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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2ef918a8-b165-4acd-9b8d-681a8be3179c" ID-PMC="PMC7732820" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-169-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167" ID-PubMed="33354138" ModsDocID="1314-2003-169-1" checkinTime="1607107116814" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pellegrini, Marco O. O., Hickman, Ellen J., Guttierrez, Jorge E., Smith, Rhian J. &amp; Hopper, Stephen D." docDate="2020" docId="17B8557C682950EA8D6D11A041198D73" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 169: 1-59" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 169" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996" docTitle="Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 33, pl. 11. 1775" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167" masterDocTitle="Revisiting the taxonomy of the Neotropical Haemodoraceae (Commelinales)" masterLastPageNumber="59" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668140162299" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Revisiting the taxonomy of the Neotropical Haemodoraceae (Commelinales)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Pellegrini, Marco O. O.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Botanica, Rua do Matao 277, CEP 05508 - 900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8783-1362</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">marcooctavio.pellegrini@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hickman, Ellen J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Western Australia, Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management and School of Biological Sciences, Albany, Western Australia 6330, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Guttierrez, Jorge E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Jardin Botanico Nacional, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Smith, Rhian J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey TW 9 3 AB, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hopper, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Western Australia, Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management and School of Biological Sciences, Albany, Western Australia 6330, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>169</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>59</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-169-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="170677885" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:17B8557C682950EA8D6D11A041198D73" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/17B8557C682950EA8D6D11A041198D73" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
5.1.
<taxonomicName LSID="17B8557C-6829-50EA-8D6D-11A041198D73" authority="Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 33, pl. 11. 1775." class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium caeruleum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caeruleum">Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 33, pl. 11. 1775.</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. A specimen growing in a flooded forest B habit C inflorescence D cincinnus E, F flower: E flower with subequal, narrow, and pale apricot perianth lobes F flower with equal, broad, and white perianth lobes G flower with perianth removed showing androecium and gynoecium with ovary pubescent long the septal ridges H cincinnus with immature berries I mature berries. A, F by R. Aguilar, B by H. Medeiros, C-D, G, I by M. O. O. Pellegrini, E by A. Yakovlev, and H by R. Cumming." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481948" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 22</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. Line drawing of the inflorescence. Illustration by E. J. Hickman. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481949" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 23</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. A roots in cross-section B-D rhizome: B naked rhizome C longitudinal section D lateral branch E cincinnus F flower bud G hairs H, I flower: H frontal view I side view J flower with the perianth removed, showing the androecium and gynoecium K lateral stamen (frontal and dorsal view) L stigma M-P fruit: M immature berry N berry in cross-section O berry in longitudinal section P indehiscent and old berry Q-T seed: Q dorsal view R lateral view S ventral view T longitudinal section. Illustration by E. J. Hickman. Scale bars: 0.8 mm (A); 1.5 cm (B-D); 0.75 mm (E); 2 mm (F, H, I, M-P); 0.4 mm (G); 1.75 mm (J); 1 mm (K); 0.5 mm (L, Q-T)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481950" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 24</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium floribundum subsp. var. var. caeruleum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="floribundum" subSpecies="var." variety="caeruleum">Xiphidium floribundum var. caeruleum</taxonomicName>
(Aubl.) Hook., Bot. Mag. 84: t. 5055. 1858. Lectotype (designated by
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer 1993</bibRefCitation>
). [Illustration] Original parchment plate of Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane
<normalizedToken originalValue="Françoise">Francoise</normalizedToken>
and later published in Aublet, Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 33, pl. 11. 1775.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium floribundum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="floribundum">Xiphidium floribundum</taxonomicName>
Sw., Prodr.: 17. 1788.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lam" authorityYear="1791" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium albidum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albidum">Xiphidium albidum</taxonomicName>
Lam., in Lamarck &amp; Poiret Tabl. Encycl. 1: 131. 1791, nom. superfl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Willd" authorityYear="1797" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium album" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="album">Xiphidium album</taxonomicName>
Willd., Sp. Pl. Editio quarta 1(1): 248. 1798.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium floribundum subsp. var. var. albiflorum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="floribundum" subSpecies="var." variety="albiflorum">Xiphidium floribundum var. albiflorum</taxonomicName>
Hook., Bot. Mag. 84: t. 5055. 1858, nom. superfl. (≡
<taxonomicName authority="Sw. var. floribundum" family="Haemodoraceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. floribundum subsp. var. var. floribundum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="floribundum" subSpecies="var." variety="floribundum">X. floribundum Sw. var. floribundum</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Backer" authorityYear="1924" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium caeruleum subsp. var. var. albidum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="caeruleum" subSpecies="var." variety="albidum">Xiphidium caeruleum var. albidum</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Backer, Handb. Fl. Java 3: 80. 1924.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium loeflingii" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="loeflingii">Xiphidium loeflingii</taxonomicName>
Mutis, Diario 2: 51. 1958, nom. nud.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuntze" authorityYear="1898" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Eccremis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eccremis scabra" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabra">Eccremis scabra</taxonomicName>
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 316. 1898. Holotype. destroyed (B†). Lectotype (designated here). BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Chapare,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Juntas, fr., 13-21 Apr 1892, C.E.O. Kuntze 461 (NY barcode 00841967!), Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lindl" authorityYear="1846" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium giganteum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">Xiphidium giganteum</taxonomicName>
Lindl.,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Edwards’s">Edwards's</normalizedToken>
Bot. Reg. 32: page prior to t. 67. 1846. Type. (K?, not found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Miq" authorityYear="1843" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium fockeanum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fockeanum">Xiphidium fockeanum</taxonomicName>
Miq., Linnaea 17: 63. 1843. Lectotype (designated by
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer 1993</bibRefCitation>
). SURINAM. prope Paramaribo, fl., April 1654, H.C. Focke 293 (U barcode U0002449!; isolectotype: P barcodes P00753474!, P02188828!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. Don" authorityYear="1832" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium rubrum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubrum">Xiphidium rubrum</taxonomicName>
D. Don, Edinburgh New Philos. J. 13: 235. 1832. Lectotype (designated here). PERU. s.loc., fl., s.dat., J.A.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pavón">Pavon</normalizedToken>
358 (BM barcode BM000923989!; isolectotype: MA barcode MA810534!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Ornithogalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ornithogalum rubrum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubrum">Ornithogalum rubrum</taxonomicName>
Ruiz &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pavón">Pavon</normalizedToken>
ex D.Don, Edinburgh New Philos. J. 13: 235. 1832, nom. not validly published, pro. syn.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boeckeler" authorityYear="1896" baseAuthorityName="Boeckeler" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Durandia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Durandia macrophylla" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophylla">Durandia macrophylla</taxonomicName>
Boeckeler, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 2: 173. 1896. Holotype. COSTA RICA. s.loc., fl., Nov 1893, A. Tonduz 8402 (B barcode BR0000006885779!), Syn. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Tonduzia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tonduzia macrophylla" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophylla">Tonduzia macrophylla</taxonomicName>
Boeckeler ex Tonduz, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 464. 1895, nom. nud.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclatural notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nomenclatural notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The taxonomic circumscription of
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is greatly impaired by the lack of knowledge of the current whereabouts of the type material of several of its associated synonyms. Types for the names
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. fockeanum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fockeanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. fockeanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were successfully located and designated by
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer (1993)</bibRefCitation>
, while types for the names
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. rubrum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rubrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. rubrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuntze" authorityYear="1898" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Eccremis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eccremis scabra" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Eccremis scabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boeckeler" authorityYear="1896" baseAuthorityName="Boeckeler" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Durandia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Durandia macrophylla" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophylla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Durandia macrophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were located by us and had lectotypes designated when necessary. Nonetheless, we have been unable to locate a type specimen, or illustration for
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. giganteum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="giganteum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. giganteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which prevents us from knowing if this name matches any of the
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphs recognised by us.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer (1993)</bibRefCitation>
erroneously designated plate 66 from
<bibRefCitation author="Lindley, J" journalOrPublisher=", Leipzig, London, Milano &amp; New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B25" refString="Lindley, J, 1846. New Garden Plant. Edwards's Botanical Register 32: page prior to t. 67." title="New Garden Plant. Edwards's Botanical Register 32: page prior to t. 67." year="1846">Lindley (1846)</bibRefCitation>
as the lectotype of
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. giganteum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="giganteum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. giganteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The indicated plate actually depicts
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Swainsona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Swainsona greyana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="greyana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Swainsona greyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lindl. (
<taxonomicName family="Fabaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
) and obviously cannot be the type for
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. giganteum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="giganteum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. giganteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In fact, the original publication (
<bibRefCitation author="Lindley, J" journalOrPublisher=", Leipzig, London, Milano &amp; New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B25" refString="Lindley, J, 1846. New Garden Plant. Edwards's Botanical Register 32: page prior to t. 67." title="New Garden Plant. Edwards's Botanical Register 32: page prior to t. 67." year="1846">Lindley 1846</bibRefCitation>
) provides no illustration for
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. giganteum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="giganteum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. giganteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Lindley, J" journalOrPublisher=", Leipzig, London, Milano &amp; New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B25" refString="Lindley, J, 1846. New Garden Plant. Edwards's Botanical Register 32: page prior to t. 67." title="New Garden Plant. Edwards's Botanical Register 32: page prior to t. 67." year="1846">Lindley (1846)</bibRefCitation>
mentions that a live specimen was brought from Caraccas and flowered in Syon [Park], London, UK. After searching for specimens that matched these data at K herbarium, we were unable to locate any. We have also searched for a possible unpublished illustration that might serve as the type for
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. giganteum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="giganteum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. giganteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but were also unsuccessful. Thus, we are currently unable to designate a lectotype for
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. giganteum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="giganteum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. giganteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, since this name completely lacks any original material (Art. 9.4.,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland, NJ" journalOrPublisher="The New York Botanical Garden, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B63" refString="Turland, NJ, Wiersema, JH, Barrie, FR, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Kusber, W-H, Li, D-Z, Marhold, K, May, TW, McNeill, J, Monro, AM, Prado, J, Price, MJ, Smith, GF, 2018. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" title="(2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Since the original description is not enough to undoubtedly apply this name, we also feel it is premature to designate a neotype until natural populations from Caraccas have been studied. Finally, we also choose to tentatively retain it under the synonymy of
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
until further information becomes available.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
As explained by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.594022" author="Dorr, LJ" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1245 - 1262" refId="B10" refString="Dorr, LJ, Wiersema, JH, 2010. Names of American vascular plants published in Loefling's Iter Hispanicum (1758) and its German translation (1766). Taxon 59 (4): 1245 - 1262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.594022" title="Names of American vascular plants published in Loefling's Iter Hispanicum (1758) and its German translation (1766)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.594022" volume="59" year="2010">Dorr and Wiersema (2010)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Ixia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ixia xiphidium" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xiphidium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ixia xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Loefl. represents a misinterpretation by
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer (1993)</bibRefCitation>
of
<bibRefCitation author="Loefling, P" journalOrPublisher="Ttryckt pa Direct &amp; Lars Salvii Kostnad, Stockholm" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B26" refString="Loefling, P, 1758. Iter Hispanicum. Ttryckt pa Direct &amp; Lars Salvii Kostnad, Stockholm" title="Iter Hispanicum." year="1758">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Loefling’s">Loefling's</normalizedToken>
(1758)
</bibRefCitation>
publication. The author never intended to publish a new species but published a new genus, rejecting the application of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tingidae" genus="Ixia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ixia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ixia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. for American plants. Thus,
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Ixia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ixia xiphidium" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xiphidium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ixia xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Loefl. was never published and should not be included in databases.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
When describing
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. rubrum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rubrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. rubrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Don, D" journalOrPublisher="Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="233 - 244" refId="B9" refString="Don, D, 1832. On the characters and affinities of certain genera in the Flora Peruviana. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 13: 233 - 244" title="On the characters and affinities of certain genera in the Flora Peruviana." volume="13" year="1832">Don (1832)</bibRefCitation>
mentions his new species is based on a Ruiz &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pavón">Pavon</normalizedToken>
collection, but without indicating a collection number or herbarium information. We came across a specimen matching the protologue with a label in
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pavón’s">Pavon's</normalizedToken>
handwriting during a visit to BM, saying, &quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Ornithogalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ornithogalum rubrum" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubrum">Ornithogalum rubrum</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fl. Per.</emphasis>
&quot;. This specimen is here selected as the lectotype.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Kuntze, CEO" journalOrPublisher=", Leipzig, London, Milano &amp; New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B23" refString="Kuntze, CEO, 1898. Revisio Generum Plantarum, Vol. 3, part 3. Arthur Felix &amp; al., Leipzig, London, Milano &amp; New York" title="Revisio Generum Plantarum, Vol. 3, part 3. Arthur Felix &amp; al." year="1898">Kuntze (1898)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuntze" authorityYear="1898" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Eccremis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eccremis scabra" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Eccremis scabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on a collection from
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Juntas, Bolivia. The author mentions a specimen at B, but we were unable to locate it, and it might have been lost during WWII. Luckily, we were able to locate a duplicate at NY, which is designated here as the lectotype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium caeruleum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico, reaching the Antilles, to northern South America (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Distribution of Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. Beige - Temperate Coniferous Forests and Boreal Forests; Yellow - Temperate Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Pink - Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests; Light Green - Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Red - Deserts, Xeric Shrublands and Tropical Coniferous Forests; Orange - Tropical / Subtropical Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Maroon - Dry Broadleaf Forests; Green - Moist Broadleaf Forests; Lilac - Montane Grasslands and Shrublands." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481951" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">25</figureCitation>
). It can be found growing in permanently or seasonally-wet environments, more rarely in dry and rocky environments.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481951" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 25" startId="F25">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 25.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium caeruleum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Aubl. Beige - Temperate Coniferous Forests and Boreal Forests; Yellow - Temperate Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Pink - Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests; Light Green - Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Red - Deserts, Xeric Shrublands and Tropical Coniferous Forests; Orange - Tropical/Subtropical Grasslands, Savannahs and Shrublands; Maroon - Dry Broadleaf Forests; Green - Moist Broadleaf Forests; Lilac - Montane Grasslands and Shrublands.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">It was found in bloom and fruit throughout the year.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
As currently circumscribed,
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium caeruleum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed, with equally wide EOO (14,922,959 km2) and AOO (ca. 3,056 km2). Thus, following
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/" refId="B21" refString="IUCN, 2001. The IUCN Red List Of Threatened Species, version 2010.4. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge U.K. http://www.iucnredlist.org/" title="The IUCN Red List Of Threatened Species, version 2010.4. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge U. K." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/" year="2001">
<normalizedToken originalValue="IUCN’s">IUCN's</normalizedToken>
(2001)
</bibRefCitation>
recommendations,
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be considered as Least Concern (LC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium caeruleum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widely-distributed species and still a variable taxon even in our present circumscription. Despite our best efforts, we have been unable to correlate any of the observed morphological variability to any of the previously proposed names in
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. After careful study of protologues, we concluded that
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. loeflingii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="loeflingii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. loeflingii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mutis,
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum subsp. var. var. albidum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="caeruleum" subSpecies="var." variety="albidum">X. caeruleum var. albidum</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Backer,
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. floribundum subsp. var. var. albiflorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="floribundum" subSpecies="var." variety="albiflorum">X. floribundum var. albiflorum</taxonomicName>
Hook.,
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. album" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="album">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. album</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Willd.,
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. albidum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="albidum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. albidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lam.. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. floribundum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="floribundum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. floribundum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sw. actually represent homotypic synonyms and are unambiguously conspecific with the type of
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Alternatively,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boeckeler" authorityYear="1896" baseAuthorityName="Boeckeler" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Durandia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Durandia macrophylla" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophylla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Durandia macrophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Boeckeler,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuntze" authorityYear="1898" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Eccremis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eccremis scabra" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Eccremis scabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kuntze,
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. fockeanum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fockeanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. fockeanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Miq. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. rubrum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rubrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. rubrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
D.Don represent heterotypic synonyms.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lindl" authorityYear="1846" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium giganteum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium giganteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lindl. is tentatively kept here as a heterotypic synonym of
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
until further information on its type specimen is acquired.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
All diagnostic characters provided by the original authors in their respective protologues can be easily observed in the typical morph of
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Some peculiar specimens of
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are recorded for French Guiana (in which the specimens seem to present peculiarly large, red, crustose, and trigonous fruits), Costa Rica (where some specimens possess flowers with three inconspicuous green nectar guides at the base of the upper tepals) and Mexico (where specimens present inner tepals much longer than the outer tepals and perianth generally with apricot to pinkish hue). Furthermore, it is also known for berries of
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to range from yellowish-orange to orange with reddish-orange spots, to completely red. We were unable to find any obvious correlation between the different colours of berries, geographical distribution, and the observed genetic diversity. Nonetheless, due to limited access to such morphs and also due to herbarium specimens in
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being generally poorly preserved, we consider it premature to recognise or propose any taxonomic status for these morphs. Thus, we propose that studies focusing on population genetics and reproductive biology, associated with a morphometric study and intense field studies, are necessary to properly deal with the issue.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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