310 lines
40 KiB
XML
310 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document id="50560E4DD9D943D4027E013034B1A1DE" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3999.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6bd3a3e2-ea99-490e-a64d-fbad37df8aa5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="289200" ID-ZooBank="1FE7AFED-DC04-4E8C-BFB3-880A94B296DB" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461279614665" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Thandar, Ahmed S. & Rambaran, Ryan" docDate="2015" docId="174487A93856D77B39E3DF5BB056F9D5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03999p061.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3999 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Synallactes challengeri Theel 1886" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="EB7DFFD13853D7733974DC1AB43AFF96" masterDocTitle="On some sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from off the south and west coasts of South Africa collected by the South African Environmental and Observation Network (SAEON)" masterLastPageNumber="61" masterPageNumber="41" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1698613662619" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="5AA7B73B6F27D9A16CEC24F3C2E4AD16" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="7C1ECDB643ECF578C51058854FB1930B">
|
||
<mods:title id="C2BD30D6E42E1C2F10318CBB42B39276">On some sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from off the south and west coasts of South Africa collected by the South African Environmental and Observation Network (SAEON)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="AF54B2ADCFB95EEE5C2EA9C8D443C8F1" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="A69EB16CE37B016EB78DE73D896237A7">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="06327EA13AD3403964D35978854B6C13">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="F5EED0DF4AA6CF220264151094207625">Thandar, Ahmed S.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="B9CCE67CB51FBC5E7F7517022331ED65" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="1B4C724A7A63C0F87DE5769294D9A6D1">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="7CD2E55BB7AFAB8F2FF3443B7EE865A4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="4CB32B501B907E8FD833DF156C0D4145">Rambaran, Ryan</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="D8CD78B1933F0F5BD1347887A9D2B2EE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="F6D55D527A4F701169BBF43985FB3DF3" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="90D1E6CCC33231E5F17D50981F756D9B">
|
||
<mods:title id="E85C4182243C9A4109C54A5D981D73FF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="4E9DF0BF52373915AC76FBE006030D61">
|
||
<mods:date id="222C68E2B6ADEB196338CF40FC006BE7">2015</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="1F3590ADDD7236DAD7EB3897E2B8D7B9" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="719771200A131FE63E8C53C1A4665FE3">3999</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="83E9257D0344FF641838AF755F077084" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="397CEF5B2762ADEA75F645BFE9C36316">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="1CDA2CEB4AA34E6C3170E002FBA525FA" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="0F63D1C9B496568388C9EB26AB0BE877">41</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="31E9ED06D001047A2A350E93CE5B50DD">61</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="118CB943C5464FD10305AF177FD82288">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="9F22AE0844D2852E1543E4E6A7B961E8" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3999.1.3</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="1AF00BB23C522AE62E1E523CF8DAF4C9" type="GBIF-Dataset">6bd3a3e2-ea99-490e-a64d-fbad37df8aa5</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E991659C0E9C7F9596B1B6683D93758B" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3A33C0662B9CE079BFF60F382BA96FF6" type="Zenodo-Dep">289200</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="8199F47D92A0A97879E59916375786E7" type="ZooBank">1FE7AFED-DC04-4E8C-BFB3-880A94B296DB</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="174487A93856D77B39E3DF5BB056F9D5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5107330" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127692683" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5107330" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:174487A93856D77B39E3DF5BB056F9D5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/174487A93856D77B39E3DF5BB056F9D5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<subSubSection id="D7F765343856D77639E3DF5BB59FFCEB" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3856D77639E3DF5BB645FCCD" blockId="5.[151,639,833,893]" box="[151,639,833,859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<heading id="C41A81D33856D77639E3DF5BB645FCCD" bold="true" box="[151,639,833,859]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58ED4D3C3856D77639E3DF5BB645FCCD" authority="Theel, 1886" authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,639,833,859]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Synallactidae" genus="Synallactes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="challengeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3856D77639E3DF5BB645FCCD" bold="true" box="[151,639,833,859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3856D77639E3DF5BB51AFCCD" bold="true" box="[151,288,833,859]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Synallactes</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3856D7763838DF5BB5EFFCCD" bold="true" box="[332,469,833,859]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">challengeri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3856D7763890DF5BB64CFCCD" author="Theel" box="[484,630,833,859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Theel, H. (1886) Report on the Holothuroidea. Part II. Report of the Scientific Results of the HMS ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1976. Zoology IV, 34, 1 - 290." type="journal article" year="1886">Théel, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3856D77639E3DF7EB59FFCEB" blockId="5.[151,639,833,893]" box="[151,421,868,893]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="D26F03043856D77639EADF7EB4C9FCEA" box="[158,243,868,893]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,584,607]" captionText="TABLE 1. Distribution records and size variations of ossicles of S. challengeri from three different collections." pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="07D62A3A3856D7763875DF7EB550FCEA" box="[257,362,868,893]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[220,1356,211,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[207,1380,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Synallactes cf. challenger i (Theel, 1886). A 32145 A. Body wall tables; B. part of tube feet end plate; C. Rods from tube feet; D. Papillae ossicles; E. Tables from anal region; F. Cruciform bodies from tube feet; G. Large and small tentacle rods. H. Calcareous ring. (Figures A – E, G, scale b; Figure F, scale a; Figure H, scale c)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289204/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Figures 4</figureCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<figureCitation id="07D62A3A3856D77638FADF7EB5A6FCEB" box="[398,412,868,893]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,941,963]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,919]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,920]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Synallactes cf. challenger i (Theel, 1886). A 32145. A. End plate; B and C. Tables of body wall; D. Crosses of body wall; E. Partially complete disc; F. Table from anal region; G. Tentacle rods; H. Tube feet rods: I. Entire specimen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289205/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">5</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D7F765343856D77639E3DFB6B6A9FC69" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3856D77639E3DFB6B6A9FC69" blockId="5.[151,1436,940,1023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BFFD11913856D77639E3DFB6B6A9FC69" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58ED4D3C3856D77639E3DFB6B61CFC54" authority="Theel, 1886: 163" authorityName="Theel" authorityPageNumber="163" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,550,940,962]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="challengeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3856D77639E3DFB6B548FC54" box="[151,370,940,962]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Stichopus challengeri</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E4C10AE3856D776380CDFB6B61CFC54" author="Theel" box="[376,550,940,962]" page="163" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" year="1886">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3856D776380CDFB6B5CFFC54" author="Theel" box="[376,501,940,962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Theel, H. (1886) Report on the Holothuroidea. Part II. Report of the Scientific Results of the HMS ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1976. Zoology IV, 34, 1 - 290." type="journal article" year="1886">Théel, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 163
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-164, pl. 10, fig. 21; Ludwig, 1889: 331;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E4C10AE3856D7763AB0DFB6B0B8FC54" author="Edwards" box="[964,1154,940,962]" page="65" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" year="1907">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3856D7763AB0DFB6B065FC54" author="Edwards" box="[964,1119,940,962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Edwards, C. L. (1907) The holothurians of the north Pacific coast of North America collected by the Albatross in 1903. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, XXXIII (1558), 49 - 68. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.33 - 1558.49" type="journal article" year="1907">Edwards, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 65
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–66, fig. 12.
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3856D77639E3DFD0B5A9FC76" box="[151,403,970,992]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58ED4D3C3856D77639E3DFD0B5B7FC76" box="[151,397,970,992]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Synallactidae" genus="Synallactes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="challengeri">Synallactes challengeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3856D77638D5DFD0B675FC76" author="Ostergren" box="[417,591,970,992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Ostergren, H. (1896) Zur Kennetis der Subfamilie Synallactinae unter den Aspidochiroten, Festskrift for Lilljeborg. Uppsala, 347 - 361." type="book chapter" year="1896">Östergren, 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ludwig, 1898: 8;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E4C10AE3856D7763A5FDFD0B7E2FC76" author="Clark" box="[811,984,970,992]" page="46" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" year="1922">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3856D7763A5FDFD0B795FC76" author="Clark" box="[811,943,970,992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Clark, H. L. (1922) The Holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 65, 39 - 73." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 46
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(list);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E4C10AE3856D7763D5FDFD0B0CFFC76" author="Massin" box="[1067,1269,970,992]" page="313" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" year="1992">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3856D7763D5FDFD0B084FC76" author="Massin" box="[1067,1214,970,992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Massin, C. (1992) Holothurians (Echinodermata) from Marion and Prince Edward Islands: new and little-known species. Zoologica Scripta, 21 (3), 311 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1992. tb 00333. x" type="journal article" year="1992">Massin, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 313
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–316, figs. 2–3 (synonymy);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E4C10AE3856D776383ADFF3B60CFC69" author="Branch" box="[334,566,1001,1023]" page="55" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" year="1993">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3856D776383ADFF3B629FC69" author="Branch" box="[334,531,1001,1023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Branch, M. L., Jangoux, M., Alva, V., Massin, C. I. & Stampanato, S. (1993) The Echinodermata of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Island. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 23, 37 - 70." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Branch
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3856D77638EADFF0B5EBFC69" box="[414,465,1001,1023]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 55
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(in key).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D7F765343856D77639E3D83CB648FBA9" box="[151,626,1062,1087]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3856D77639E3D83CB648FBA9" blockId="5.[151,1437,1062,2023]" box="[151,626,1062,1087]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3856D77639E3D83CB530FBA9" bold="true" box="[151,266,1062,1087]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3856D7763831D83CB5FCFBA9" author="Theel" box="[325,454,1062,1087]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Theel, H. (1886) Report on the Holothuroidea. Part II. Report of the Scientific Results of the HMS ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1976. Zoology IV, 34, 1 - 290." type="journal article" year="1886">Théel 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3856D77638A6D83CB65CFBA9" author="Massin" box="[466,614,1062,1087]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Massin, C. (1992) Holothurians (Echinodermata) from Marion and Prince Edward Islands: new and little-known species. Zoologica Scripta, 21 (3), 311 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1992. tb 00333. x" type="journal article" year="1992">Massin 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D7F765343856D77639B3D850B007FB10" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3856D77639B3D850B007FB10" blockId="5.[151,1437,1062,2023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3856D77639B3D850B58BFBF5" bold="true" box="[199,433,1098,1123]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
A32145, off Lamberts Bay, Demersal West Coast Trawl V279,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FAD950783856D7763DF5D851B0A5FBF5" box="[1153,1183,1099,1123]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" precision="9" value="-32.3235">32</geoCoordinate>
|
||
° 19.41'S,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FAD950783856D7763C66D850B1ADFBF5" box="[1298,1431,1098,1123]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" precision="9" value="16.323334">16° 19.40'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Demersal Trawl 007-6172, Cruise
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3856D7763B6FD875B6A7FB10" box="[539,669,1134,1159]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7963299999999998" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="279.633">279, 633 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="EB53107F3856D7763BDCD875B713FB11" box="[680,809,1135,1159]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" value="2012-01-11">11/01/2012</date>
|
||
, Lara Atkinson, 3 specs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D7F765343856D77539B3D888B62DF9BB" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3856D77639B3D888B769FA31" blockId="5.[151,1437,1062,2023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3856D77639B3D888B563FB3D" bold="true" box="[199,345,1170,1195]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Body elongate, form sub-cylindrical, slightly flattened, flaccid. Length up to
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3856D7763DA4D889B10AFB3C" box="[1232,1328,1171,1195]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.21" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="221.0">221 mm</quantity>
|
||
, width in mid-body
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3856D7763879D8ADB565FB58" box="[269,351,1207,1231]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
|
||
in preservative. Skin thick, soft, smooth. Mouth ventral, anus terminal. Preserved colouration deep purple with some regions off-white. Tentacles 20, peltate, off-white to yellow, densely packed in two circles, reduced tentacles in inner circle. Tube feet restricted to ventral surface, length
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3856D7763D72D8E4B049FA80" box="[1030,1139,1278,1303]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="3.0">3–15 mm</quantity>
|
||
, slender, cylindrical, more or less confined to ambulacra with a few in inter-ambulacral regions, ventro-laterally in 2–3 rows, mid-ventrally in two paired rows, coalesced and densely packed posteriorly, extending to mouth and anus. Papillae in six rows, varying in length, often highly reduced (
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3856D7763B2BD971B6EAFA15" box="[607,720,1387,1411]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="2.0">2–14 mm</quantity>
|
||
), longer at extremities of body. Tube feet and papillae surround both mouth and anus ventrally and dorsally. Anal teeth absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3856D77639B3D9A8B67DF9A1" blockId="5.[151,1437,1062,2023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Specimen 1—eviscerated, only calcareous ring and Polian vesicle present, other structures lost; length
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3856D7763C33D9A8B1A3FA5C" box="[1351,1433,1458,1483]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="57.0">57 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Plates of calcareous ring fused, notched posteriorly, radial plates larger, undulating anteriorly, deeply notched posteriorly; inter-radial plates with triangular anterior projection. Polian vesicle single, large (
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3856D7763DBAD9E0B11FF985" box="[1230,1317,1530,1555]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
|
||
), saccular. Longitudinal muscles unpaired, broad.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3856D77639B3DA58B4CAF951" blockId="5.[151,1437,1062,2023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Specimen 2—length
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3856D77638C2DA59B63BF9CD" box="[438,513,1603,1627]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="87.0">87mm</quantity>
|
||
; calcareous ring and longitudinal muscles identical to those of specimen 1. Stone canal and madreporite not observed. Polian vesicles three, saccular, two large (
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3856D7763D43DA7DB0B7F9E8" box="[1079,1165,1639,1663]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3856D7763DE8DA7DB0CAF9E9" box="[1180,1264,1639,1663]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and one very reduced (
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3856D776398BDA90B57FF935" box="[255,325,1674,1699]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Only one respiratory tree present,
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3856D7763BA3DA90B71CF934" box="[727,806,1674,1699]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, well developed. Gonad elongate, unbranched, full of eggs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3856D77539B3DAC8B7EAFD8E" blockId="5.[151,1437,1062,2023]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,536]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Body wall ossicles as cruciform bodies (pseudo-tables) of variable size (disc diam. 64–243 µm) with tri-radiate disc, with each arm usually dichotomously branched or bifurcate or anastomosing terminally, forming one or more perforations, but rarely a complete disc, but never lattice-like; spire (pseudo-spire) (34–84 µm), with or without terminal hole but sometimes terminally bifurcate. Tube feet with large rods, small and large cruciform bodies and end-plates. Large rods of variable form and size (354–738 µm), curved or straight, spinous or smooth, slender or bulky, perforated at one or both ends or without perforations, sometimes terminally forked, sometimes with third arm, with or without perforations. Small cruciform bodies (37–75 µm) with three, usually branched arms with bifurcate, non-perforate ends; spire short (19–53 µm), with or without terminal hole and teeth. Large cruciform bodies (100–150 µm) with three arms, with or without terminal hole, pillars nearly half length of arms (47–59 µm), also with or without terminal hole. End-plates large (232–261 µm), multilocular, with irregular margin. Papillae also with similar cruciform bodies (crosses) - small crosses (disc diam. 88–137 µm; pillar height 44–142 µm); large crosses (disc diam. 222–434 µm; spire height 64–197 µm). Papillae rods of variable size (310–621 µm) and form, usually with smooth margin and one end with multiple perforations. Rods with spinous margin, side projections and both extremities with or without perforations. Anal region predominantly with large cruciform bodies (disc diam. 128–424 µm, spire height 54–113 µm) with three dichotomously branched arms with terminal perforations, arms sometimes anastomosing, forming an almost complete disc. Tentacles comprise small and large rods; small rods (97–153 µm), usually with smooth margins or adorned with a few spines, extremities sometimes bifurcate, with or without teeth; large rods (197–714 µm) with spinous margins, sometimes with side projections with or without teeth, extremities non-perforate or perforated at one or both ends.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CB9266373855D77539E3DE52B106FDC9" box="[151,1340,584,607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D77539E3DE52B106FDC9" blockId="6.[151,1340,584,607]" box="[151,1340,584,607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3855D77539E3DE52B530FDC9" bold="true" box="[151,266,584,607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution records and size variations of ossicles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58ED4D3C3855D7753A39DE52B7D8FDC9" box="[845,994,584,607]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Synallactidae" genus="Synallactes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="challengeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3855D7753A39DE52B7D8FDC9" box="[845,994,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">S. challengeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from three different collections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D7753B4FDE60B7B8FD2C" blockId="6.[159,1424,634,903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Théel Massin Current collection 1886 1992</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D77539EBDED7B0FCFCB6" blockId="6.[159,1424,634,903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Distribution
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7FA762F3855D7753B41DED7B6A9FD75" box="[565,659,717,739]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
region (46° Sub-Antarctic (Marion and West coast of South 53'S,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FAD950783855D7753B19DEF6B6FFFC94" box="[621,709,748,770]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" precision="925" value="51.866665">51° 52'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) Prince Edward Islands) Africa (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FAD950783855D7753DAADEF6B10DFC94" box="[1246,1335,748,770]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" precision="925" value="-32.316666">32° 19'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FAD950783855D7753C36DEF6B084FCB6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" precision="925" value="16.316668">16° 19'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D77539EBDF2EB1AAFCDC" blockId="6.[159,1424,634,903]" box="[159,1424,820,842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Body wall cruciform bodies 3–4 armed, disc diam.
|
||
<date id="EB53107F3855D7753A6FDF2EB74FFCDC" box="[795,885,820,842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" value="1956-04-03">56 3–4</date>
|
||
armed, disc diam. 35–100 3- armed only, disc diam.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D77539EBDF48B1BCFCFE" blockId="6.[159,1424,634,903]" box="[159,1414,850,872]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">deposits Μm, spire height 80 Μm Μm, spire height 40–50 Μm 63–243 Μm, spire height</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D7753DE4DF6BB0CCFC11" blockId="6.[159,1424,634,903]" box="[1168,1270,881,903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">34–84 Μm</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D77539EBDFA3B12AFC59" blockId="6.[159,1296,953,975]" box="[159,1296,953,975]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Tube feet rods not recorded 220–660 Μm 354–738 Μm</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D775383FD81BB164FB81" blockId="6.[331,1413,1025,1108]" box="[331,1374,1025,1047]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">cruciform bodies disc diam. 60–100 Μm small ones with disc</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D7753DE4D83AB1BFFBC2" blockId="6.[331,1413,1025,1108]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">diam. 37–75 Μm; large ones 100–150 Μm diam.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D775383FD89CB12AFB0A" blockId="6.[331,1296,1158,1180]" box="[331,1296,1158,1180]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
|
||
end-plates can reach
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3855D7753AC1D89CB7D5FB0A" box="[949,1007,1158,1180]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diam. 232–261 Μm
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D77539EBD8D4B0C3FAB4" blockId="6.[159,1422,1230,1314]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Papillae cruciform bodies disc diam. 280 Μm disc diam. 20–350 Μm small 37–75 Μm disc diam.; large 100–150 Μm disc diam.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D77539EBD94EB145FAFC" blockId="6.[159,1407,1364,1416]" box="[159,1407,1364,1386]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Tentacles rods not recorded. 60–800 Μm small 97–153 Μm, large</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D7753DE4D968B62DF9BB" blockId="6.[159,1407,1364,1416]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,1485,2014]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
|
||
197–714 Μm
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3855D77539B3D9D7B563FA70" bold="true" box="[199,345,1485,1510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
(After Solis-Marin 2003, extended herein). Off Crozet, Marion and Prince Edward Islands, off southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7FA762F3855D7753875D9EBB551F99C" box="[257,363,1521,1546]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in the north Pacific from Alaska (Uyak Bay and Kodiak Island) and now possibly the west coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7FA762F3855D7753982DA0FB5B2F9B8" box="[246,392,1557,1582]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3855D77538E0DA0FB629F9BB" box="[404,531,1557,1582]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.675" metricValueMax="11.15" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="567.5" valueMax="1115.0" valueMin="20.0">20–1115 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D7F765343855D77B39B3DA23B056F9D5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D77539B3DA23B02BF90C" blockId="6.[151,1437,1485,2014]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3855D77539B3DA23B501F9C4" bold="true" box="[199,315,1593,1618]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3855D7753896DA23B6BDF9C4" author="Massin" box="[482,647,1593,1618]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Massin, C. (1992) Holothurians (Echinodermata) from Marion and Prince Edward Islands: new and little-known species. Zoologica Scripta, 21 (3), 311 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1992. tb 00333. x" type="journal article" year="1992">Massin (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58ED4D3C3855D7753BFBDA20B716F9C4" box="[655,812,1593,1618]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Synallactidae" genus="Synallactes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="challengeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3855D7753BFBDA20B716F9C4" box="[655,812,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">S. challengeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to be restricted to the Sub-Antarctic waters. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3855D775387EDA47B584F9E0" author="Edwards" box="[266,446,1629,1654]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Edwards, C. L. (1907) The holothurians of the north Pacific coast of North America collected by the Albatross in 1903. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, XXXIII (1558), 49 - 68. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.33 - 1558.49" type="journal article" year="1907">Edwards (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded this species from Alaska but this record needs verification (Solis-Marin 2003). The species has also been reported from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7FA762F3855D7753BB3DA9BB717F90C" box="[711,813,1665,1690]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3855D7753A48DA9BB03FF90C" author="Solis" box="[828,1029,1665,1690]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Solis Marin, F. A. (2003) Systematics and phylogeny of the holothurian family Synallactidae. PhD dissertation, unpublished, University of Southampton, 361 pp." type="book" year="2003">Solis Marin 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3855D77B39B3DABFB077FBDA" blockId="6.[151,1437,1485,2014]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,1038,1604]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
|
||
The specimens in the current collection strongly resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58ED4D3C3855D7753A23DABCB7C8F928" box="[855,1010,1701,1726]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Synallactidae" genus="Synallactes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="challengeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3855D7753A23DABCB7C8F928" box="[855,1010,1701,1726]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">S. challengeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3855D7753DC1DABFB17CF928" author="Theel" box="[1205,1350,1701,1726]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Theel, H. (1886) Report on the Holothuroidea. Part II. Report of the Scientific Results of the HMS ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1976. Zoology IV, 34, 1 - 290." type="journal article" year="1886">Théel (1886)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and redescribed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3855D7753859DAD3B5F5F974" author="Massin" box="[301,463,1737,1762]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Massin, C. (1992) Holothurians (Echinodermata) from Marion and Prince Edward Islands: new and little-known species. Zoologica Scripta, 21 (3), 311 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1992. tb 00333. x" type="journal article" year="1992">Massin (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from both the
|
||
<typeStatus id="4056881D3855D7753B03DAD0B69DF974" box="[631,679,1738,1762]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">type</typeStatus>
|
||
and new materials, but with some variations.
|
||
<tableCitation id="D26F03043855D7753DD9DAD3B13AF974" box="[1197,1280,1737,1762]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,584,607]" captionText="TABLE 1. Distribution records and size variations of ossicles of S. challengeri from three different collections." pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
compares the three samples. Both authors describe the skin as thin, whereas the current specimens all have thick skins but this may be due to their greater degree of contraction. Specimens from all collections indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58ED4D3C3855D7753DCBDB08B161F8BC" box="[1215,1371,1809,1834]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Synallactidae" genus="Synallactes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="challengeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3855D7753DCBDB08B161F8BC" box="[1215,1371,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">S. challengeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a variable size range (
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3855D775380CDB2FB5F3F8DB" box="[376,457,1845,1870]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="69.0">69 mm</quantity>
|
||
to more than
|
||
<quantity id="58159B5A3855D7753B10DB2FB6FFF8D8" box="[612,709,1845,1870]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3855D7753BACDB2FB750F8D8" author="Theel" box="[728,874,1845,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Theel, H. (1886) Report on the Holothuroidea. Part II. Report of the Scientific Results of the HMS ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1976. Zoology IV, 34, 1 - 290." type="journal article" year="1886">Théel (1886)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentions that the papillae are scattered across the ambulacral and inter-ambulacral regions, with the arrangement in rows being obvious only dorso-laterally. However, specimens examined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E3855D7753B68DB67B685F800" author="Massin" box="[540,703,1917,1942]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Massin, C. (1992) Holothurians (Echinodermata) from Marion and Prince Edward Islands: new and little-known species. Zoologica Scripta, 21 (3), 311 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1992. tb 00333. x" type="journal article" year="1992">Massin (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and those in the current collection, display papillae in six distinct longitudinal rows. The number of tentacles in Théel’s specimens (19) also differs from specimens examined by Massin and in the current collection (20) but such an oddity is quite common amongst holothuroids. Similarly, the presence of a branched gonad described by Théel was not apparent in one of the specimens in which the gonad was identified. The number and size of Polian vesicles are also variable in all collections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CB9266373854D77439E3DBBBB7F7F862" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289204/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[220,1356,211,1917]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF3854D77439E3DBBBB7F7F862" blockId="7.[151,1437,1953,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3854D77439E3DBBBB528F820" bold="true" box="[151,274,1953,1975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD3854D774386CDBBBB621F821" box="[280,539,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58ED4D3C3854D774386CDBBBB5B6F821" box="[280,396,1953,1975]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Synallactidae" genus="Synallactes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Synallactes</taxonomicName>
|
||
cf. challenger
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
i (Theel, 1886). A32145 A. Body wall tables; B. part of tube feet end plate; C. Rods from tube feet; D. Papillae ossicles; E. Tables from anal region; F. Cruciform bodies from tube feet; G. Large and small tentacle rods. H. Calcareous ring. (Figures A–E, G, scale b; Figure F, scale a; Figure H, scale c)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="CB926637385BD77B39E3DFB7B126FC74" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289205/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" targetBox="[151,1436,193,919]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF385BD77B39E3DFB7B126FC74" blockId="8.[151,1436,941,994]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD385BD77B39E3DFB7B528FC55" bold="true" box="[151,274,941,963]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD385BD77B386CDFB7B626FC55" box="[280,540,941,963]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58ED4D3C385BD77B386CDFB7B5B6FC55" box="[280,396,941,963]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Synallactidae" genus="Synallactes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Synallactes</taxonomicName>
|
||
cf. challenger
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
i (Theel, 1886). A32145. A. End plate; B and C. Tables of body wall; D. Crosses of body wall; E. Partially complete disc; F. Table from anal region; G. Tentacle rods; H. Tube feet rods: I. Entire specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF385BD77B39B3D842B065FA41" blockId="8.[151,1437,1038,1604]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Four- armed cruciform bodies were not observed in the current material. However, the form of the ossicles from the tube feet, papillae and tentacles correspond well with other descriptions but their size vary across collections (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="D26F0304385BD77B383ED884B5A4FB21" box="[330,414,1182,1207]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,202,1507]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 3. Distribution records and size variations of ossicles of S. viridilimus from three different collections." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CB926637385ED77E39E3DC82B10FFF39" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" tableUuid="CB926637385ED77E39E3DC82B10FFF39">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). The diameter of the cruciform bodies of the body wall was larger in the current collection. The end-plates recorded by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E385BD77B3899D8D9B6ADFB4D" author="Massin" box="[493,663,1219,1244]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" refString="Massin, C. (1992) Holothurians (Echinodermata) from Marion and Prince Edward Islands: new and little-known species. Zoologica Scripta, 21 (3), 311 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1992. tb 00333. x" type="journal article" year="1992">Massin (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are massive when compared to those in the current collection. Cruciform bodies and tentacle rods in the current collection were divided into two size-groups: small and large. The cruciform bodies of the papillae examined by both Théel and Massin appear to have a much higher upper size limit than those in the current collection. The tentacle rods in Massin’s material also have a greater size variation than those of the current collection. However, both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E385BD77B3B89D949B7A9FAFA" author="Theel" box="[765,915,1363,1388]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" refString="Theel, H. (1886) Report on the Holothuroidea. Part II. Report of the Scientific Results of the HMS ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1976. Zoology IV, 34, 1 - 290." type="journal article" year="1886">Théel (1886)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E385BD77B3AA7D949B041FAFD" author="Massin" box="[979,1147,1363,1388]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" refString="Massin, C. (1992) Holothurians (Echinodermata) from Marion and Prince Edward Islands: new and little-known species. Zoologica Scripta, 21 (3), 311 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1992. tb 00333. x" type="journal article" year="1992">Massin (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not differentiate the cruciform bodies of the tube feet and tentacle rods on size. Hence, the southern African material is only tentatively referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58ED4D3C385BD77B3861D986B58BFA22" box="[277,433,1435,1460]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Synallactidae" genus="Synallactes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="challengeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD99EAAD385BD77B3861D986B58BFA22" box="[277,433,1435,1460]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">S. challengeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as it may prove to be another species or one that is new to science. The differences may eventually prove to be only geographic variations in a distantly distributed population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F5236BF385BD77B39B3D9FEB056F9D5" blockId="8.[151,1437,1038,1604]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
|
||
It must here be noted that some west coast species, especially those from the Namibian –Angolan region do have
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7FA762F385BD77B39A6DA1CB500F989" box="[210,314,1542,1567]" name="Antarctica" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
affinities (eg. the ascidian fauna, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB7C4B4E385BD77B3BA9DA1CB7D0F989" author="Primo" box="[733,1002,1542,1567]" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" refString="Primo, C. & Vazquez, E. (2004) Zoogeography of the southern African ascidian fauna. Journal of Biogeography, 31, 1987 - 2009. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2004.01144. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Primo & Vázquez 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, it is possible for the above Subantarctic species to also occur in the cold waters of the southern African west coast.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |