 416 pp." type="book" year="1894">Bonnier &amp; Layens (1894: 272)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F9E4655EFF81571901B5C775C68FFC72" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="description">
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF81571901B5C775C67FFC39" blockId="2.[136,1452,263,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF81571901B5C775C316FE9D" bold="true" box="[136,274,263,289]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Description</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF8157190019C775C377FE9E" box="[292,371,263,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[136,229,2016,2038]" captionTargetBox="[180,1404,207,1986]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[151,1436,190,1992]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. The sample of Rumex palustris stored at HUMZ (No. 9115)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731916" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731916/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF8157190093C77AC3EDFE9E" box="[430,489,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,229,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[176,1409,187,1467]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[151,1436,175,1479]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Rumex palustris. A. Habitat; B &amp; C. Habitus in the field; D &amp; E. Inflorescence; F. Stem surface, glabrous or sparsely minute papillate; G. Fruits with articulated pedicels; H. Valves, dentate and tuberculate, three per fruit (down), rarely five (up); I. Achenes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731918/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">2A–I</figureCitation>
):— 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF815719032BC775C054FE9D" box="[534,592,263,289]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Herb</emphasis>
annual, biennial or perennial, glabrous or rarely sparsely minute papillose, initially green, after flowering brown-reddish. 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190393C75EC0E0FEFA" box="[686,740,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Stem</emphasis>
erect, sulcate, up to 
<quantity id="76069B30FF81571902DAC759C644FEFA" box="[999,1088,299,326]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" unit="cm" value="150.0">150 cm</quantity>
high, branched below middle, occasionally near base. 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF81571900AFC722C3E4FED5" box="[402,480,336,361]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Leaves</emphasis>
linear-lanceolate, ca. 7–30(–35) × (1.0–) 
<quantity id="76069B30FF8157190296C73DC628FED6" box="[939,1068,335,362]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" unit="cm" value="4.0" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–6.5 cm</quantity>
, apex acute, truncate to cuneate at base, margin entire and slightly undulate; basal leaves about 5–6 times longer than wide, blade lanceolate or lanceolateoblong, base truncate to broadly cuneate, with slender petiole ca. 
<quantity id="76069B30FF81571902B3C7EAC1F0FE0E" box="[910,1012,408,434]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" unit="cm" value="8.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="2.0">2–14 cm</quantity>
long; cauline leaves lanceolate-linear gradually narrower and smaller, with shortly petiolate or subsessile ca. 0.5–1.0 cm long; ocrea fugacious, membranous. 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF81571901B5C7ADC31AFE45" box="[136,286,479,505]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Inflorescence</emphasis>
paniculate, arcuate branches, dense, at least 15 flowers in each whorl, reddish brown at maturity (initially green). 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF81571901E6C471C333FDA1" box="[219,311,515,541]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Flowers</emphasis>
bisexual; pedicels jointed at base, slightly longer or as long as the valves, ca. 2–6(–7) mm long, unequal, filiform, erect to curved, articulated near base or below middle (ca. 1/3–1/4 from base); outer perianth segments lanceolate, small, ca. 2.0–2.5 × 
<quantity id="76069B30FF81571900C8C439C085FDDA" box="[501,641,587,614]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.7 mm</quantity>
; inner tepals (or valves) rhombic-triangular or linguliform, longer than outers, ca. 3–4(–5) × (1.0–)1.5–2.0 mm, straight, apex acute, base truncate or broadly cuneate, reticulated veins on the surface, all valves distinctly denticulate at margin (tepales spiny margined) and tuberculate on the back; teeth subulatefiliform, 2–3 on each margins, bristle-like, straight, rarely curved, ca. 
<quantity id="76069B30FF8157190297C4CAC637FD6E" box="[938,1075,696,722]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="2.05" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="1.3">1.3–2.8 mm</quantity>
long, equaling or slightly longer than valve width; tubercles oblong, large, equal or subequal, ca. 2 × 
<quantity id="76069B30FF81571902BEC4A9C60FFD4A" box="[899,1035,731,758]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.7 mm</quantity>
, obtuse. smooth (striate in herbarium specimens), initially white-greenish, after fruiting brown-reddish; stamens 6, filaments filiform, thin, ca. 1.0–1.3(–1.5) mm long, anther oblong, ca. 1.0– 
<quantity id="76069B30FF815719033CC551C053FC82" box="[513,599,803,830]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
long, yellow; ovary ovate, with 3 (rarely 5) lateral furrows, apex acute, ca. 
<quantity id="76069B30FF81571901B5C53AC2E0FCDE" box="[136,228,840,866]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
long, styles 3, filiform, short, ca. 
<quantity id="76069B30FF815719036BC535C0DFFCDE" box="[598,731,839,866]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.7 mm</quantity>
long, pendant, stigmas 3, tufted. 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190575C535C69EFCDD" box="[1096,1178,839,865]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Achene</emphasis>
ovate, sharply trigonous (rarely pentagonal), ca. 1.9–2.0(–2.1) × 0.9–1.0(–1.1) mm, bright brown to golden yellow.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF8157190180C5E2C0F9FC16" blockId="2.[136,1452,263,2018]" box="[189,765,911,938]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190180C5E2C35BFC16" bold="true" box="[189,351,912,938]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Phenology:—</emphasis>
Flowering and fruiting in May–June.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF8157190180C5C1C68FFC72" blockId="2.[136,1452,263,2018]" box="[189,1163,947,974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190180C5C1C3ECFC72" bold="true" box="[189,488,947,974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Chromosome number:—</emphasis>
2n = 40 and 60 (
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF81571903A2C5C1C152FC71" author="Rechinger, K. H. Jr." box="[671,854,947,973]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" pagination="99 - 107" refId="ref7526" refString="Rechinger, K. H. Jr. (1964) Rumex L. In: Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. &amp; Webb, D. A. (Eds.) Flora Europaea, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 99 - 107." type="book chapter" year="1964">Rechinger 1964</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF815719025CC5C6C67BFC72" author="Freeman, C. C. &amp; Reveal, J. L." box="[865,1151,947,974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" pagination="216 - 221" refId="ref5967" refString="Freeman, C. C. &amp; Reveal, J. L. (2005) Polygonaceae. In: Editorial Committee (Ed.) Flora of North America, vol. 5. University Press, Oxford, pp. 216 - 221." type="book chapter" year="2005">Freeman &amp; Reveal, 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F9E4655EFF8157190180C5A5C090FBE2" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF8157190180C5A5C090FBE2" blockId="2.[136,1452,263,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190180C5A5C000FC4D" bold="true" box="[189,516,983,1010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Distribution and habitat:—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF8157190339C5AAC0BCFC4D" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[516,696,983,1009]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190339C5AAC0BCFC4D" box="[516,696,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Rumex palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows on wet sand dunes and local dune slacks covered by seasonal fresh or brackish water in the south Caspian Sea coast, N. 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF8157190229C58EC145FBAA" box="[788,833,1020,1046]" name="Iran" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Iran</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF815719026CC589C191FBAA" box="[849,917,1019,1046]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1670,1692]" captionTargetBox="[344,1210,969,1645]" captionTargetId="figure-412@5.[340,1247,965,1645]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Global distribution map of Rumex palustris (up, showing colorful parts, with some modification from POWO 2023 and Euro+Med, 2023), focusing mainly on its position in north Iran (down, showing red triangle)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731920/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). This species is accompanied by other wetland and aquatic species, such as 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF81571900EFC252C19FFB86" authority="Aiton (1812: 110)" authorityName="Aiton" authorityPageNumber="110" authorityYear="1812" box="[466,923,1055,1082]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Nasturtium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="officinale">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF81571900EFC252C0C0FB85" box="[466,708,1055,1081]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Nasturtium officinale</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF81571903F6C26DC19FFB86" author="Aiton, W. T." box="[715,923,1055,1082]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" refId="ref5298" refString="Aiton, W. T. (1812) Hortus kewensis, or, A catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, vol. 2 (4). Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 522 pp." type="book" year="1812">Aiton (1812: 110)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF8157190297C252C77EFB85" authority="Linnaeus (1753: 62)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="62" authorityYear="1753" box="[938,1402,1055,1082]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Agrostis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stolonifera">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190297C252C68CFB85" box="[938,1160,1055,1082]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Agrostis stolonifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF81571905AFC26DC77EFB85" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1170,1402,1055,1082]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" refId="ref6815" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum, vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 560 pp." type="book" year="1753">Linnaeus (1753: 62)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF81571901B5C231C094FBE2" authority="Nees ex Steudel (1855: 184)" authorityName="Steudel" authorityPageNumber="184" authorityYear="1855" box="[136,656,1091,1118]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Polypogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fugax">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF81571901B5C231C342FBE2" box="[136,326,1091,1118]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Polypogon fugax</emphasis>
Nees ex 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF8157190093C231C094FBE2" author="Steudel, E. G." box="[430,656,1091,1118]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" pagination="602 - 610" refId="ref8091" refString="Steudel, E. G. (1855) Synopsis plantarum glumacearum, vol. 1. J. B. Metzler, Stuttgartiae, 485 pp. Tawab, S. A., Wafaa, M., Said, R., Sayed, M. S. &amp; Morsi, F. A. (2017) Morphological and anatomical studies on some dicot plant species collected from East Egypt desert. Journal of Scientific Research in Science 34: 602 - 610." type="book chapter" year="1855">Steudel (1855: 184)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F9E4655EFF81571E0180C215C639FE08" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" type="description">
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF8157190180C215C61FF9EA" blockId="2.[136,1452,263,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190180C215C00DFB3D" bold="true" box="[189,521,1127,1153]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Anatomical observations:—</emphasis>
Micrographs of stem anatomy in 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF815719024EC21AC622FB3D" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[883,1062,1127,1153]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF815719024EC21AC622FB3D" box="[883,1062,1127,1153]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Rumex palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are shown in 
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF8157190587C215C73FFB3E" box="[1210,1339,1127,1154]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[136,229,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[209,1371,222,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[177,1411,190,1927]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical micrographs of stem in Rumex palustris. A, B, C and D showing cross-sections at 40×, 100×, 400× and 400× magnifications, respectively, and E showing longitudinal section of epidermis with 400× magnifications.Abbreviations: Cu = cuticle, Ep = epidermis, Co = collenchyma, Cp = parenchymatous cortex, Lc = laticifer cells, En = endodermis, Lv = large vascular bundle, Sv = small vascular bundle, Sc = sclerenchymatous ring, Xy = xylem, Ph = phloem, Cr = Crystal, Pp = parenchymatous pith, Ps = papillose." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731922/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Figs. 4A–E</figureCitation>
. The main elements were determined to be taxonomically informative: cuticle, epidermis, collenchymatous zone, parenchymatous cortex (including laticifer cells), sclerenchymatous ring, vascular bundles and pith region (including laticifers and calcium oxalate crystals), which located from epidermis toward the central region in all transverse sections, respectively (
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF81571901ADC285C33FFAAE" box="[144,315,1271,1298]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[136,229,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[209,1371,222,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[177,1411,190,1927]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical micrographs of stem in Rumex palustris. A, B, C and D showing cross-sections at 40×, 100×, 400× and 400× magnifications, respectively, and E showing longitudinal section of epidermis with 400× magnifications.Abbreviations: Cu = cuticle, Ep = epidermis, Co = collenchyma, Cp = parenchymatous cortex, Lc = laticifer cells, En = endodermis, Lv = large vascular bundle, Sv = small vascular bundle, Sc = sclerenchymatous ring, Xy = xylem, Ph = phloem, Cr = Crystal, Pp = parenchymatous pith, Ps = papillose." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731922/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Figs. 4A and B</figureCitation>
). The stem outline of examined species was circular, along with several protuberances in the different sizes. The outer surface of cross-sections was also surrounded by a relatively thick cuticle and uni-seriate epidermis layer with rectangular cells (
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF81571900F5C34DC024FAE6" box="[456,544,1343,1370]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[136,229,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[209,1371,222,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[177,1411,190,1927]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical micrographs of stem in Rumex palustris. A, B, C and D showing cross-sections at 40×, 100×, 400× and 400× magnifications, respectively, and E showing longitudinal section of epidermis with 400× magnifications.Abbreviations: Cu = cuticle, Ep = epidermis, Co = collenchyma, Cp = parenchymatous cortex, Lc = laticifer cells, En = endodermis, Lv = large vascular bundle, Sv = small vascular bundle, Sc = sclerenchymatous ring, Xy = xylem, Ph = phloem, Cr = Crystal, Pp = parenchymatous pith, Ps = papillose." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731922/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
). Lamellar collenchyma consisting 5–10 layers was considerably observed at the ribs of stem, beneath epidermis (
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF815719033CC311C059FAC2" box="[513,605,1379,1406]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[136,229,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[209,1371,222,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[177,1411,190,1927]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical micrographs of stem in Rumex palustris. A, B, C and D showing cross-sections at 40×, 100×, 400× and 400× magnifications, respectively, and E showing longitudinal section of epidermis with 400× magnifications.Abbreviations: Cu = cuticle, Ep = epidermis, Co = collenchyma, Cp = parenchymatous cortex, Lc = laticifer cells, En = endodermis, Lv = large vascular bundle, Sv = small vascular bundle, Sc = sclerenchymatous ring, Xy = xylem, Ph = phloem, Cr = Crystal, Pp = parenchymatous pith, Ps = papillose." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731922/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
). The parenchymatous cortex was consisted of 5–7 cell layers in circularelliptic shapes, also laticifers located in this zone, but no crystal was seen. Underlying the distinct endodermis, vascular bundles were notably surrounded by 4–7 sclerenchymatous rings. All vascular bundles were arranged in one ring (ca. 
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number), regular, in form of collateral for smaller bundles (ca. 16–20), as well as bicollateral for larger ones (ca. 20–23). The central region was completely filled with parenchymatous pith enclosing intercellular spaces, and also laticifers and some sand crystals (
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF8157190313C065C08CF98E" box="[558,648,1559,1586]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[136,229,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[209,1371,222,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[177,1411,190,1927]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical micrographs of stem in Rumex palustris. A, B, C and D showing cross-sections at 40×, 100×, 400× and 400× magnifications, respectively, and E showing longitudinal section of epidermis with 400× magnifications.Abbreviations: Cu = cuticle, Ep = epidermis, Co = collenchyma, Cp = parenchymatous cortex, Lc = laticifer cells, En = endodermis, Lv = large vascular bundle, Sv = small vascular bundle, Sc = sclerenchymatous ring, Xy = xylem, Ph = phloem, Cr = Crystal, Pp = parenchymatous pith, Ps = papillose." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731922/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). In addition, the longitudinal sections of stem epidermal layer displayed sparsely short papilloses, along with laticifer cells on epidermis surface (
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF815719028AC049C60BF9EA" box="[951,1039,1595,1622]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[136,229,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[209,1371,222,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[177,1411,190,1927]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical micrographs of stem in Rumex palustris. A, B, C and D showing cross-sections at 40×, 100×, 400× and 400× magnifications, respectively, and E showing longitudinal section of epidermis with 400× magnifications.Abbreviations: Cu = cuticle, Ep = epidermis, Co = collenchyma, Cp = parenchymatous cortex, Lc = laticifer cells, En = endodermis, Lv = large vascular bundle, Sv = small vascular bundle, Sc = sclerenchymatous ring, Xy = xylem, Ph = phloem, Cr = Crystal, Pp = parenchymatous pith, Ps = papillose." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731922/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF8157190180C012C6A0F8B6" blockId="2.[136,1452,263,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
In the longitudinal sections of leaf, the epidermal layer consisted of polygonal cells (such as rectangular, pentagonal and hexagonal) with straight cell walls at both upper and lower surfaces. Anisosytic stomata, calcium oxalate crystals (such as sands and druses), laticifers and peltate trichomes (short stalked, peltate glands with one or two cells) were also revealed in the leaf epidermises (
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF8157190301C0B9C0EBF95A" box="[572,751,1739,1766]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1060,1082]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,227,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[170,1416,190,1036]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Anatomical micrographs of leaf epidermis in Rumex species. R. palustris: A. longitudinal section of lower epidermis, B. longitudinal section of upper epidermis, and C. cross section of leaf. R. dentatus: D.epidermal cells, and F.stellate trichome.R. maritimus: E. epidermal cells, and G. peltate trichome.A–C illustrations were observed under 400× magnification, and others (D–G) were reprinted (with copy right permission from Paul &amp; Chowdhury 2021, ekbif@naver.com). Abbreviations: St = stomata, Pt = peltate trichome (or peltate gland), Lc = laticifer cells, Cr-d = druse crystals, Cr-s = sand crystals, T-pt = two-celled peltate trichomes (or two-celled peltate glands), O-pt = one-celled peltate trichomes, Cc = crystalliferous cells. Arrow shows the straight cell walls of epidermis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731924/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Figs. 5A and B</figureCitation>
). Additionally, the leaf cross-sections proved the presence of peltate glands and crystalliferous cells in the epidermis and mesophyll, respectively (
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF8157190502C09DC69CF8B6" box="[1087,1176,1775,1802]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1060,1082]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,227,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[170,1416,190,1036]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Anatomical micrographs of leaf epidermis in Rumex species. R. palustris: A. longitudinal section of lower epidermis, B. longitudinal section of upper epidermis, and C. cross section of leaf. R. dentatus: D.epidermal cells, and F.stellate trichome.R. maritimus: E. epidermal cells, and G. peltate trichome.A–C illustrations were observed under 400× magnification, and others (D–G) were reprinted (with copy right permission from Paul &amp; Chowdhury 2021, ekbif@naver.com). Abbreviations: St = stomata, Pt = peltate trichome (or peltate gland), Lc = laticifer cells, Cr-d = druse crystals, Cr-s = sand crystals, T-pt = two-celled peltate trichomes (or two-celled peltate glands), O-pt = one-celled peltate trichomes, Cc = crystalliferous cells. Arrow shows the straight cell walls of epidermis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731924/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF8157190180C161C652F85E" blockId="2.[136,1452,263,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">
Also, anatomical findings of epidermis in 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF81571903A0C166C157F891" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[669,851,1811,1837]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF81571903A0C166C157F891" box="[669,851,1811,1837]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Rumex palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were compared with two close relatives, 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF8157190411C166C7AFF891" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1771" box="[1324,1451,1811,1837]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190411C166C7AFF891" box="[1324,1451,1811,1837]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">R. dentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF8157190187C14AC34AF8ED" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[186,334,1848,1873]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maritimus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190187C14AC34AF8ED" box="[186,334,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">R. maritimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF815719005DC145C3EEF8EE" box="[352,490,1847,1874]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1060,1082]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,227,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[170,1416,190,1036]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Anatomical micrographs of leaf epidermis in Rumex species. R. palustris: A. longitudinal section of lower epidermis, B. longitudinal section of upper epidermis, and C. cross section of leaf. R. dentatus: D.epidermal cells, and F.stellate trichome.R. maritimus: E. epidermal cells, and G. peltate trichome.A–C illustrations were observed under 400× magnification, and others (D–G) were reprinted (with copy right permission from Paul &amp; Chowdhury 2021, ekbif@naver.com). Abbreviations: St = stomata, Pt = peltate trichome (or peltate gland), Lc = laticifer cells, Cr-d = druse crystals, Cr-s = sand crystals, T-pt = two-celled peltate trichomes (or two-celled peltate glands), O-pt = one-celled peltate trichomes, Cc = crystalliferous cells. Arrow shows the straight cell walls of epidermis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731924/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Figs. 5D–G</figureCitation>
). The irregular epidermal cells with sinuate walls and both ansiocytic and pericytic stomata were detected in 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF8157190090C12EC029F8C9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1771" box="[429,557,1883,1909]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190090C12EC029F8C9" box="[429,557,1883,1909]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">R. dentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF8157190303C129C09DF8CA" box="[574,665,1883,1910]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1060,1082]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,227,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[170,1416,190,1036]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Anatomical micrographs of leaf epidermis in Rumex species. R. palustris: A. longitudinal section of lower epidermis, B. longitudinal section of upper epidermis, and C. cross section of leaf. R. dentatus: D.epidermal cells, and F.stellate trichome.R. maritimus: E. epidermal cells, and G. peltate trichome.A–C illustrations were observed under 400× magnification, and others (D–G) were reprinted (with copy right permission from Paul &amp; Chowdhury 2021, ekbif@naver.com). Abbreviations: St = stomata, Pt = peltate trichome (or peltate gland), Lc = laticifer cells, Cr-d = druse crystals, Cr-s = sand crystals, T-pt = two-celled peltate trichomes (or two-celled peltate glands), O-pt = one-celled peltate trichomes, Cc = crystalliferous cells. Arrow shows the straight cell walls of epidermis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731924/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
), whereas 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF8157190228C12EC1ACF8C9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[789,936,1884,1909]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maritimus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190228C12EC1ACF8C9" box="[789,936,1884,1909]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">R. maritimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibited the polygonal epidermis cells with smooth walls or nearly undulation and only pericytic stomata (
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF8157190260C10DC1B2F826" box="[861,950,1919,1946]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1060,1082]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,227,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[170,1416,190,1036]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Anatomical micrographs of leaf epidermis in Rumex species. R. palustris: A. longitudinal section of lower epidermis, B. longitudinal section of upper epidermis, and C. cross section of leaf. R. dentatus: D.epidermal cells, and F.stellate trichome.R. maritimus: E. epidermal cells, and G. peltate trichome.A–C illustrations were observed under 400× magnification, and others (D–G) were reprinted (with copy right permission from Paul &amp; Chowdhury 2021, ekbif@naver.com). Abbreviations: St = stomata, Pt = peltate trichome (or peltate gland), Lc = laticifer cells, Cr-d = druse crystals, Cr-s = sand crystals, T-pt = two-celled peltate trichomes (or two-celled peltate glands), O-pt = one-celled peltate trichomes, Cc = crystalliferous cells. Arrow shows the straight cell walls of epidermis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731924/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
). Moreover, indumentum 
<typeStatus id="6E458877FF81571905DFC1F2C716F826" box="[1250,1298,1920,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">type</typeStatus>
of epidermis surface considerably varied among species, ranging from peltate trichomes (with two cells) in 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF8157190590C1D6C73AF801" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[1197,1342,1956,1981]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maritimus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190590C1D6C73AF801" box="[1197,1342,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">R. maritimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to sessile glands and strigose and stellate trichomes (with four cells) in 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF8157190204C1BAC1B3F85D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1771" box="[825,951,1991,2017]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF8157190204C1BAC1B3F85D" box="[825,951,1991,2017]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">R. dentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF81571902FBC1B5C64EF85E" box="[966,1098,1991,2018]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1060,1082]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,227,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[170,1416,190,1036]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Anatomical micrographs of leaf epidermis in Rumex species. R. palustris: A. longitudinal section of lower epidermis, B. longitudinal section of upper epidermis, and C. cross section of leaf. R. dentatus: D.epidermal cells, and F.stellate trichome.R. maritimus: E. epidermal cells, and G. peltate trichome.A–C illustrations were observed under 400× magnification, and others (D–G) were reprinted (with copy right permission from Paul &amp; Chowdhury 2021, ekbif@naver.com). Abbreviations: St = stomata, Pt = peltate trichome (or peltate gland), Lc = laticifer cells, Cr-d = druse crystals, Cr-s = sand crystals, T-pt = two-celled peltate trichomes (or two-celled peltate glands), O-pt = one-celled peltate trichomes, Cc = crystalliferous cells. Arrow shows the straight cell walls of epidermis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731924/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="163">Figs. 5F–G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="E581665DFF80571801B5C192C145F84A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731916" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7731916" box="[136,833,2016,2039]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731916/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" startId="3.[136,229,2016,2038]" targetBox="[180,1404,207,1986]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF80571801B5C192C145F84A" blockId="3.[136,833,2016,2039]" box="[136,833,2016,2039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF80571801B5C192C2FAF849" bold="true" box="[136,254,2016,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
The sample of 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF80571800AFC193C02AF84A" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[402,558,2017,2038]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF80571800AFC193C02AF84A" box="[402,558,2017,2038]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Rumex palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stored at HUMZ (No. 9115)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E581665DFF87571F01B5C3BCC777F9B4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7731918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731918/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" startId="4.[136,229,1486,1508]" targetBox="[176,1409,187,1467]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF87571F01B5C3BCC777F9B4" blockId="4.[136,1452,1486,1544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F01B5C3BCC2FAFA5F" bold="true" box="[136,254,1486,1508]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF87571F003EC3BDC39BFA5F" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[259,415,1486,1508]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F003EC3BDC39BFA5F" box="[259,415,1486,1508]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">Rumex palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A. Habitat; B &amp; C. Habitus in the field; D &amp; E. Inflorescence; F. Stem surface, glabrous or sparsely minute papillate; G. Fruits with articulated pedicels; H. Valves, dentate and tuberculate, three per fruit (down), rarely five (up); I. Achenes.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF87571F0180C044C3FCF8B8" blockId="4.[136,1452,1590,2085]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">
Previous anatomical studies revealed that presence of epidermal trichomes, number of layers of cortex and collenchyma, 
<typeStatus id="6E458877FF87571F001AC029C353F9C9" box="[295,343,1627,1653]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">type</typeStatus>
of collenchyma, number of sclerenchymatous rings, presence and position of laticifer cells, pith presence, crystals 
<typeStatus id="6E458877FF87571F006FC00DC381F925" box="[338,389,1663,1689]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">type</typeStatus>
, 
<typeStatus id="6E458877FF87571F00B2C00DC3BBF925" box="[399,447,1663,1689]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">type</typeStatus>
of vascular bundles and number of vascular rings in stem, as well as, 
<typeStatus id="6E458877FF87571F0581C00DC6E8F925" box="[1212,1260,1663,1689]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">type</typeStatus>
of trichomes and stomata, cell shape, undulation details of cell wall and crystals 
<typeStatus id="6E458877FF87571F027FC0D1C176F901" box="[834,882,1699,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">type</typeStatus>
in leaf epidermis are practical and value characters in determination of 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF87571F005FC0B5C3AAF95C" authorityName="Rechinger" authorityYear="1937" baseAuthorityName="Meisner" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[354,430,1735,1760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F005FC0B5C3AAF95C" box="[354,430,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">Rumex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa (
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF87571F00CDC0B4C083F95C" author="Yasmin, G." box="[496,647,1734,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" refId="ref8447" refString="Yasmin, G. (2009) Taxonomic studies of two major genera Polygonum L. (complex) and Rumex L. of Polygonaceae from Pakistan. PhD diss. Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 353 pp." type="book" year="2009">Yasmin 2009</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF87571F03B2C0B4C165F95C" author="Yasmin, G. &amp; Khan, M. A. &amp; Shaheen, N. &amp; Hayat, M. Q." box="[655,865,1734,1761]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" pagination="47 - 57" refId="ref8491" refString="Yasmin, G., Khan, M. A., Shaheen, N. &amp; Hayat, M. Q. (2010) Micromorphological investigation of foliar anatomy of Fagopyrum Mill. and Rumex L. of Polygonaceae. Pakistan Journal of Botany 42 (1): 47 - 57." type="journal article" year="2010">
Yasmin 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F03D7C0B5C11EF95C" box="[746,794,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF87571F0256C0B4C65EF95C" author="Soleimani, M. &amp; Jafari, A. &amp; Shahrokhabady, K. N. &amp; Amiri Moghaddam, D." box="[875,1114,1734,1761]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" pagination="111 - 115" refId="ref8023" refString="Soleimani, M., Jafari, A., Shahrokhabady, K. N. &amp; Amiri Moghaddam, D. (2014) Comparative anatomical and palynological studies on Rumex L. species (Polygonaceae) in NE Iran. Greener Journal of Biological Science 4 (4): 111 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.15580 / GJBS. 2014.4.041714190" type="journal article" year="2014">
Soleimani 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F02DFC0B5C616F95C" box="[994,1042,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF87571F055EC0B4C75BF95C" author="Keshavarzi, M. &amp; Ebrahimi, F. &amp; Mosaferi, S." box="[1123,1375,1734,1761]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" pagination="45 - 52" refId="ref6426" refString="Keshavarzi, M., Ebrahimi, F. &amp; Mosaferi, S. (2018) Comparative anatomical and micromorphological study of some Rumex species (Polygonaceae). Acta Biologica Szegediensis 62 (1): 45 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.14232 / abs. 2018.1.45 - 52" type="journal article" year="2018">
Keshavarzi 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F05DAC0B5C713F95C" box="[1255,1303,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF87571F0455C0B4C2C7F8B8" author="Ulcay, S." pageId="4" pageNumber="165" pagination="450 - 457" refId="ref8342" refString="Ulcay, S. (2020) Comparative Anatomical Features Study of the Some Medicinal Rumex Species Distributed in Turkey. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 32 (4): 450 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.7240 / jeps. 697779" type="journal article" year="2020">Ulcay 2020</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF87571F01F3C098C3EFF8B8" author="Paul, P. &amp; Chowdhury, M." box="[206,491,1770,1796]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" pagination="569 - 589" refId="ref7234" refString="Paul, P. &amp; Chowdhury, M. (2021) Foliar micromorphology as a tool for identification of Indian taxa of Polygonaceae. Journal of Asia- Pacific Biodiversity 14 (4): 569 - 589. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. japb. 2021.05.008" type="journal article" year="2021">Paul &amp; Chowdhury 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF87571E0180C17DC2E3FEBC" blockId="4.[136,1452,1590,2085]" lastBlockId="5.[136,1452,158,941]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">
In the current study, the above-mentioned characteristics were evaluated between 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF87571F0563C17DC6E4F894" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[1118,1248,1806,1832]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F0563C17DC6E4F894" box="[1118,1248,1806,1832]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">R. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other species of 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF87571F019AC141C2F7F8F0" authorityName="Rechinger" authorityYear="1937" baseAuthorityName="Meisner" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[167,243,1843,1868]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F019AC141C2F7F8F0" box="[167,243,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">Rumex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, focusing on its closest species, 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF87571F0359C141C0E7F8F0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1771" box="[612,739,1842,1868]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F0359C141C0E7F8F0" box="[612,739,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">R. dentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF87571F0226C141C1A6F8F0" box="[795,930,1843,1868]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maritimu">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F0226C141C1A6F8F0" box="[795,930,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">R. maritimu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s. Most of observed anatomical characteristics of stem such as the presence of layers of cortex, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, crystals and laticifers as well as pith region in 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF87571F001AC109C3ADF828" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[295,425,1914,1940]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F001AC109C3ADF828" box="[295,425,1914,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">R. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are in consistent with anatomical reports of other species of 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF87571F056BC109C6A6F828" authorityName="Rechinger" authorityYear="1937" baseAuthorityName="Meisner" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1110,1186,1915,1940]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F056BC109C6A6F828" box="[1110,1186,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">Rumex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF87571F058FC108C7A3F828" author="Soleimani, M. &amp; Jafari, A. &amp; Shahrokhabady, K. N. &amp; Amiri Moghaddam, D." box="[1202,1447,1914,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" pagination="111 - 115" refId="ref8023" refString="Soleimani, M., Jafari, A., Shahrokhabady, K. N. &amp; Amiri Moghaddam, D. (2014) Comparative anatomical and palynological studies on Rumex L. species (Polygonaceae) in NE Iran. Greener Journal of Biological Science 4 (4): 111 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.15580 / GJBS. 2014.4.041714190" type="journal article" year="2014">
Soleimani 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F0411C109C75AF828" box="[1324,1374,1914,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF87571F01B5C1ECC38EF804" author="Keshavarzi, M. &amp; Ebrahimi, F. &amp; Mosaferi, S." box="[136,394,1950,1977]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" pagination="45 - 52" refId="ref6426" refString="Keshavarzi, M., Ebrahimi, F. &amp; Mosaferi, S. (2018) Comparative anatomical and micromorphological study of some Rumex species (Polygonaceae). Acta Biologica Szegediensis 62 (1): 45 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.14232 / abs. 2018.1.45 - 52" type="journal article" year="2018">
Keshavarzi 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F0033C1EDC344F804" box="[270,320,1950,1976]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, Mohamed &amp; Azar 2020, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF87571F038DC1ECC13CF804" author="Ulcay, S." box="[688,824,1950,1976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" pagination="450 - 457" refId="ref8342" refString="Ulcay, S. (2020) Comparative Anatomical Features Study of the Some Medicinal Rumex Species Distributed in Turkey. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 32 (4): 450 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.7240 / jeps. 697779" type="journal article" year="2020">Ulcay 2020</bibRefCitation>
). However, it can be distinguished from other members of 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF87571F0194C1B1C2F1F860" authorityName="Rechinger" authorityYear="1937" baseAuthorityName="Meisner" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[169,245,1987,2012]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF87571F0194C1B1C2F1F860" box="[169,245,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">Rumex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
using number of layers of cortex (5–7), collenchyma (5–10) and sclerenchyma (4–7), collenchyma 
<typeStatus id="6E458877FF87571F0446C1B1C7AFF861" box="[1403,1451,1987,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">type</typeStatus>
(lamellar), 
<typeStatus id="6E458877FF87571F0034C195C33DF7BD" box="[265,313,2023,2049]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">type</typeStatus>
and position of crystals (druses in pith and cortex) and 
<typeStatus id="6E458877FF87571F02E8C195C601F7BD" box="[981,1029,2023,2049]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">type</typeStatus>
of vascular bundles (both collateral and bicollateral), showing the taxonomic importance of these characters. According to reported studies (
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF87571E0405CE78C301FF04" author="Soleimani, M. &amp; Jafari, A. &amp; Shahrokhabady, K. N. &amp; Amiri Moghaddam, D." lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" pagination="111 - 115" refId="ref8023" refString="Soleimani, M., Jafari, A., Shahrokhabady, K. N. &amp; Amiri Moghaddam, D. (2014) Comparative anatomical and palynological studies on Rumex L. species (Polygonaceae) in NE Iran. Greener Journal of Biological Science 4 (4): 111 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.15580 / GJBS. 2014.4.041714190" type="journal article" year="2014">
Soleimani 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E01B5C6EDC2BFFF04" box="[136,187,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E002CC6ECC010FF04" author="Keshavarzi, M. &amp; Ebrahimi, F. &amp; Mosaferi, S." box="[273,532,158,185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="45 - 52" refId="ref6426" refString="Keshavarzi, M., Ebrahimi, F. &amp; Mosaferi, S. (2018) Comparative anatomical and micromorphological study of some Rumex species (Polygonaceae). Acta Biologica Szegediensis 62 (1): 45 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.14232 / abs. 2018.1.45 - 52" type="journal article" year="2018">
Keshavarzi 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E00AAC6EDC3CDFF04" box="[407,457,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E0314C6EDC0AFFF04" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[553,683,158,184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E0314C6EDC0AFFF04" box="[553,683,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
noteworthy differs from 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E02F6C6EDC64EFF04" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1771" box="[971,1098,158,184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E02F6C6EDC64EFF04" box="[971,1098,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. dentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having 7 cortex layers, 4–6 collenchyma layers, 2–3 sclerenchymatous rings, annular collenchyma and only sand crystals and collateral vascular bundles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF86571E0180C779C639FE08" blockId="5.[136,1452,158,941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">
In a comparative anatomy of epidermis between 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E03D1C779C1A7FE98" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[748,931,266,292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E03D1C779C1A7FE98" box="[748,931,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">Rumex palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(based on our data) and two its close species (using reported results), it differs from 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E030DC75DC0BBFEF4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[560,703,303,328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maritimus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E030DC75DC0BBFEF4" box="[560,703,303,328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. maritimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<typeStatus id="6E458877FF86571E03D9C75DC110FEF5" box="[740,788,303,329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">type</typeStatus>
of stomata, crystal and peltate trichome (
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E05E9C75CC2C0FED0" author="Paul, P. &amp; Chowdhury, M." pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="569 - 589" refId="ref7234" refString="Paul, P. &amp; Chowdhury, M. (2021) Foliar micromorphology as a tool for identification of Indian taxa of Polygonaceae. Journal of Asia- Pacific Biodiversity 14 (4): 569 - 589. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. japb. 2021.05.008" type="journal article" year="2021">Paul &amp; Chowdhury 2021</bibRefCitation>
), and is also separated from 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E00C3C721C078FED0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1771" box="[510,636,338,364]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E00C3C721C078FED0" box="[510,636,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. dentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on cell shape and 
<typeStatus id="6E458877FF86571E02B3C721C1BAFED1" box="[910,958,339,365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">type</typeStatus>
of wall, crystal and trichome (
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E042DC720C7A3FED0" author="Yasmin, G." box="[1296,1447,338,364]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" refId="ref8447" refString="Yasmin, G. (2009) Taxonomic studies of two major genera Polygonum L. (complex) and Rumex L. of Polygonaceae from Pakistan. PhD diss. Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 353 pp." type="book" year="2009">Yasmin 2009</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E01B5C704C361FE2C" author="Yasmin, G. &amp; Khan, M. A. &amp; Shaheen, N. &amp; Hayat, M. Q." box="[136,357,374,401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="47 - 57" refId="ref8491" refString="Yasmin, G., Khan, M. A., Shaheen, N. &amp; Hayat, M. Q. (2010) Micromorphological investigation of foliar anatomy of Fagopyrum Mill. and Rumex L. of Polygonaceae. Pakistan Journal of Botany 42 (1): 47 - 57." type="journal article" year="2010">
Yasmin 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E01DBC705C31EFE2C" box="[230,282,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E004EC704C07EFE2C" author="Keshavarzi, M. &amp; Ebrahimi, F. &amp; Mosaferi, S." box="[371,634,374,401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="45 - 52" refId="ref6426" refString="Keshavarzi, M., Ebrahimi, F. &amp; Mosaferi, S. (2018) Comparative anatomical and micromorphological study of some Rumex species (Polygonaceae). Acta Biologica Szegediensis 62 (1): 45 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.14232 / abs. 2018.1.45 - 52" type="journal article" year="2018">
Keshavarzi 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E00C6C705C02BFE2C" box="[507,559,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, Mohamed &amp; Azar 2020, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E0297C704C6CAFE2C" author="Paul, P. &amp; Chowdhury, M." box="[938,1230,374,400]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="569 - 589" refId="ref7234" refString="Paul, P. &amp; Chowdhury, M. (2021) Foliar micromorphology as a tool for identification of Indian taxa of Polygonaceae. Journal of Asia- Pacific Biodiversity 14 (4): 569 - 589. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. japb. 2021.05.008" type="journal article" year="2021">Paul &amp; Chowdhury 2021</bibRefCitation>
). These anatomical differences of epidermis between 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E033EC7E9C080FE08" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[515,644,410,436]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E033EC7E9C080FE08" box="[515,644,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its affinities were listed in 
<tableCitation id="FC7C036EFF86571E02DEC7E8C633FE08" box="[995,1079,410,436]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[136,224,158,182]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Anatomical comparisons of epidermis among studied species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E581665DFF8B571301B5C6ECC191FF0B" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" tableUuid="E581665DFF8B571301B5C6ECC191FF0B">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F9E4655EFF86571E0180C7CCC309F79E" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF86571E0180C7CCC697FC10" blockId="5.[136,1452,158,941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E0180C7CCC3B4FE64" bold="true" box="[189,432,446,472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">Taxonomic notes:—</emphasis>
Based on our taxonomical results, 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E0277C7CDC600FE64" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[842,1028,446,472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E0277C7CDC600FE64" box="[842,1028,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">Rumex palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considerably characterized by its height, size of leaves and petioles, shape of leaf base, articulation 
<typeStatus id="6E458877FF86571E0249C791C1A0FE41" box="[884,932,483,509]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">type</typeStatus>
of pedicels, shape and size of valves, number of teeth and tubercles, as well as size and color of achenes (see 
<tableCitation id="FC7C036EFF86571E026CC474C1A3FD9C" box="[849,935,518,544]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[136,224,638,662]" captionTargetBox="[151,1427,683,1986]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphological comparisons between R. palustris and its close relatives." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E581665DFF8B571301B5C40CC606FD2A" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" tableUuid="E581665DFF8B571301B5C40CC606FD2A">Table 2</tableCitation>
). These important diagnostic characters are in line with key taxonomic traits of 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E033CC459C087FDF8" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[513,643,554,580]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E033CC459C087FDF8" box="[513,643,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given in different Floras (Boissier 1867, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E0565C458C70AFDF8" author="Rechinger, K. H. Jr." box="[1112,1294,554,580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="99 - 107" refId="ref7526" refString="Rechinger, K. H. Jr. (1964) Rumex L. In: Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. &amp; Webb, D. A. (Eds.) Flora Europaea, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 99 - 107." type="book chapter" year="1964">Rechinger 1964</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E0427C458C7A3FDF8" author="Cullen, J." box="[1306,1447,554,580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="281 - 292" refId="ref5824" refString="Cullen, J. (1967) Rumex L. In: Davis, P. H. (Ed.) Flora of. Turkey and the Aegean Islands, vol. 2. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 281 - 292." type="book chapter" year="1967">Cullen 1967</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E01B5C43DC3A7FDD5" author="Freeman, C. C. &amp; Reveal, J. L." box="[136,419,590,617]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="216 - 221" refId="ref5967" refString="Freeman, C. C. &amp; Reveal, J. L. (2005) Polygonaceae. In: Editorial Committee (Ed.) Flora of North America, vol. 5. University Press, Oxford, pp. 216 - 221." type="book chapter" year="2005">Freeman &amp; Reveal 2005</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E037CC43DC0C7FDD4" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[577,707,590,616]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E037CC43DC0C7FDD4" box="[577,707,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares some characters such as stem indumentum, shape of basal and cauline leaves, occurrence of articulate pedicels and teeth and tubercles on all valves, as well as bisexual flowers and trigonous nuts with two species, 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E0311C4E5C0AFFD0C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1771" box="[556,683,662,688]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E0311C4E5C0AFFD0C" box="[556,683,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. dentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E03DEC4E5C172FD0C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[739,886,663,688]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maritimus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E03DEC4E5C172FD0C" box="[739,886,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. maritimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it remarkably differs from them based on the main characteristics listed in 
<tableCitation id="FC7C036EFF86571E00F0C4C8C026FD68" box="[461,546,698,724]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[136,224,638,662]" captionTargetBox="[151,1427,683,1986]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphological comparisons between R. palustris and its close relatives." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E581665DFF8B571301B5C40CC606FD2A" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" tableUuid="E581665DFF8B571301B5C40CC606FD2A">Table 2</tableCitation>
. In the morphological comparison, habit, position of branched stem, size of basal leaves and petioles, shape of leaf base, articulation 
<typeStatus id="6E458877FF86571E03ECC4ADC105FD45" box="[721,769,735,761]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">type</typeStatus>
of pedicels, number and length of teeth, as well as size and color of nuts are the most distinguishing characters separating 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E026AC571C1DEFCA0" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[855,986,770,796]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E026AC571C1DEFCA0" box="[855,986,770,796]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E051FC571C6A6FCA0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1771" box="[1058,1186,770,796]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E051FC571C6A6FCA0" box="[1058,1186,770,796]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. dentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It also differs from 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E04AEC571C2FEFCFC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maritimus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E04AEC571C2FEFCFC" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. maritimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the shape of leaf base, length of basal petioles, color of mature inflorescences, valves size, number of teeth, as well as size of nuts (see 
<tableCitation id="FC7C036EFF86571E00CDC538C040FCD8" box="[496,580,842,868]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[136,224,638,662]" captionTargetBox="[151,1427,683,1986]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphological comparisons between R. palustris and its close relatives." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E581665DFF8B571301B5C40CC606FD2A" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" tableUuid="E581665DFF8B571301B5C40CC606FD2A">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Most of these characters are also taxonomically important in the whole genus (Boissier 1867, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E0006C51CC3F4FC34" author="Rechinger, K. H. Jr." box="[315,496,878,904]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="99 - 107" refId="ref7526" refString="Rechinger, K. H. Jr. (1964) Rumex L. In: Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. &amp; Webb, D. A. (Eds.) Flora Europaea, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 99 - 107." type="book chapter" year="1964">Rechinger 1964</bibRefCitation>
, 
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, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E03A9C51CC14EFC34" author="Rechinger, K. H." box="[660,842,878,904]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="2 - 24" refId="ref7606" refString="Rechinger, K. H. (1968) Rumex L. In: Rechinger, K. H. (Eds.) Flora Iranica, vol. 56. Akademische Druck and Verlagsanstalt, Graz, pp 2 - 24." type="book chapter" year="1968">Rechinger 1968</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E0268C51CC61DFC34" author="Lozinskaya, A. S. L." box="[853,1049,878,904]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="351 - 379" refId="ref6865" refString="Lozinskaya, A. S. L. (1970) Rumex L. In: Komarov, V. L. (Ed.) Flora of the U. S. S. R, vol. 5. Publisher, Jerusalem, pp. 351 - 379." type="book chapter" year="1970">Lozinskaya 1970</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E0519C51CC6F4FC34" author="Mozaffarian, V." box="[1060,1264,878,904]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="235 - 244" refId="ref7121" refString="Mozaffarian, V. (1994) Studies on the flora of Iran, new species and new records. The Iranian Journal of Botany 6 (2): 235 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.22092 / IJB. 2015.103309" type="journal article" year="1994">Mozaffarian 1994</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E05C1C51CC783FC34" author="Qaiser, M." box="[1276,1415,878,904]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="110 - 124" refId="ref7350" refString="Qaiser, M. (2001) Polygonaceae. In: Ali, S. I. &amp; Qaisar, M. (Eds.) Flora of Pakistan, vol. 205. Department of Botany, Karachi University and Missouri Botanical Garden, Karachi, pp. 110 - 124." type="book chapter" year="2001">Qaiser 2001</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E04AFC51CC306FC10" author="Li, A. J. &amp; Bao, B. J. &amp; Grabovskaya-Borodina, A. E. &amp; Mosyakin, S. L." pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="333 - 341" refId="ref6740" refString="Li, A. J., Bao, B. J., Grabovskaya-Borodina, A. E. &amp; Mosyakin, S. L. (2003) Rumex. In: Wu, Z. Y. &amp; Raven, P. H. (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 5. Science Press &amp; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing, pp. 333 - 341." type="book chapter" year="2003">
Li 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E01B5C5E1C2BDFC10" box="[136,185,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E0030C5E1C027FC11" author="Freeman, C. C. &amp; Reveal, J. L." box="[269,547,914,941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="216 - 221" refId="ref5967" refString="Freeman, C. C. &amp; Reveal, J. L. (2005) Polygonaceae. In: Editorial Committee (Ed.) Flora of North America, vol. 5. University Press, Oxford, pp. 216 - 221." type="book chapter" year="2005">Freeman &amp; Reveal 2005</bibRefCitation>
, 
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, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E03F3C5E0C191FC10" author="Uddin, K. &amp; Rahman, A. H. M. M. &amp; Islam, A. K. M. R." box="[718,917,914,941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="459 - 469" refId="ref8283" refString="Uddin, K., Rahman, A. H. M. M. &amp; Islam, A. K. M. R. (2014) Taxonomy and traditional medicine practices of Polygonaceae (smartweed) family at rajshahi, bangladesh. International Journal of Advanced Research 2 (11): 459 - 469." type="journal article" year="2014">
Uddin 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E0226C5E1C148FC10" box="[795,844,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E02A2C5E0C683FC10" author="Verloove, F. &amp; Chambouleyron, M. &amp; Leger, J. F." box="[927,1159,914,941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="74654" refId="ref8393" refString="Verloove, F., Chambouleyron, M. &amp; Leger, J. F. (2022) Rumex chalepensis (Polygonaceae), a new species for Morocco and Africa. Journal: Mediterranean Botany 43: e 74654. https: // doi. org / 10.5209 / mbot. 74654" type="journal article" year="2022">
Verloove 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E0536C5E1C639FC10" box="[1035,1085,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">et al</emphasis>
. 2022
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="E581665DFF86571E01B5C0F4C60FF97C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731920" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7731920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731920/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" startId="5.[136,229,1670,1692]" targetBox="[344,1210,969,1645]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF86571E01B5C0F4C60FF97C" blockId="5.[136,1452,1670,1728]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E01B5C0F4C304F927" bold="true" box="[136,256,1670,1692]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Global distribution map of 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E0325C0F5C0B2F927" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[536,694,1670,1692]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E0325C0F5C0B2F927" box="[536,694,1670,1692]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">Rumex palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(up, showing colorful parts, with some modification from 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E043CC0F4C784F927" author="POWO" box="[1281,1408,1670,1691]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" refId="ref7319" refString="POWO (2023) Plants of the World Online. Available from: https // powo. science. kew. org / (accessed: 27 January 2023)." type="book" year="2023">POWO 2023</bibRefCitation>
and Euro+Med, 2023), focusing mainly on its position in north Iran (down, showing red triangle).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF86571E0180C09AC309F79E" blockId="5.[136,1452,1768,2082]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">
Considering various environmental and genetic factors and the related effects on the morphological diversity and high hybridization in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E00D2C17FC03FF89A" authorityName="Rechinger" authorityYear="1937" baseAuthorityName="Meisner" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[495,571,1805,1830]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E00D2C17FC03FF89A" box="[495,571,1805,1830]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">Rumex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the identification and delimitation of the taxa still remain unresolved in 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF86571E044AC17EC7ACF89A" box="[1399,1448,1804,1830]" name="Iran" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">Iran</collectingCountry>
. Due to this taxonomical complexity and a broad distributional range of 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E029EC143C642F8F6" box="[931,1094,1840,1866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E029EC143C1EBF8F6" box="[931,1007,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">Rumex</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF86571E0554C142C69DF8F6" box="[1129,1177,1840,1866]" name="Iran" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">Iran</collectingCountry>
, more effort is needed to delimit the interspecific relationships of the genus. Herein, 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E0226C127C198F8D2" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[795,924,1876,1902]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E0226C127C198F8D2" box="[795,924,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a new record of the genus has an ambiguous taxonomic border because of its high morphological similarities to two closely-related species, 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E05EBC10BC753F82E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1771" box="[1238,1367,1912,1938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E05EBC10BC753F82E" box="[1238,1367,1912,1938]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. dentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E04AEC10BC2FEF80A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maritimus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E04AEC10BC2FEF80A" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. maritimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition, it was firstly reported based on specimens misidentified as 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E0505C1EFC7A8F80A" authority="Linnaeus (1753: 336)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="336" authorityYear="1753" box="[1080,1452,1948,1975]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pulcher">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E0505C1EFC6ABF80A" box="[1080,1199,1948,1974]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. pulcher</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E058AC1EEC7A8F80A" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1207,1452,1948,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" refId="ref6815" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum, vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 560 pp." type="book" year="1753">Linnaeus (1753: 336)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF86571E0185C1B3C07DF867" authority="(Freeman &amp; Reveal 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Freeman &amp; Reveal" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[184,633,1984,2011]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maritimus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF86571E0185C1B3C34DF866" box="[184,329,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="166">R. maritimus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF86571E0065C1B2C075F867" author="Freeman, C. C. &amp; Reveal, J. L." box="[344,625,1984,2011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="166" pagination="216 - 221" refId="ref5967" refString="Freeman, C. C. &amp; Reveal, J. L. (2005) Polygonaceae. In: Editorial Committee (Ed.) Flora of North America, vol. 5. University Press, Oxford, pp. 216 - 221." type="book chapter" year="2005">Freeman &amp; Reveal 2005</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, confirming its taxonomic complexity. The detailed taxonomical studies, as well as ecological and anatomical examinations are here presented to facilitate delimitation and determination of the new record.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="E581665DFF85571D01B5C1EDC764F79D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731922" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7731922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731922/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" startId="6.[136,229,1951,1973]" targetBox="[209,1371,222,1908]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF85571D01B5C1EDC764F79D" blockId="6.[136,1452,1951,2081]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF85571D01B5C1EDC2FBF808" bold="true" box="[136,255,1951,1973]" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Anatomical micrographs of stem in 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF85571D035BC1D2C107F808" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[614,771,1951,1973]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="167" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF85571D035BC1D2C107F808" box="[614,771,1951,1973]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="167">Rumex palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A, B, C and D showing cross-sections at 40×, 100×, 400× and 400× magnifications, respectively, and E showing longitudinal section of epidermis with 400× magnifications. Abbreviations: Cu = cuticle, Ep = epidermis, Co = collenchyma, Cp = parenchymatous cortex, Lc = laticifer cells, En = endodermis, Lv = large vascular bundle, Sv = small vascular bundle, Sc = sclerenchymatous ring, Xy = xylem, Ph = phloem, Cr = Crystal, Pp = parenchymatous pith, Ps = papillose.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E581665DFF84571C01B5C256C70AFB52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731924" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7731924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731924/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" startId="7.[136,229,1060,1082]" targetBox="[191,1394,227,1026]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF84571C01B5C256C70AFB52" blockId="7.[136,1452,1060,1262]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF84571C01B5C256C304FB86" bold="true" box="[136,256,1060,1082]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Anatomical micrographs of leaf epidermis in 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF84571C03F5C257C159FB86" box="[712,861,1060,1082]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF84571C03F5C257C10DFB86" box="[712,777,1061,1082]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Rumex</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF84571C0259C257C1E4FB86" bold="true" box="[868,992,1060,1082]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF84571C0259C257C1D3FB86" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[868,983,1060,1082]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF84571C0259C257C1D3FB86" bold="true" box="[868,983,1060,1082]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">R. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
A. longitudinal section of lower epidermis, B. longitudinal section of upper epidermis, and C. cross section of leaf. 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF84571C0230C23BC187FBE2" bold="true" box="[781,899,1096,1118]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF84571C0230C23BC17FFBE2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1771" box="[781,891,1096,1118]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF84571C0230C23BC17FFBE2" bold="true" box="[781,891,1096,1118]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">R. dentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
D. epidermal cells, and F. stellate trichome. 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF84571C041EC23BC7AFFBE2" bold="true" box="[1315,1451,1096,1118]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF84571C041EC23BC7A7FBE1" baseAuthorityName="Freeman &amp; Reveal" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[1315,1443,1096,1118]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maritimus">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF84571C041EC23BC7A7FBE1" bold="true" box="[1315,1443,1096,1118]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">R. maritimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
E. epidermal cells, and G. peltate trichome. A–C illustrations were observed under 400× magnification, and others (D–G) were reprinted (with copy right permission from 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF84571C00EBC2E2C0CAFB1A" author="Paul, P. &amp; Chowdhury, M." box="[470,718,1168,1190]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" pagination="569 - 589" refId="ref7234" refString="Paul, P. &amp; Chowdhury, M. (2021) Foliar micromorphology as a tool for identification of Indian taxa of Polygonaceae. Journal of Asia- Pacific Biodiversity 14 (4): 569 - 589. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. japb. 2021.05.008" type="journal article" year="2021">Paul &amp; Chowdhury 2021</bibRefCitation>
, ekbif@naver.com). Abbreviations: St = stomata, Pt = peltate trichome (or peltate gland), Lc = laticifer cells, Cr-d = druse crystals, Cr-s = sand crystals, T-pt = two-celled peltate trichomes (or two-celled peltate glands), O-pt = one-celled peltate trichomes, Cc = crystalliferous cells. Arrow shows the straight cell walls of epidermis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="F9E4655EFF84571C0180C36FC0FAF95B" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF84571C0180C36FC0FAF95B" blockId="7.[136,1452,1309,1875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF84571C0180C36FC075FA8B" bold="true" box="[189,625,1309,1335]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Distribution and ecological notes:—</emphasis>
The main distribution realm 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF84571C0286C36FC696FA8B" box="[955,1170,1309,1335]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
of 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF84571C02E7C36CC696FA8B" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[986,1170,1309,1335]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">Rumex palustris</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
stretches from west and southwest of Asia (
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C005FC333C3B1FAE7" box="[354,437,1345,1371]" name="Turkey" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C00FCC333C3FBFAE7" box="[449,511,1345,1371]" name="Syria" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Syria</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C0331C333C075FAE7" box="[524,625,1345,1371]" name="Lebanon" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C0340C333C0BAFAE7" box="[637,702,1345,1371]" name="Israel" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Israel</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C03F6C333C11DFAE7" box="[715,793,1345,1371]" name="Jordan" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Jordan</collectingCountry>
, and North Caucasus) to over Europe (
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C05E9C333C737FAE7" box="[1236,1331,1345,1371]" name="Ukraine" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C0402C333C7A3FAE7" box="[1343,1447,1345,1371]" name="Moldova" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Moldova</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C01B5C317C2F4FAC3" box="[136,240,1381,1407]" name="Romania" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Romania</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C003FC317C350FAC3" box="[258,340,1381,1407]" name="Greece" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Greece</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C0058C317C3B9FAC3" box="[357,445,1381,1407]" name="Belarus" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Belarus</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C00F2C317C024FAC3" box="[463,544,1381,1407]" name="Poland" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Poland</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C030FC317C093FAC3" box="[562,663,1381,1407]" name="Slovakia" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C0395C317C10FFAC3" box="[680,779,1381,1407]" name="Hungary" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Hungary</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C0220C317C17CFAC3" box="[797,888,1381,1407]" name="Norway" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Norway</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C02B7C317C1E1FAC3" box="[906,997,1381,1407]" name="Sweden" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Sweden</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C02CAC317C64BFAC3" box="[1015,1103,1381,1407]" name="Finland" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Finland</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C055CC317C6C8FAC3" box="[1121,1228,1381,1407]" name="Denmark" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Denmark</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C05E0C317C728FAC3" box="[1245,1324,1381,1407]" name="France" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">France</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C0403C317C7A3FAC3" box="[1342,1447,1381,1407]" name="Germany" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Germany</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C01B5C3FBC2EFFA1F" box="[136,235,1417,1443]" name="Belgium" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Belgium</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C01C4C3FBC387FA1F" box="[249,387,1417,1443]" name="Netherlands" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C00ACC3FBC01EFA1F" box="[401,538,1417,1443]" name="Switzerland" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C031AC3FBC06EFA1F" box="[551,618,1417,1443]" name="Spain" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Spain</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C0345C3FBC0A8FA1F" box="[632,684,1417,1443]" name="Italy" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Italy</collectingCountry>
, …) and northwest Africa (
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C02D7C3FBC644FA1F" box="[1002,1088,1417,1443]" name="Algeria" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Algeria</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C0541C3FBC6E2FA1F" box="[1148,1254,1417,1443]" name="Morocco" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Morocco</collectingCountry>
), although it was seen in southwestern regions of North America and also southeastern 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C02A9C3DFC626FA7B" box="[916,1058,1453,1479]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">South Africa</collectingCountry>
as an alien (
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF84571C0593C3DFC6F4FA7B" box="[1198,1264,1453,1479]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1670,1692]" captionTargetBox="[344,1210,969,1645]" captionTargetId="figure-412@5.[340,1247,965,1645]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Global distribution map of Rumex palustris (up, showing colorful parts, with some modification from POWO 2023 and Euro+Med, 2023), focusing mainly on its position in north Iran (down, showing red triangle)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731920/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) (Boissier 1867, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF84571C01B5C3A3C339FA57" author="Rechinger, K. H. Jr." box="[136,317,1489,1515]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" pagination="99 - 107" refId="ref7526" refString="Rechinger, K. H. Jr. (1964) Rumex L. In: Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. &amp; Webb, D. A. (Eds.) Flora Europaea, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 99 - 107." type="book chapter" year="1964">Rechinger 1964</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF84571C0075C3A3C3D1FA57" author="Cullen, J." box="[328,469,1489,1515]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" pagination="281 - 292" refId="ref5824" refString="Cullen, J. (1967) Rumex L. In: Davis, P. H. (Ed.) Flora of. Turkey and the Aegean Islands, vol. 2. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 281 - 292." type="book chapter" year="1967">Cullen 1967</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF84571C00DDC3A3C0F1FA50" author="Freeman, C. C. &amp; Reveal, J. L." box="[480,757,1489,1516]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" pagination="216 - 221" refId="ref5967" refString="Freeman, C. C. &amp; Reveal, J. L. (2005) Polygonaceae. In: Editorial Committee (Ed.) Flora of North America, vol. 5. University Press, Oxford, pp. 216 - 221." type="book chapter" year="2005">Freeman &amp; Reveal 2005</bibRefCitation>
, Euro+Med 2023, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF84571C02FBC3A3C649FA57" author="EPPO" box="[966,1101,1489,1515]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" refId="ref5871" refString="EPPO (2023) European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Available from: https: // gd. eppo. int / taxon / RUMPL (accessed: 27 January 2023)." type="url" year="2023">EPPO 2023</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF84571C0565C3A3C6D5FA57" author="COL" box="[1112,1233,1489,1515]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" refId="ref5673" refString="COL (2023) Catalogue of Life. Available from: https: // www. catalogueoflife. org / (accessed: 27 January 2023)." type="url" year="2023">COL 2023</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF84571C05E1C3A3C75AFA57" author="GBIF" box="[1244,1374,1489,1515]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" refId="ref6104" refString="GBIF (2023) Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Available from: https: // www. gbif. org / (accessed: 27 January 2023)." type="url" year="2023">GBIF 2023</bibRefCitation>
, Portal to the 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF84571C01EEC387C3B6F9B3" author="Flora of Italy" box="[211,434,1525,1551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" refId="ref7287" refString="Portal to the Flora of Italy (2022) Version 2022. 1. https: / dryades. units. it / floritaly (accessed: 13 February 2023)." type="book" year="2022">
Flora of 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C0005C387C36FF9B3" box="[312,363,1525,1551]" name="Italy" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Italy</collectingCountry>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
). Considering distribution range of 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF84571C0271C384C1CBF9B3" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[844,975,1525,1551]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF84571C0271C384C1CBF9B3" box="[844,975,1525,1551]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">R. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the southwest Asia, western 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C0402C387C78BF9B3" box="[1343,1423,1525,1551]" name="Turkey" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Turkey</collectingCountry>
is the nearest location to our report in the north 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C03B3C06BC0BFF98F" box="[654,699,1561,1587]" name="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Iran</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF84571C03F6C06BC15FF98F" author="Cullen, J." box="[715,859,1561,1587]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" pagination="281 - 292" refId="ref5824" refString="Cullen, J. (1967) Rumex L. In: Davis, P. H. (Ed.) Flora of. Turkey and the Aegean Islands, vol. 2. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 281 - 292." type="book chapter" year="1967">Cullen 1967</bibRefCitation>
, Euro+Med 2023, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF84571C050DC06BC6BEF98F" author="EPPO" box="[1072,1210,1561,1587]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" refId="ref5871" refString="EPPO (2023) European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Available from: https: // gd. eppo. int / taxon / RUMPL (accessed: 27 January 2023)." type="url" year="2023">EPPO 2023</bibRefCitation>
). Based on the above distributional pattern, this new record is not far from its native distribution and we consider this species in 
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C0463C04FC78FF9EB" box="[1374,1419,1597,1623]" name="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Iran</collectingCountry>
as native. Ecologically, 
<taxonomicName id="76FE4D56FF84571C004EC010C3F0F9C7" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1800" box="[371,500,1633,1659]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF84571C004EC010C3F0F9C7" box="[371,500,1633,1659]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">R. palustris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a cosmopolitan hygrophytic/wetland species known as ‘Marsh Dock’ and grows in shores, ballast grounds, wet meadows, marshes, wet ruderal and riversides across the Europe and America (
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF84571C040BC0F7C2C7F97F" author="Rechinger, K. H. Jr." pageId="7" pageNumber="168" pagination="99 - 107" refId="ref7526" refString="Rechinger, K. H. Jr. (1964) Rumex L. In: Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. &amp; Webb, D. A. (Eds.) Flora Europaea, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 99 - 107." type="book chapter" year="1964">Rechinger 1964</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D56F4B24FF84571C01F2C0DBC3EFF978" author="Freeman, C. C. &amp; Reveal, J. L." box="[207,491,1705,1732]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" pagination="216 - 221" refId="ref5967" refString="Freeman, C. C. &amp; Reveal, J. L. (2005) Polygonaceae. In: Editorial Committee (Ed.) Flora of North America, vol. 5. University Press, Oxford, pp. 216 - 221." type="book chapter" year="2005">Freeman &amp; Reveal 2005</bibRefCitation>
). The habitat requirement of the collected samples along the south Caspian shores is similar with general habitat features reported elsewhere.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F9E4655EFF84571C0180C083C2DCF8EF" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B14136D5FF84571C0180C083C2DCF8EF" blockId="7.[136,1452,1309,1875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF84571C0180C083C3ADF8B7" bold="true" box="[189,425,1777,1803]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Material examined:</emphasis>
— 
<materialsCitation id="01963C88FF84571C00FBC083C2DCF8EF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4055337301" collectingDate="2022-05-10" collectionCode="HUMZ, TARI" collectorName="Naqinezhad" country="Iran" elevation="26" latitude="36.9267" location="Moallem" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="50.669914" municipality="Ramsar" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mazandaran Province">
<collectingCountry id="C9E97645FF84571C00FBC083C3F0F8B7" box="[454,500,1777,1803]" name="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Iran</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="733AF837FF84571C00C2C083C0F2F8B7" box="[511,758,1777,1803]" country="Iran" name="Mazandaran" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Mazandaran Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="5125ACAFFF84571C023CC083C15CF8B7" box="[769,856,1777,1803]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Ramsar</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<locationDeviation id="A0F32FF7FF84571C025EC083C1E6F8B7" box="[867,994,1777,1803]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
ca. 
<quantity id="76069B30FF84571C02B7C083C1C6F8B7" box="[906,962,1777,1803]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
W
</locationDeviation>
<location id="B421600EFF84571C02D5C083C649F8B7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:395787C3FF82571C01B5C146C2DCF8EF:B421600EFF84571C02D5C083C649F8B7" box="[1000,1101,1777,1803]" country="Iran" latitude="36.9267" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="50.669914" municipality="Ramsar" name="Moallem" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" stateProvince="Mazandaran Province">Moallem</location>
boulevard (Casino Blvd.) (
<figureCitation id="29C52A50FF84571C0443C083C293F893" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1670,1692]" captionTargetBox="[344,1210,969,1645]" captionTargetId="figure-412@5.[340,1247,965,1645]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Global distribution map of Rumex palustris (up, showing colorful parts, with some modification from POWO 2023 and Euro+Med, 2023), focusing mainly on its position in north Iran (down, showing red triangle)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7731920/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), on wet coastal dune slacks, 
<geoCoordinate id="D4CA5012FF84571C00CEC167C0AFF893" box="[499,683,1813,1840]" degrees="36" direction="north" minutes="55" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" precision="1" seconds="36.12" value="36.9267">36°55’36.12” N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D4CA5012FF84571C0384C167C168F893" box="[697,876,1813,1840]" degrees="50" direction="east" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" precision="1" seconds="11.69" value="50.669914">50°40’11.69” E</geoCoordinate>
, - 
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<elevation id="3AD3D1E6FF84571C02BFC167C1C5F893" box="[898,961,1813,1839]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="26.0">26 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<date id="C5401015FF84571C02EDC167C669F893" box="[976,1133,1813,1839]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" value="2022-05-10">
<collectingDate id="D504E9FDFF84571C02EDC167C669F893" box="[976,1133,1813,1839]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" value="2022-05-10">10 May 2022</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<emphasis id="838AEAC7FF84571C0547C167C73BF893" box="[1146,1343,1813,1839]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
<collectorName id="1C0B5303FF84571C0547C167C704F893" box="[1146,1280,1813,1839]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Naqinezhad</collectorName>
9115
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="D7EFAE10FF84571C046DC167C7A3F893" box="[1360,1447,1813,1839]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8gr0-wfn9" name="Hokkaido University, Laboratory of Marine Zoology" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">HUMZ</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="D7EFAE10FF84571C01B5C14BC2C8F8EF" box="[136,204,1849,1875]" country="Taiwan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a13e-ta1z" name="Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">TARI</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>