221 lines
27 KiB
XML
221 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document id="2CF79CB011ED10FBAFB862D3E35B0C57" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3869.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9e471c93-c970-4791-b652-1946027fb74c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287204" ID-ZooBank="A01710FC-7462-4F22-B92E-08E39555F71B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460922332829" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wedmann, Sonja, Pouillon, Jean-Marc & Nel, André" docDate="2014" docId="313CB827FF81FFEAFF176D97FF2CF87B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03869p043.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3869 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Xoanon" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="CD05C05FFF83FFE8FF806D0FFFD9FFD1" masterDocTitle="New Palaeogene horntail wasps (Hymenoptera, Siricidae) and a discussion of their fossil record" masterLastPageNumber="43" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1698362126742" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="A29D610EB48A9B9FAFD94E0A9C0D7699" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="4EF23A6EE2B421EBBBE6626D678CFE92">
|
||
<mods:title id="596FB2BD0091F7BEEB3B1E65C0DF20ED">New Palaeogene horntail wasps (Hymenoptera, Siricidae) and a discussion of their fossil record</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="7A7B39C8EB457125FDFDEA4784507147" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="0D07154597BCE00C11FC5519367ED93E">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="0D12DAF64319351B0136D29C55687A97">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="72E223464C2BAA3CDB5919E4B5434135">Wedmann, Sonja</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="D7D8F6A8AC5A6B8EFCDC1C1E7E6163A9" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="372694918DF449C53F922B461C714B94">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="E9DE96DFACC01F3CA1C050F552E8A12C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="B31420ED0541B73C8A2A0580B55C7F8D">Pouillon, Jean-Marc</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="CE09BDCFD621B531808E700CF60E29BB" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="759ECD521E932FDECB8B1863D80CF271">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="498AE3C493B672BFE5F27B9915846B22">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="4B044CB07E449E3226ED44DB365058CE">Nel, André</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="E7EBF5031114AD14498D03F025C35F8A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="B08D5D3D903ABCDCB99D1B465242CFE7" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="E1ACD8BD0FD5537EACCA479944338389">
|
||
<mods:title id="E14D4B3CA8CAC48718919387E547409C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="2A79C9FBC0FDC5478674C1A5243CAE11">
|
||
<mods:date id="E90602526BD4B5FBA15837E23C7B7CA9">2014</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="B3F30B91F70A244118333F4EAC520B4E" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="6A17565E6F1591571B52FB99CF95774F">3869</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="3208C01745BF94EA4AD4D5D527F1BB5B" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="03876CCD4CA10B6C66463653973F3A68">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="EDE5EEE4E4A01D406E5F51A93390D5E4" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="84176F7B9AA3923A334B7D3CE7E078CF">33</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="747AFF0F6921132E7B12F7CDC784D3A6">43</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="5778F2157D3EB19A050052F4D5DDDF3B">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="2D92316FAD8B4BA5B01EB28506DA9EDD" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3869.1.3</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="DA86B2FCC7B328FFF41BE73E684C8477" type="GBIF-Dataset">9e471c93-c970-4791-b652-1946027fb74c</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="287FE2A679977B55AD41024AB725CB86" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="83A2A0B1E1AF4369F54B5F701F1919FE" type="Zenodo-Dep">287204</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="AB579E2CC1B37A0C64384BF9863FB894" type="ZooBank">A01710FC-7462-4F22-B92E-08E39555F71B</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="313CB827FF81FFEAFF176D97FF2CF87B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5672355" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127670195" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5672355" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:313CB827FF81FFEAFF176D97FF2CF87B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/313CB827FF81FFEAFF176D97FF2CF87B" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<subSubSection id="F18F5ABAFF81FFEAFF176D97FECBFF00" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92A0931FF81FFEAFF176D97FE03FF61" blockId="2.[151,474,151,210]" box="[151,474,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<heading id="E262BE5DFF81FFEAFF176D97FE03FF61" bold="true" box="[151,474,151,176]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFF176D97FE03FF61" bold="true" box="[151,474,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFF176D97FEA0FF61" bold="true" box="[151,377,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9572B2FF81FFEAFF176D97FF2CFF61" box="[151,245,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" genus="Xoanon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xoanon</taxonomicName>
|
||
? eocenicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92A0931FF81FFEAFF176DB6FECBFF00" blockId="2.[151,474,151,210]" box="[151,274,185,210]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AE15B4FF81FFEAFF1F6DB6FF35FF00" box="[159,236,185,210]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,249,913,935]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,892]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,195,892]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Xoanon? eocenicus sp. nov., SMF coll. no. MeI 14895, photograph of whole fossil. Scale bar represents 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287205/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AE15B4FF81FFEAFF7A6DB6FED0FF00" box="[250,265,185,209]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,249,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1007,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,985,1895]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Xoanon? eocenicus sp. nov., SMF coll. no. MeI 14895, detail showing wing venation. A, photograph. B, drawing of fore wing venation. Labelling of longitudinal veins in capital letters, cells in capital italic letters, cross-veins in small letters. Scale bar represents 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287206/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">2</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F18F5ABAFF81FFEAFF176DF3FAECFEE7" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92A0931FF81FFEAFF176DF3FAECFEE7" blockId="2.[151,1437,252,1963]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFF176DF3FEDFFEC4" bold="true" box="[151,262,252,277]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="662EB793FF81FFEAFE916DF3FEA0FEC4" box="[273,377,252,277]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen MeI 14895, stored in the Messel insect collection at the Senckenberg Research station Grube Messel, part of the Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F18F5ABAFF81FFEAFF476C31FC8AFD82" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92A0931FF81FFEAFF476C31FBA9FE36" blockId="2.[151,1437,252,1963]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFF476C31FE98FE86" bold="true" box="[199,321,318,343]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Small siricid, with diagnostic forewing characters only; most basal section of vein Rs reclined, then short fused section of Rs+M, then Rs approximates stigma, crossvein 1r-rs most probably very short; most distal part of vein Rs only faintly visible, probably directed towards anterior wing margin but R1 seemingly not strongly bent at its apex, so apex of cell 3R1 seems to lie very close to anterior wing margin; crossvein 1 cu–a located quite distal to forking of vein M+Cu into M and Cu, at about middle of cell 1M; no vein Cu1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92A0931FF81FFEAFF476CFDFC8AFD82" blockId="2.[151,1437,252,1963]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFF476CFDFE4FFDDA" bold="true" box="[199,406,498,523]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Age and outcrop.</emphasis>
|
||
Lower Middle Eocene, Geiseltalian, ca. 47 million year old former Maar lake Messel, near Darmstadt, Hesse,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18249A1FF81FFEAFEEA6F18FE0FFDFE" box="[362,470,535,559]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
; The specimen was collected in the Messel Formation, year 2009, in grid square F9, in strata
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFF5B6F35FE83FD82" box="[219,346,570,595]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="m" value="3.0" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5 to 3.5m</quantity>
|
||
above local stratigraphic marker level alpha.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F18F5ABAFF81FFEAFF476F51FD61FDA6" box="[199,696,606,631]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92A0931FF81FFEAFF476F51FD61FDA6" blockId="2.[151,1437,252,1963]" box="[199,696,606,631]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFF476F51FE97FDA6" bold="true" box="[199,334,606,631]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Named after the Eocene period.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F18F5ABAFF81FFEAFF476F8DFF0CFB66" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92A0931FF81FFEAFF476F8DFF0CFB66" blockId="2.[151,1437,252,1963]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFF476F8DFE80FD4A" bold="true" box="[199,345,642,667]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
A fore- and parts of a hindwing associated with fragmentarily preserved body remains; body structures poorly preserved, only remains of thorax, abdomen and a probable fragment of head partly visible; length from presumed head remains to preserved wing tip
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFCD56FC4FC18FD33" box="[853,961,715,739]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="11.4">11.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; length from presumed head remains to preserved abdominal remains
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFE766FE0FD8AFCD7" box="[502,595,751,775]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="8.2">8.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; sex unknown; hindwing in bad condition and uninformative; forewing nearly complete with distal part of pterostigma and wing apex missing; preserved forewing part 9.0 mm long,
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFAF96E1CFF1AFC9F" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; part of wing between anterior wing margin and vein R dark infuscate; pterostigma
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFB456E39FAC4FC9F" box="[1221,1309,822,847]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="4.6">4.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
from wing base,
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFF566E54FEF5FCA3" box="[214,300,859,883]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, only basal part preserved; cell 1R1 small, about
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFC116E54FC3FFCA3" box="[913,998,859,883]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFBAC6E54FB5BFCA3" box="[1068,1154,859,883]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; crossvein 1r-rs not preserved, but probably very short; basal section of Rs reclined (directed posterobasal); Rs re-emerging from Rs+M very near to junction of Rs and M; cell 2R1 about
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFC936EACFCB0FC6B" box="[787,873,931,955]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; cell 3R1 at its anterior margin about
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFAC76EACFA44FC6B" box="[1351,1437,931,955]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFF566EC8FEF5FC0F" box="[214,300,967,991]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide above crossvein 3r-m; distal part of vein Rs directed towards anterior wing margin, but with R1 not strongly bent at its apex, so apex of cell 3R1 situated very close to anterior wing margin; cell 1Rs maximally
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFF176900FF35FBF7" box="[151,236,1039,1063]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, at its middle
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFE426901FDC1FBF7" box="[450,536,1038,1063]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; instead of one crossvein there are two crossveins 2r-m present; one placed distal of crossvein 2m-cu, ending in cell 3M; a second crossvein placed between Rs and M just basal of 2r-rs, aligned with 2m-cu; cell 1M pentagonal,
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFD006958FD1FFBBF" box="[640,710,1111,1135]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFC956958FCA9FBBF" box="[789,880,1111,1135]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; crossvein 1cu-a well distally of point of separation between M and Cu, in middle of cell 1M; no crossvein Cu1; cell 2M
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFB986974FBB7FB43" box="[1048,1134,1147,1171]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, at its middle
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFAC76975FA44FB43" box="[1351,1437,1146,1171]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F18F5ABAFF81FFEAFF4769CDFF2CF87B" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92A0931FF81FFEAFF4769CDFF2CF87B" blockId="2.[151,1437,252,1963]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFF4769CDFE95FB0A" bold="true" box="[199,332,1218,1243]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
The subvertical to reclined basal section of Rs is a autapomorphy of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9572B2FF81FFEAFB6969CDFA94FB0A" box="[1257,1357,1218,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Siricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e. g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD0474C0FF81FFEAFF1769E9FEB2FB2E" author="Konigsmann" box="[151,363,1254,1279]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Konigsmann, E. (1977) Das phylogenetische system der Hymenoptera. Teil 2, " Symphyta ". Deutsche Entomologisch Zeitschrift, 24, 1 - 40. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 4800240102" type="journal article" year="1977">Königsmann 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 26,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD0474C0FF81FFEAFE4569E9FDA3FB2E" author="Rasnitsyn" box="[453,634,1254,1279]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1988) An outline of evolution of the hymenopterous insects (order Vespida). Oriental Insects, 22, 115 - 145." type="journal article" year="1988">Rasnitsyn 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This character is clearly present in the fossil. Forewing vein Rs reemerges from Rs+M very near to junction of Rs and M, fore wing vein Cu1 is absent. This fossil resembles the recent genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9572B2FF81FFEAFEAC6820FE5AFA97" box="[300,387,1327,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" genus="Xoanon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFEAC6820FE5AFA97" box="[300,387,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Xoanon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the fore wing venation, because the distal cross vein 2r–m is placed apically and joined to cell 3M, similar to the autapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9572B2FF81FFEAFDE0685BFD6EFABA" box="[608,695,1364,1387]" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" genus="Xoanon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFDE0685BFD6EFABA" box="[608,695,1364,1387]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Xoanon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD0474C0FF81FFEAFCD1685DFBF0FABA" box="[849,1065,1362,1387]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Schiff, N. M., Goulet, H., Smith, D. R., Boudreault, C., Wilson, A. D. & Scheffler, B. E. (2012) Siricidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Siricoidea) of the Western Hemisphere. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 21, 1 - 305." type="journal article">
|
||
Schiff
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFC1C685BFC17FABA" box="[924,974,1362,1387]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, already noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD0474C0FF81FFEAFB78685CFF02FA5E" author="Benson" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Benson, R. B. (1943) Studies in Siricidae, especially of Europe and Southern Asia (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 34, 27 - 51. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0007485300023464" type="journal article" year="1943" yearSuffix="p">Benson (1943, p. 34)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The fossil has a second crossvein 2r-m between Rs and M, aligned with 2m-cu. Duplications and aberrations in the wing venation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9572B2FF81FFEAFE236895FDDEFA62" box="[419,519,1434,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Siricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found quite often. For example, Fig. C
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFB906894FB87FA62" box="[1040,1118,1434,1459]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1214" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="in" value="24.1">24.1 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD0474C0FF81FFEAFBE56895FAE2FA62" box="[1125,1339,1434,1459]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Schiff, N. M., Goulet, H., Smith, D. R., Boudreault, C., Wilson, A. D. & Scheffler, B. E. (2012) Siricidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Siricoidea) of the Western Hemisphere. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 21, 1 - 305." type="journal article">
|
||
Schiff
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFB306893FB38FA62" box="[1200,1249,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shows a bifurcation of vein 2r-m in extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9572B2FF81FFEAFD9368B0FD23FA06" box="[531,762,1470,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" genus="Urocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFD9368B0FD23FA06" box="[531,762,1470,1495]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Urocerus flavicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We found also a half additional crossvein 2r-m in an extant specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9572B2FF81FFEAFEA568EBFE08FA2A" box="[293,465,1508,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" genus="Urocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFEA568EBFE08FA2A" box="[293,465,1508,1531]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Urocerus gigas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AE15B4FF81FFEAFE6068EDFDF8FA2A" box="[480,545,1506,1531]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,249,1110,1132]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1088]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1088]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Fore wings of extant Siricidae with aberrations in the wing venation. Black arrows point to aberrations. A, wings of Urocerus gigas with an additional half cross vein 2 r-m. B, wings of Sirex juvencus with strong aberrations in the same wing region. Both specimens are from the Hymenoptera collection of Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt. Scale bars represent 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287207/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A), and strong aberrations in the same region in a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9572B2FF81FFEAFBCE68ECFB36FA2A" box="[1102,1263,1507,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" genus="Sirex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juvencus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFBCE68ECFB36FA2A" box="[1102,1263,1507,1531]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Sirex juvencus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AE15B4FF81FFEAFAEE68EDFF7CF9CE" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,249,1110,1132]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1088]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1088]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Fore wings of extant Siricidae with aberrations in the wing venation. Black arrows point to aberrations. A, wings of Urocerus gigas with an additional half cross vein 2 r-m. B, wings of Sirex juvencus with strong aberrations in the same wing region. Both specimens are from the Hymenoptera collection of Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt. Scale bars represent 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287207/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B), so the presence of an aberrant additional crossvein in this fossil is not unusual. Cell 2R1 is relatively long compared to cell 3R1, which fits with extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9572B2FF81FFEAFD166B23FC59F992" box="[662,896,1580,1603]" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" genus="Xoanon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="matsumurae">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFD166B23FC59F992" box="[662,896,1580,1603]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Xoanon matsumurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(compare e.g. Fig. C
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFBF06B24FB66F992" box="[1136,1215,1578,1603]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1496" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="in" value="1.24">1.24 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD0474C0FF81FFEAFB476B25FA49F992" author="Schiff" box="[1223,1424,1578,1603]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Schiff, N. M., Goulet, H., Smith, D. R., Boudreault, C., Wilson, A. D. & Scheffler, B. E. (2012) Siricidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Siricoidea) of the Western Hemisphere. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 21, 1 - 305." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Schiff
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFA936B23FA9DF992" box="[1299,1348,1578,1603]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the other hand, the shape of cell 3R1 is very particular for a siricid, with the distal part of vein Rs2 directed towards the anterior wing margin as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9572B2FF81FFEAFDCD6B7BFD7DF95A" box="[589,676,1652,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" genus="Xoanon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFDCD6B7BFD7DF95A" box="[589,676,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Xoanon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in most other siricids, but with R1 not strongly bent at its apex, so that the apex of cell 3R1 is very close to the anterior wing margin. A similar shape of cell 3R1 can be found in most basal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9572B2FF81FFEAFE966BB4FE77F902" box="[278,430,1723,1747]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e. g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD0474C0FF81FFEAFE766BB5FD15F902" author="Schulmeister" box="[502,716,1722,1747]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Schulmeister, S. (2003) Review of morphological evidence on the phylogeny of basal hymenoptera (Insecta), with a discussion of the ordering characters. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79, 209 - 243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1095 - 8312.2003.00232. x" type="journal article" year="2003">Schulmeister 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so this might be an atavism to a plesiomorphic character state, perhaps autapomorphic for the species. Mainly because of the peculiar form of cell 3R1 there remains an uncertainty in regard to the generic placement of the fossil, which is indicated by the “?” in the generic attribution, following the recommendations of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD0474C0FF81FFEAFDA96A28FD3EF8EE" author="Bengtson" box="[553,743,1831,1855]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Bengtson, P. (1988) Open nomenclature. Palaeontology, 31, 223 - 227." type="journal article" year="1988">Bengtson (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
regarding open nomenclature. In modern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9572B2FF81FFEAFB4C6A29FAE9F8EE" box="[1228,1328,1830,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Siricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
the body lengths range between
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFE196A44FDC2F8B3" box="[409,539,1867,1891]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="7.0">7 to 38 mm</quantity>
|
||
and more, the body lengths are highly variable even among one species. So the preserved body length of minimum
|
||
<quantity id="7E6DA4D4FF81FFEAFDB96A60FD4BF857" box="[569,658,1903,1927]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="8.2">8.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
for the Messel fossil does not contradict a placement in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9572B2FF81FFEAFF176A9BFF37F87A" box="[151,238,1940,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Siricidae" genus="Xoanon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE1D523FF81FFEAFF176A9BFF37F87A" box="[151,238,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Xoanon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |