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94 KiB
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<document id="1870075B773F8BA226EB22562FB17396" ID-CLB-Dataset="21452" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a18" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a498fa04-36a2-403f-9014-d3f75231e5e1" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3952805" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:030C3660-4FC5-4C68-BD56-226860C8FD1C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1595266907065" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Fournier, Morgane, Ladevèze, Sandrine, Verger, Kévin Le, Fischer, Valentin, Speijer, Robert P. & Solé, Floréal" docDate="2020" docId="17167930FFA2FFCDFEBBFDF0C24599AD" docLanguage="en" docName="GEODIVERSITAS.42.18.305-325.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 42 (18)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Cynodictis lacustris Gervais 1852" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="313" masterDocId="EB2F0148FFA5FFC7FFB5FFE7C663985F" masterDocTitle="On the morphology of the astragalus and calcaneus of the amphicyonids (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Paleogene of Europe: implications for the ecology of the European bear-dogs" masterLastPageNumber="325" masterPageNumber="305" pageNumber="310" updateTime="1698843722547" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="A5CDE66EAC5B2BABDD5941F631D21500">On the morphology of the astragalus and calcaneus of the amphicyonids (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Paleogene of Europe: implications for the ecology of the European bear-dogs</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E113B34FCC919C604FC35689E8082FAA">Fournier, Morgane</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D18AA1D1060C426676A2DC97EE476343">CR 2 P (CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université), Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, case postale 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F- 75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="43C012441D06415FE411EEF6EFAAE13A">Ladevèze, Sandrine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E413A92F4901B1B01F6BA30EAAFE2F3B">CR 2 P (CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université), Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, case postale 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F- 75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1292A327BB08B1D00405516FAA5C8742">Verger, Kévin Le</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C9DD441EF9D57C9DE88F4B525CAE3952">CR 2 P (CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université), Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, case postale 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F- 75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CFA109EB82725CDA99156194E845DEBD">Fischer, Valentin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="73000E739E948285F58FE83C065463DF">Evolution & Diversity Dynamics Lab, Université de Liège (ULiège), Quartier Agora, Bâtiment B 18, Allée du six août, 14, 4000 Liège (Belgium)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9663A597C760AA3B259DD6ECD345BB29">Speijer, Robert P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="39402E45D847BE1BAC0724C56C8576AC">KU Leuven, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Celestijnenlaan 200 E, B- 3001 Leuven-Heverlee (Belgium)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D6C897ABF5E04ED5A2252D0A38D4B220">Solé, Floréal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="12E6261C04EA6A71F8A81557DBF50FBA">Directorate Earth and History of Life, Palaeobiosphere Evolution Research Unit, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B- 1000 Brussels (Belgium)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="6802FC8EC3425D3BC19E43035AC522AC">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CB08B9F24560B7136C9AA569C5E792FC">
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<mods:date id="97B8F2942CD818B12425B50E204A7B48">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="881C937DD6D556E658CC836C9AB4C64A">2020-07-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B769CBCF34356CA9E96CB9DE3A79E722">42</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="38CF96589827D09C25A5ECA4A3633D93" type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a18</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="17167930FFA2FFCDFEBBFDF0C24599AD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4329639" ID-GBIF-Taxon="165843309" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4329639" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:17167930FFA2FFCDFEBBFDF0C24599AD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/17167930FFA2FFCDFEBBFDF0C24599AD" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="313" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
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<subSubSection id="D7A59BADFFA2FFC0FEBBFDF0C41E9A6C" box="[270,637,535,563]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" type="nomenclature">
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<heading id="C4487F4AFFA2FFC0FEBBFDF0C41E9A6C" box="[270,637,535,563]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFA2FFC0FEBBFDF0C41E9A6C" authority="Gervais, 1852" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[270,637,535,563]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
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<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FEBBFDF0C7BD9A6D" bold="true" box="[270,478,535,562]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">Cynodictis lacustris</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFA2FFC0FE53FDFFC41E9A6C" author="GERVAIS P." box="[486,637,536,563]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" refId="ref15900" refString="GERVAIS P. 1852. - Zoologie et paleontologie francaises (animaux vertebres) ou nouvelles recherches sur les animaux vivantes et fossiles de la France. Arthus Bertrand, Paris, 146 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 39473" type="book" year="1852">Gervais, 1852</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="D7A59BADFFA2FFC0FE2BFDDFC78E9A0C" box="[414,493,568,595]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FE2BFDDFC78E9A0C" blockId="7.[270,637,535,595]" box="[414,493,568,595]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
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(
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<figureCitation id="0784D4A3FFA2FFC0FE12FDDFC7879A0D" box="[423,484,568,594]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1269,1286]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,215,1214]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[746,1314,213,746]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Tarsal bones of Cynodictis lacustris from Aubrelong (France; Rupelian, MP21): A-E, MNHN.F.Au994, left astragalus (reversed views); A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view; D, distal view; E, proximal view; F-J, MNHN.F.Au2044, right calcaneus; F, dorsal view; G, lateral view; H, medial view; I, distal view; J, proximal view. Abbreviations: cf, cuboid facet; ef, ectal facet; f, foramen; ff, fibular facet; h, head; ll, lateral lip; lp, lateral process; lpt, lateral process of tuber; ml, medial lip; mpt, medial process of tuber; n, neck; ppt, proximal plantar tuberosity; plt, plantar tubercle; pp, peroneal process; ptg, plantar tendon groove; sf, sustentacular facet; sg, sagittal groove; sit, sinus of the tarsus; st, sustentaculum tali; tc, tuber calcanei; tr, trochlea. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3952809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3952809/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D7A59BADFFA2FFC0FF31FD97C4FF9C05" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FF31FD97C4509AFC" blockId="7.[132,775,624,675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
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<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FF31FD97C4509AFC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461323" collectionCode="MNHN" collectorName="F. Qu" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="40047684FFA2FFC0FF31FD97C6959AD9" box="[132,246,624,647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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||
. — Fragmentary mandible bearing P4 and M1;
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<collectionCode id="F9AE50E3FFA2FFC0FF31FD6CC6BA9AFC" box="[132,217,651,675]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN</collectionCode>
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.
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<collectorName id="324AADF0FFA2FFC0FF69FD6CC76C9AFC" box="[220,271,651,675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">F.Qu</collectorName>
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unnumbered (
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<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFA2FFC0FE17FD6CC4469AFC" author="GERVAIS P." box="[418,549,651,675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" refId="ref15900" refString="GERVAIS P. 1852. - Zoologie et paleontologie francaises (animaux vertebres) ou nouvelles recherches sur les animaux vivantes et fossiles de la France. Arthus Bertrand, Paris, 146 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 39473" type="book" year="1852">Gervais 1852</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FF31FD5DC7319B7D" blockId="7.[132,775,698,1014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
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<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FF31FD5DC5649A8C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461319" box="[132,775,698,723]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
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<collectionCode id="F9AE50E3FFA2FFC0FF31FD5DC7CA9A8F" box="[132,425,698,721]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">NEWLY REFERRED SPECIMENS</collectionCode>
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. —
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<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FE6CFD5DC4579A8D" bold="true" box="[473,564,698,722]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">Astragali</emphasis>
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.
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<collectionCode id="F9AE50E3FFA2FFC0FDF6FD5CC4FB9A8C" box="[579,664,699,723]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN</collectionCode>
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.F.Au1076,
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FF31FD32C7369AB2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461305" box="[132,341,725,749]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
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<collectionCode id="F9AE50E3FFA2FFC0FF31FD32C6BD9AB2" box="[132,222,725,749]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN</collectionCode>
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.F.Au3169,
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FED5FD32C4419AB2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461315" box="[352,546,725,749]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
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<collectionCode id="F9AE50E3FFA2FFC0FED5FD32C7D89AB2" box="[352,443,725,749]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN</collectionCode>
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.F.Au847,
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FD98FD32C5649AB2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461321" box="[557,775,725,749]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
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<collectionCode id="F9AE50E3FFA2FFC0FD98FD32C4E49AB2" box="[557,647,725,749]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN</collectionCode>
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.F.Au3186I,
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</materialsCitation>
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||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FF31FD17C75B9B57" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461307" box="[132,312,752,776]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
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<collectionCode id="F9AE50E3FFA2FFC0FF31FD17C6B49B57" box="[132,215,752,776]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN</collectionCode>
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.F.Au984,
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FE8AFD17C7319B7D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461316" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
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<collectionCode id="F9AE50E3FFA2FFC0FE8AFD17C7F19B57" box="[319,402,752,776]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN</collectionCode>
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.F.Au994, unnumbered specimen (astragalus + navicular).
|
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FF31FCC3C72A9BA9" blockId="7.[132,775,698,1014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
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<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FF31FCC3C7F39B62" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461308" box="[132,400,804,829]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
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<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FF31FCC3C6B09B63" bold="true" box="[132,211,804,828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">Calcanei</emphasis>
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. MNHN.F.Au2188,
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FE21FCC2C4249B62" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461327" box="[404,583,805,829]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au2699,</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FDFFFCC2C5649B62" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461309" box="[586,775,805,829]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au1059*,</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FF31FCD8C7299B08" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461303" box="[132,330,831,855]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au848,</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FEE0FCD8C44A9B08" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461328" box="[341,553,831,855]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au2398,</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FD81FCD8C5649B08" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461314" box="[564,775,831,855]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au2020,</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FF31FCBDC7249B2D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461301" box="[132,327,858,882]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au991,</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FEE4FCBDC4419B2D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461310" box="[337,546,858,882]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au2044,</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FD99FCBDC5649B2D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461320" box="[556,775,858,882]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au2118*,</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FF31FC93C75C9BD3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461306" box="[132,319,884,908]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au618,</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FEF2FC93C4629BD3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461311" box="[327,513,884,908]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au822,</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FDBFFC93C5649BD3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461317" box="[522,775,884,908]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au2209*(10),</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FF31FC69C73B9BF9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461326" box="[132,344,910,934]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au2705,</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FED6FC68C4549BF8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461312" box="[355,567,911,935]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au2703,</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FDF7FC68C5649BF8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461324" box="[578,775,911,935]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au992,</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FF31FC4EC72E9B9E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461325" box="[132,333,937,961]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au976,</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FEEFFC4EC4519B9E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461302" box="[346,562,937,961]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au2471,</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FD8AFC4EC5649B9E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461329" box="[575,775,937,961]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au845,</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FF31FC23C7319B83" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461318" box="[132,338,964,988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au2391,</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FEE9FC23C4489B83" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461313" box="[348,555,964,988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Au2018,</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FD81FC24C5659B84" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461322" box="[564,774,963,987]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Qu9699,</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2FD7C27BFFA2FFC0FF31FC39C72A9BA9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2816461304" box="[132,329,990,1014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">MNHN.F.Qu9757.</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FF31FBEBC4FF9C05" blockId="7.[132,775,1036,1115]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. — MP18-MP21 Priabonian – early Rupelian. It should be noted that some authors suggest that the genus is present up to MP23 (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFA2FFC0FE29FBA5C43F9C05" author="KOTSAKIS T." box="[412,604,1090,1115]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" pagination="259 - 273" refId="ref16834" refString="KOTSAKIS T. 1980. - Revisione sistematica e distribuzione stratigrafica e geografica del genere Cynodictis Bravard & Pomel (Carnivora, Mammalia). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 19: 259 - 273." type="journal article" year="1980">Kotsakis 1980: 268</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 269).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D7A59BADFFA2FFC0FF31FB96C4609CE5" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FF31FB96C41B9CD5" blockId="7.[132,632,1137,1162]" box="[132,632,1137,1162]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
TYPE LOCALITY. — La Débruge (Vaucluse,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7A888B6FFA2FFC0FD9DFB95C40D9CD5" box="[552,622,1138,1162]" name="France" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FF31FB46C4609CE5" blockId="7.[132,515,1185,1210]" box="[132,515,1185,1210]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
LOCALITY. — Aubrelong (Lot,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7A888B6FFA2FFC0FE07FB45C79B9CE5" box="[434,504,1186,1210]" name="France" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D7A59BADFFA2FFCDFF31FB37C24599AD" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="313" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FF31FB37C4799CB6" blockId="7.[132,538,1232,1257]" box="[132,538,1232,1257]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">AGE LOCALITY. — MP21, early Rupelian.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FF31FAF2C4299D73" blockId="7.[132,775,1301,1743]" box="[132,586,1301,1327]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">REMARKS ON NEWLY REFERRED SPECIMENS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FF31FAD2C4C39E90" blockId="7.[132,775,1301,1743]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
These specimens are here identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFA2FFC0FDE5FAD2C5649D10" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1885" box="[592,775,1333,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amphicyonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of their morphological similarities with European and North American amphicyonids: astragalus with a medial projection of the head and the asymmetry of the trochlea; calcaneus with a rounded shape of the sustentacular facet and a slight tilt in a medioproximal-laterodistal orientation of the cuboid facet. Futhermore, the differences observed with other carnivoran clades found in the Quercy deposits (
|
||
<tableCitation id="D23DFD9DFFA2FFC0FF3BF9D3C6829E10" box="[142,225,1588,1615]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="5.[561,572,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. — List of specimens used for the comparisons." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CBC098AEFFA0FFC2FD84FF3CC26798B3" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" tableUuid="CBC098AEFFA0FFC2FD84FF3CC26798B3">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) allow us to differentiate the studied bones from these taxa, and to support the assignment to amphicyonids. The specimens are assigned to the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFA2FFC0FD88F992C4CC9ED1" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[573,687,1652,1679]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="310" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FD88F992C4CC9ED1" box="[573,687,1652,1679]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of their geographic localization, small size, and high relative abundance (see Comparison for determination).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FF31F914C4ED9F52" blockId="7.[132,776,1779,2030]" box="[132,654,1779,1805]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
ASTRAGALUS (TALUS) DESCRIPTION (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0784D4A3FFA2FFC0FDA1F914C43B9F52" box="[532,600,1779,1805]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1269,1286]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,215,1214]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[746,1314,213,746]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Tarsal bones of Cynodictis lacustris from Aubrelong (France; Rupelian, MP21): A-E, MNHN.F.Au994, left astragalus (reversed views); A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view; D, distal view; E, proximal view; F-J, MNHN.F.Au2044, right calcaneus; F, dorsal view; G, lateral view; H, medial view; I, distal view; J, proximal view. Abbreviations: cf, cuboid facet; ef, ectal facet; f, foramen; ff, fibular facet; h, head; ll, lateral lip; lp, lateral process; lpt, lateral process of tuber; ml, medial lip; mpt, medial process of tuber; n, neck; ppt, proximal plantar tuberosity; plt, plantar tubercle; pp, peroneal process; ptg, plantar tendon groove; sf, sustentacular facet; sg, sagittal groove; sit, sinus of the tarsus; st, sustentaculum tali; tc, tuber calcanei; tr, trochlea. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3952809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3952809/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">FIG. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A-E)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FF31F8F3C7609F72" blockId="7.[132,776,1779,2030]" box="[132,259,1812,1838]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FF31F8F3C7609F72" box="[132,259,1812,1838]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">Dorsal view</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FF31F8D4C3D299CC" blockId="7.[132,776,1779,2030]" lastBlockId="7.[813,1457,217,403]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
The trochlea (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FE94F8D4C4799F12" box="[289,538,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">trochlea tali proximalis</emphasis>
|
||
) is deeply excavated. Its proximodistal length is greater than its mediolateral length. The axis of elongation of the trochlea is inclined relative to that of the neck. Its medial and lateral lips are of approximately the same proximodistal length and are more or less parallel. The proximal plantar tuberosity is very small or absent. The neck
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FBC3FF3EC29B98AC" box="[1142,1272,217,243]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">(collum tali)</emphasis>
|
||
is mediolaterally thinner than the head (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FB90FF1DC2E4994C" box="[1061,1159,249,275]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">caput tali</emphasis>
|
||
) and is relatively short. The head is strongly distally convex. It is broad (wider than the mediolateral length of the trochlea) and projected on the medial side. It rises on the neck on the medial side of the astragalus and almost reaches the distal edge of the trochlea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FC98FE5FC5D1998D" blockId="7.[813,1456,440,977]" box="[813,946,440,466]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FC98FE5FC5D1998D" box="[813,946,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">Ventral view</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FC98FE3FC2289B8E" blockId="7.[813,1456,440,977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
The ectal facet (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FC7AFE3FC34A99AD" box="[975,1321,472,498]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">facies articularis calcaneae lateralis</emphasis>
|
||
) is proximodistally elongated and more distally distinct than proximally. It is strongly concave and its medial edge curves slightly. The sinus of the tarsus (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FB82FDDEC2C19A0D" box="[1079,1186,569,594]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">sinus tarsi</emphasis>
|
||
) is deep. It clearly separates the two facets for the articulation with the calcaneus (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FC83FD9FC2339ACD" box="[822,1104,632,658]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">facies articulares calcaneae</emphasis>
|
||
). The sustentacular facet (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FAC2FD9FC20D9AED" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">facies articularis calcaneae medialis</emphasis>
|
||
) is quite large and occupies a large portion of the width of the neck. Its medial and distal edges are well marked. It is elongated and extends proximomedially towards the trochlea. The distolateral part of this facet extends to almost reach the head of the astragalus (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FC18FCDFC2749B0E" box="[941,1047,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">caput tali</emphasis>
|
||
). It is slightly convex except on its proximomedial extension, where it becomes concave. The foramen in the proximal portion of this sinus is present. The head has a small ventral extension that goes partly back to the sustentacular facet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FC98FC11C5D29C4F" blockId="7.[813,1455,1014,1232]" box="[813,945,1014,1040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FC98FC11C5D29C4F" box="[813,945,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">Lateral view</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FC98FBF0C5AE9C8F" blockId="7.[813,1455,1014,1232]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
A slight depression is formed proximal to the fibular facet (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FC83FBD1C2309C0F" box="[822,1107,1078,1104]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">facies malleolaris lateralis</emphasis>
|
||
). The proximomedial edge of the fibular facet forms a nearly right angle with the distal edge. The distal edge is relatively distally convex in the extension of the lateral edge of the trochlea. The ectal facet is well curved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FC98FB12C5C49D50" blockId="7.[813,1456,1269,1487]" box="[813,935,1269,1295]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FC98FB12C5C49D50" box="[813,935,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">Distal view</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FC98FAF2C5809D90" blockId="7.[813,1456,1269,1487]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">The trochlea is slightly asymmetrical. The head is dorsoventrally flattened, thinner on the medial side, and wider on its lateral side. The axis of elongation of the head is inclined relative to the mediolateral axis of the astragalus. The lateral process is limited in breadth, forming only a slight medially directed tip.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FC98FA12C5A49E51" blockId="7.[813,1455,1525,1774]" box="[813,967,1525,1551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FC98FA12C5A49E51" box="[813,967,1525,1551]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">Proximal view</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FC98F9F3C28D9EB1" blockId="7.[813,1455,1525,1774]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
The trochlear foramen is present on some specimens and absent in others. The proximoventral edge of the medial lip of the trochlea forms a slight ventral tip. The plantar tendon groove (for the
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FB88F993C3319ED1" box="[1085,1362,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">flexor digitorum fibularis</emphasis>
|
||
) is very weak. It seems to be fused with the proximal prolongation of the trochlea. The trochlea is mediolaterally thinner on its proximal part than on its dorsal part.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FC98F8F5C2A49F72" blockId="7.[813,1456,1810,2030]" box="[813,1223,1810,1837]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
CALCANEUS DESCRIPTION (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0784D4A3FFA2FFC0FBEDF8F4C2F89F73" box="[1112,1179,1810,1837]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1269,1286]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,215,1214]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[746,1314,213,746]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Tarsal bones of Cynodictis lacustris from Aubrelong (France; Rupelian, MP21): A-E, MNHN.F.Au994, left astragalus (reversed views); A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view; D, distal view; E, proximal view; F-J, MNHN.F.Au2044, right calcaneus; F, dorsal view; G, lateral view; H, medial view; I, distal view; J, proximal view. Abbreviations: cf, cuboid facet; ef, ectal facet; f, foramen; ff, fibular facet; h, head; ll, lateral lip; lp, lateral process; lpt, lateral process of tuber; ml, medial lip; mpt, medial process of tuber; n, neck; ppt, proximal plantar tuberosity; plt, plantar tubercle; pp, peroneal process; ptg, plantar tendon groove; sf, sustentacular facet; sg, sagittal groove; sit, sinus of the tarsus; st, sustentaculum tali; tc, tuber calcanei; tr, trochlea. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3952809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3952809/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">FIG. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
F-J)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFC0FC98F8D4C5CF9F12" blockId="7.[813,1456,1810,2030]" box="[813,940,1843,1869]" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FC98F8D4C5CF9F12" box="[813,940,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">Dorsal view</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFA2FFCFFC98F8B4C49C9F71" blockId="7.[813,1456,1810,2030]" lastBlockId="8.[132,775,1461,1838]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="311" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">
|
||
The medial process of the
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FB8AF8B4C2AF9F32" box="[1087,1228,1875,1901]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">tuber calcanei</emphasis>
|
||
is slightly proximally broader than the lateral process. The sagittal groove is rather marked. The
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FC09F874C22C9FF2" box="[956,1103,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">tuber calcanei</emphasis>
|
||
is not very mediolaterally broad but rather proximodistally elongated. The ectal facet (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFA2FFC0FAC2F854C2319FB2" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="310">facies articularis talaris proximalis</emphasis>
|
||
) is proximodistally elongated. It is strongly convex in the middle and very slightly proximally and distally concave. Its medial and lateral edges are slightly curved. The edges of this facet are rather well marked, except the distal edge, which merges with the body of the calcaneus and therefore is difficult to delimit. The sustentacular facet (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFF3BF9B3C7B69E31" box="[142,469,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">facies articularis talaris distalis</emphasis>
|
||
) is slightly elongated in the proximolateral-distomedial direction and extends slightly on the proximal edge of the
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFE72F973C4E99EF1" box="[455,650,1684,1710]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">sustentaculum tali</emphasis>
|
||
. This gives a rather oval shape to this articular surface. The peroneal process is quite broad. The cuboid facet (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFDEDF933C6819F51" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">facies articularis cuboidea</emphasis>
|
||
) is inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis and its lateral edge rises above the body of the calcaneus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CBC098AEFFADFFCFFF31FB12C35F9D3E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3952809" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3952809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3952809/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="311" startId="8.[132,143,1269,1286]" targetBox="[180,1407,215,1214]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFADFFCFFF31FB12C35F9D3E" blockId="8.[132,1457,1269,1377]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">
|
||
FIG. 2. — Tarsal bones of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFADFFCFFEEBFB12C79C9D59" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[350,511,1269,1286]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFEEBFB12C79C9D59" box="[350,511,1269,1286]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">Cynodictis lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Aubrelong (France; Rupelian, MP21):
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFCD9FB12C5EF9D59" bold="true" box="[876,908,1269,1286]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">A -E</emphasis>
|
||
, MNHN.F.Au994, left astragalus (reversed views);
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFA86FB12C3239D59" bold="true" box="[1331,1344,1269,1286]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">A</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFF31FAEBC6F29D42" bold="true" box="[132,145,1292,1309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">B</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFEBEFAEBC77A9D42" bold="true" box="[267,281,1292,1309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">C</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFE38FAEBC7F89D42" bold="true" box="[397,411,1292,1309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">D</emphasis>
|
||
, distal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFDBCFAEBC4769D42" bold="true" box="[521,533,1292,1309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">E</emphasis>
|
||
, proximal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFD2BFAEBC4D99D42" bold="true" box="[670,698,1292,1309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">F -J</emphasis>
|
||
, MNHN.F.Au2044, right calcaneus;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFC5CFAEBC5979D42" bold="true" box="[1001,1012,1292,1309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">F</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFBDCFAEBC2149D42" bold="true" box="[1129,1143,1292,1309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">G</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFB5EFAEBC29A9D42" bold="true" box="[1259,1273,1292,1309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">H</emphasis>
|
||
, medial view;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFAC7FAEBC31B9D42" bold="true" box="[1394,1400,1292,1309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">I</emphasis>
|
||
, distal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFF00FAC4C6DC9D6B" bold="true" box="[181,191,1315,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">J</emphasis>
|
||
, proximal view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFE73FAC4C7B49D6B" bold="true" box="[454,471,1315,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">cf</emphasis>
|
||
, cuboid facet;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFDE3FAC4C4049D6B" bold="true" box="[598,615,1315,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">ef</emphasis>
|
||
, ectal facet;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFD61FAC4C4B99D6B" bold="true" box="[724,730,1315,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">f</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFC83FAC4C5219D6B" bold="true" box="[822,834,1315,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">ff</emphasis>
|
||
, fibular facet;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFC0EFAC4C5A59D6B" bold="true" box="[955,966,1315,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">h</emphasis>
|
||
, head;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFBB3FAC4C2739D6B" bold="true" box="[1030,1040,1315,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">ll</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral lip;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFBC4FAC4C2E29D6B" bold="true" box="[1137,1153,1315,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">lp</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral process;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFAA7FAC4C34A9D6B" bold="true" box="[1298,1321,1315,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">lpt</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral process of tuber;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFF65FADEC6859D15" bold="true" box="[208,230,1337,1354]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">ml</emphasis>
|
||
, medial lip;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFEFEFADEC70D9D15" bold="true" box="[331,366,1337,1354]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">mpt</emphasis>
|
||
, medial process of tuber;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFDFCFADEC4379D15" bold="true" box="[585,596,1337,1354]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">n</emphasis>
|
||
, neck; ppt, proximal plantar tuberosity;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFC17FADEC5DA9D15" bold="true" box="[930,953,1337,1354]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">plt</emphasis>
|
||
, plantar tubercle;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFBE4FADEC20B9D15" bold="true" box="[1105,1128,1337,1354]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">pp</emphasis>
|
||
, peroneal process;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFABBFADEC3489D15" bold="true" box="[1294,1323,1337,1354]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">ptg</emphasis>
|
||
, plantar tendon groove;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFF7DFAB7C6BB9D3E" bold="true" box="[200,216,1360,1377]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">sf</emphasis>
|
||
, sustentacular facet;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFE39FAB7C7C29D3E" bold="true" box="[396,417,1360,1377]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">sg</emphasis>
|
||
, sagittal groove;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFD84FAB7C4259D3E" bold="true" box="[561,582,1360,1377]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">sit</emphasis>
|
||
, sinus of the tarsus;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFD41FAB7C5669D3E" bold="true" box="[756,773,1360,1377]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">st</emphasis>
|
||
, sustentaculum tali;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFC04FAB7C5A19D3E" bold="true" box="[945,962,1360,1377]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">tc</emphasis>
|
||
, tuber calcanei;
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFBF8FAB7C2389D3E" bold="true" box="[1101,1115,1360,1377]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">tr</emphasis>
|
||
, trochlea. Scale bar: 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFADFFCFFF31F8B4C7669F32" blockId="8.[132,775,1875,2030]" box="[132,261,1875,1901]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFF31F8B4C7669F32" box="[132,261,1875,1901]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">Lateral view</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFADFFCFFF31F894C7B59FB1" blockId="8.[132,775,1875,2030]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">
|
||
The dorsal and ventral edges of the tuber are very slightly curved; the tuber is dorsoventrally wide. A well marked ridge is formed at the continuity of the peroneal process and join more distally the
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFEF5F834C7AC9FB2" box="[320,463,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">tuber calcanei</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFADFFCFFC98FA52C5CD9D90" blockId="8.[813,1455,1461,1583]" box="[813,942,1461,1487]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFC98FA52C5CD9D90" box="[813,942,1461,1487]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">Medial view</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFADFFCFFC98FA32C3689E71" blockId="8.[813,1455,1461,1583]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">
|
||
The groove for the plantar tendon (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFB01FA32C59E9E50" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">sulcus tendinis musculus flexor digiti lateralis</emphasis>
|
||
) is pronounced. The plantar tubercle is distally large, forming a distally oriented tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFADFFCFFC98F9B3C5C09E31" blockId="8.[813,1455,1620,1743]" box="[813,931,1620,1646]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFC98F9B3C5C09E31" box="[813,931,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">Distal view</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFADFFCFFC98F993C3CC9E91" blockId="8.[813,1455,1620,1743]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">The cuboid facet is very slightly concave, quite dorsoventrally thin and mediolaterally elongated. The plantar tubercle is ventrally broad. The edge separating these two structures is not very broad.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFADFFCFFC98F913C5A19F51" blockId="8.[813,1456,1780,1902]" box="[813,962,1780,1806]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFC98F913C5A19F51" box="[813,962,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">Proximal view</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFADFFCFFC98F8F3C2ED9F32" blockId="8.[813,1456,1780,1902]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">
|
||
The distal part of the
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFADFFCFFBA2F8F3C2C59F71" box="[1047,1190,1812,1838]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">tuber calcanei</emphasis>
|
||
has a rather oval surface that is slightly dorsoventrally elongated. A slightly curved groove is ventrally clearly visible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFADFFCFFC98F875C5DE9FF5" blockId="8.[813,1456,1938,2030]" box="[813,957,1938,1964]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">COMPARISON</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFADFFCFFC98F854C3D39FB1" blockId="8.[813,1456,1938,2030]" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">
|
||
These tarsal elements are all from Aubrelong (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7A888B6FFADFFCFFAB8F854C3399F92" box="[1293,1370,1971,1997]" name="France" pageId="8" pageNumber="311">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
, MP21; except two specimens whose exact locality is unknown).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFACFFCEFF31FF3EC47E9AED" blockId="9.[132,776,217,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFF31FF3EC73298AC" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[132,337,217,243]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFF31FF3EC73298AC" box="[132,337,217,243]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Cynodictis lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFE52FF3EC41D98AC" baseAuthorityName="Van Valen" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[487,638,217,243]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyaenodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Hyaenodonta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFD7DFF3DC6A5994C" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Hyaenodon</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFF7AFF1EC7A9994C" author="LAIZER L. & PARIEU J. DE" box="[207,458,249,275]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="442" refId="ref16970" refString="LAIZER L. & PARIEU J. DE 1838. - Description et determination d'une machoire fossile appartenant aun mammifere jusqu'a present inconnu, Hyaenodon leptorhynchus. Comptes-rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences 7: 442. https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 29662 / f 442. item" type="journal article" year="1838">Laizer & Parieu, 1838</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the Eocene of Europe [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFF3BFEFEC764996C" author="BASTL K." box="[142,263,281,307]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" refId="ref14703" refString="BASTL K. 2012. - Ecomorphology of the European Hyaenodon. PhD, University of Vienna, Fakultat fur Lebenswissenschaften, 300 p." type="book" year="2012">Bastl 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] and
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFEF9FEFEC473996C" box="[332,528,281,307]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Galecyon chronius</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFDACFEFEC4F8996C" author="ZACK S. P." box="[537,667,281,307]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="315 - 336" refId="ref20886" refString="ZACK S. P. 2011. - New species of the rare early Eocene creodont Galecyon and the radiation of early Hyaenodontidae. Journal of Paleontology 85 (2): 315 - 336. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 10 - 093.1" type="journal article" year="2011">Zack, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the Eocene of North America [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFE1FFEDEC414990B" author="ZACK S. P. & ROSE K. D." box="[426,631,313,340]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref20934" refString="ZACK S. P. & ROSE K. D. 2015. - The postcranial skeleton of Galecyon: evidence for morphological and locomotor diversity in early Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Hyaenodontida). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (6): 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0 2724634.2014. 1001492" type="journal article" year="2015">Zack & Rose 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]) in its astragalus morphology which displays an astragalar neck that is less distomedially oriented and mediolaterally thinner; a head that extends less on the medial part of the neck, and a medial edge of the head that is more pronounced (
|
||
<tableCitation id="D23DFD9DFFACFFCEFD13FE5FC495998C" box="[678,758,440,467]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="5.[561,572,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. — List of specimens used for the comparisons." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CBC098AEFFA0FFC2FD84FF3CC26798B3" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" tableUuid="CBC098AEFFA0FFC2FD84FF3CC26798B3">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Moreover, the plantar tendon groove is less pronounced than the proximal plantar tuberosity and the lateral process is slenderer than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFED2FDFFC4609A6D" baseAuthorityName="Van Valen" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[359,515,536,562]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyaenodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Hyaenodonta</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For the calcaneus, the cuboid facet of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFE81FDDFC7C89A0D" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[308,427,568,594]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFE81FDDFC7C89A0D" box="[308,427,568,594]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is less inclined than in
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFD00FDDFC76D9A2D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Indohyaenodon raoi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFEA0FDBFC4EC9A2D" author="BAJPAI S. & KAPUR V. V. & THEWISSEN J. G. M." box="[277,655,600,626]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="103 - 109" refId="ref14479" refString="BAJPAI S., KAPUR V. V. & THEWISSEN J. G. M. 2009. - Creodont and condylarth from the Cambay Shale (Early Eocene, 55 - 54 MA), Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, Western India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 54: 103 - 109." type="journal article" year="2009">Bajpai, Kapur & Thewissen, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Ypresian,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7A888B6FFACFFCEFF31FD9FC6A09ACD" box="[132,195,632,658]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFF64FD9FC7EC9ACC" author="RANA R. S. & KUMAR K. & ZACK S. P. & SOLE F. & ROSE K. D. & MISSIAEN P. & SINGH L. & SAHNI A. & SMITH T." box="[209,399,632,659]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" refId="ref18832" refString="RANA R. S., KUMAR K., ZACK S. P., SOLE F., ROSE K. D., MISSIAEN P., SINGH L., SAHNI A. & SMITH T. 2015. - Craniodental and postcranial morphology of Indohyaenodon raoi from the early Eocene of India, and its implications for ecology, phylogeny, and biogeography of hyaenodontid mammals. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: e 965308, 22 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0272463 4.2015. 965308" type="book" year="2015">
|
||
Rana
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFEA1FD9FC72F9ACD" box="[276,332,632,658]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFE63FD9FC4F89ACD" box="[470,667,632,658]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Galecyon chronius</emphasis>
|
||
(Eocene, North America;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFE8EFD7FC46E9AED" author="ZACK S. P. & ROSE K. D." box="[315,525,663,690]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref20934" refString="ZACK S. P. & ROSE K. D. 2015. - The postcranial skeleton of Galecyon: evidence for morphological and locomotor diversity in early Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Hyaenodontida). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (6): 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0 2724634.2014. 1001492" type="journal article" year="2015">Zack & Rose 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFACFFCEFF2EFD50C7059BCE" blockId="9.[132,776,217,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">
|
||
Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFE9BFD50C7D39A8E" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1880" box="[302,432,695,721]" class="Mammalia" family="Nimravidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Nimravidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFDBDFD50C5649A8E" box="[520,775,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Hoplophoneus primaevus</emphasis>
|
||
(Leidy & Owen, 1851) and
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFE1CFD3FC4179AAE" box="[425,628,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Nimravus brachyops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFD35FD3FC49C9AAD" author="COPE E. D." box="[640,767,728,754]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="63 - 78" refId="ref15365" refString="COPE E. D. 1878. - On some of the characters of the Miocene fauna of Oregon. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 18: 63 - 78. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 26877837" type="journal article" year="1878">Cope, 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (Oligocene, North America;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFE7DFD1FC4349B4E" author="BARRETT P. Z." box="[456,599,759,786]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="1658" refId="ref14538" refString="BARRETT P. Z. 2016. - Taxonomic and systematic revisions to the North American Nimravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora). PeerJ 4: e 1658. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 1658" type="journal article" year="2016">Barrett 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the astragalus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFF16FCFFC7799B6E" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[163,282,791,818]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFF16FCFFC7799B6E" box="[163,282,791,818]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a longer neck and the head extends less on the medial side of the neck. Its calcaneus has a thinner
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFF31FCB0C72A9B2E" box="[132,329,855,881]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">sustentaculum tali</emphasis>
|
||
and a shallower plantar tendon groove than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFF69FC90C7019BCE" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1880" box="[220,354,887,913]" class="Mammalia" family="Nimravidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Nimravidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFACFFCEFF2EFC70C5649C2F" blockId="9.[132,776,217,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">
|
||
Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFE89FC70C7C09BEE" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1880" box="[316,419,919,945]" class="Mammalia" family="Miacidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Miacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFDBDFC70C4089BEE" box="[520,619,919,945]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Vulpavus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFDC1FC70C5649BEE" author="MARSH O. C." box="[628,775,919,945]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="120 - 127" refId="ref17812" refString="MARSH O. C. 1871. - Notice of some new fossil mammals and birds from theTertiary formations of the West. American Journal of Science, Series 3 2: 120 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 2.8.120" type="journal article" year="1871">Marsh, 1871</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Eocene, North America;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFE2CFC50C4F39B8E" author="HEINRICH R. E. & ROSE K. D." box="[409,656,951,977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="279 - 305" refId="ref16255" refString="HEINRICH R. E. & ROSE K. D. 1997. - Postcranial morphology and locomotor behaviour of two early eocene miacoid carnivorans, Vulpavus and Didymictis. Palaeontology 40 (2): 279 - 305." type="journal article" year="1997">Heinrich & Rose 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the tarsal bones of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFF5FFC30C7029BAF" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[234,353,982,1009]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFF5FFC30C7029BAF" box="[234,353,982,1009]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are smaller, the neck of the astragalus is shorter and less medially projected, and the plantar tendon groove is less pronounced and less dorsally extended. Moreover, the
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFE9EFBD1C78C9C0F" box="[299,495,1078,1104]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">sustentaculum tali</emphasis>
|
||
is not as medially broad and proximally located, and the cuboid facet is less inclined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFACFFCEFF2EFB91C7BE9E50" blockId="9.[132,776,217,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFF2EFB91C70A9CCF" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[155,361,1142,1168]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFF2EFB91C70A9CCF" box="[155,361,1142,1168]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Cynodictis lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from Ursoidea (only modern forms because of the lack of ursid tarsal bones from the Paleogene or Miocene in the literature) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFDE4FB51C6DC9CAF" author="GAGNAISON C. & COSSARD B. & DECHAMPS M." pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="47 - 60" refId="ref15861" refString="GAGNAISON C., COSSARD B., & DECHAMPS M. 2017. - A propos de quelques dents et os de mammiferes carnivores du Miocene de l'Anjou-Touraine. Symbioses 35 - 36: 47 - 60." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Gagnaison
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFD65FB51C56B9C8F" box="[720,776,1206,1232]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), such as
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFE8DFB31C7B59CAF" box="[312,470,1238,1264]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFE8DFB31C7159CB0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[312,374,1238,1263]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Ursus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ursus</taxonomicName>
|
||
spelaeus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFE55FB31C4DE9CAF" author="ROSENMULLER J. C." box="[480,701,1238,1264]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" refId="ref19069" refString="ROSENMULLER J. C. 1794. - Quaedam de ossibus fossilibus animalis cuiusdam, historiam eius etcognitionem accuratiorem illustrantia. Dissertatio, quam d. 22. Octob. 1794 ad disputandumproposuit Ioannes Christ. Rosenmuller Hessberga-Francus, LL. AA. M. in Theatro anatomico Lipsiensi Prosector assumto socio Io. Chr. Aug. Heinroth Lips. Med. Stud. Cum tabula aenea, Leipzig, 34 p." type="book" year="1794">Rosenmüller, 1794</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(early Pleistocene of Europe;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFE25FB12C4339D4F" author="SANTI G. & ROSSI M. & FONTE A." box="[400,592,1269,1296]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="597 - 616" refId="ref19219" refString="SANTI G., ROSSI M. & FONTE A. 2005. - Morphometry of the limb bones of the Ursus spelaeus ROSENMULLER, 1794 from Valstrona (Piedmont-Northern Italy). Revue de Paleobiologie 24 (2): 597 - 616." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Santi
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFE66FB11C46F9D50" box="[467,524,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFD23FB11C73E9D6F" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Ursus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arctos">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFD23FB11C6C39D70" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Ursus arctos</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFF1FFAF2C73E9D6F" author="LINNAEUS C." box="[170,349,1301,1328]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" refId="ref17546" refString="LINNAEUS C. 1758. - Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Volume 1. Salvius, Holmiae, 824 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pleistocene of Europe;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFDCFFAF2C6DE9D0F" author="BARYSHNIKOV G. F." pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="3 - 22" refId="ref14605" refString="BARYSHNIKOV G. F. 2015. - Late Pleistocene Ursidae and Mustelidae remains (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Geographical Society Cave in the Russian far east. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 319 (1): 3 - 22." type="journal article" year="2015">Baryshnikov 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): the astragalus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFE21FAD1C46F9D10" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[404,524,1333,1360]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFE21FAD1C46F9D10" box="[404,524,1333,1360]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is thinner, the neck is much longer, and the trochlea is mediolaterally narrower and is not flattened proximodistally. The
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFDEFFA92C48C9DD0" box="[602,751,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">tuber calcanei</emphasis>
|
||
is less stockier and mediolaterally thinner. The
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFDC7FA72C6CB9D90" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">sustentaculum tali</emphasis>
|
||
is less distally positioned and its sustentacular facet is shorter, more rounded, and not as inclined in the medioproximal-laterodistal direction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFACFFCEFF2EF9F2C4FD9EB1" blockId="9.[132,776,217,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">
|
||
In comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFECEF9F3C7879E71" box="[379,484,1556,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Ailuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ailuridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFDF6F9F2C5649E71" box="[579,775,1556,1583]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Simocyon batalleri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFF39F9D3C77B9E10" author="VIRET J." box="[140,280,1588,1615]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="1 - 327" refId="ref20589" refString="VIRET J. 1929. - Les faunes de mammiferes de l'Oligocene superieur de la Limagne bourbonnaise. Annales de l'Universite de Lyon, nouvelle serie, 1, Science et Medecine 47: 1 - 327." type="journal article" year="1929">Viret, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (Miocene,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7A888B6FFACFFCEFE1CF9D3C78E9E11" box="[425,493,1588,1614]" name="Spain" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFE4EF9D3C4AB9E10" author="SALESA M. J. & ANTON M. & PEIGNE S. & MORALES J." box="[507,712,1588,1615]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="593 - 621" refId="ref19143" refString="SALESA M. J., ANTON M., PEIGNE S. & MORALES J. 2008. - Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152: 593 - 621. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00370. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Salesa
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFDFCF9D2C4E09E11" box="[585,643,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the astragalus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFEA3F9B3C7E69E31" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[278,389,1620,1646]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFEA3F9B3C7E69E31" box="[278,389,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">C.lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a shallower trochlea, a shorter and mediolaterally broader neck, and a less flattened head. The
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFF02F973C7199EF1" box="[183,378,1684,1710]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">sustentaculum tali</emphasis>
|
||
of the calcaneus is proximodistally thinner, the cuboid facet is more inclined and the plantar tendon groove is less marked than in
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFD97F933C4F49EB1" box="[546,663,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">S. batalleri</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFACFFCEFF2EF913C2E899CC" blockId="9.[132,776,217,2030]" lastBlockId="9.[813,1456,217,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">
|
||
Compared with mustelids such as
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFD9AF912C5649F51" box="[559,775,1781,1806]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFD9AF912C4189F51" box="[559,635,1781,1806]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Martes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Martes</taxonomicName>
|
||
sansaniensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFF31F8F3C7759F71" author="LARTET E." box="[132,278,1811,1838]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" refId="ref17126" refString="LARTET E. 1851. - Notice sur la colline de Sansan, suivie d'une recapitulation des diverses especes d'animaux vertebres fossiles, trouves soit a Sansan, soit dans d'autres gisements du terrain tertiaire du miocene dans le bassin sous-pyreneen. J. A. Portes, Auch, 45 p. https: // hdl. handle. net / 2027 / hvd. 32044107355059" type="book" year="1851">Lartet, 1851</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFE91F8F3C46D9F71" box="[292,526,1812,1838]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Ischyrictis zibethoides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFDA2F8F3C4AC9F71" author="BLAINVILLE H. - M. D. DE" box="[535,719,1812,1838]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" refId="ref14868" refString="BLAINVILLE H. - M. D. DE 1841. - Osteographie ou description iconographique comparee du squelette et du systeme dentaire des cinq classes d'animaux vertebres recents et fossiles pour servir de base a la zoologie et a la geologie - Mammiferes carnassiers: Des Petits-Ours (G. Subursus). J. B. Bailliere, Paris, 123 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 127351" type="book" year="1841">Blainville, 1841</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFF31F8D4C7069F12" box="[132,357,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Taxodon sansaniensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFEDBF8D3C79A9F11" author="LARTET E." box="[366,505,1843,1870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" refId="ref17126" refString="LARTET E. 1851. - Notice sur la colline de Sansan, suivie d'une recapitulation des diverses especes d'animaux vertebres fossiles, trouves soit a Sansan, soit dans d'autres gisements du terrain tertiaire du miocene dans le bassin sous-pyreneen. J. A. Portes, Auch, 45 p. https: // hdl. handle. net / 2027 / hvd. 32044107355059" type="book" year="1851">Lartet, 1851</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Miocene, Europe;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFD68F8D4C6889F31" author="PEIGNE S." pageId="9" pageNumber="312" refId="ref18322" refString="PEIGNE S. 2012. - Les Carnivora de Sansan, in PEIGNE S. & SEN S. (eds), Mammiferes de Sansan. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris: 559 - 660 (Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle; 203)." type="journal volume" year="2012">Peigné 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the astragalar neck of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFE41F8B3C4099F32" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[500,618,1875,1902]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFE41F8B3C4099F32" box="[500,618,1875,1902]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is shorter and less medially projected and the sustentacular facet is mediolaterally broader. The calcaneus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFDA7F873C4EB9FF2" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[530,648,1939,1966]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFDA7F873C4EB9FF2" box="[530,648,1939,1966]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a more inclined cuboid facet and a shorter plantar tubercle than in
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFF31F833C7409FB2" box="[132,291,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">M. sansaniensis</emphasis>
|
||
. The
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFEE8F834C4759FB2" box="[349,534,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">sustentaculum tali</emphasis>
|
||
is proximodistally and mediolaterally narrower, the
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFBD0FF3EC29598AC" box="[1125,1270,217,243]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">tuber calcanei</emphasis>
|
||
is mediolaterally thinner and the peroneal process is proximodistally broader than in
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFC3CFEFDC244996C" box="[905,1063,282,307]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">T. sansaniensis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFB8DFEFEC364996C" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[1080,1287,281,307]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFB8DFEFEC364996C" box="[1080,1287,281,307]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Cynodictis lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also exhibits a smaller calcaneus as compared with
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFB7DFEDDC33B990C" box="[1224,1368,313,339]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">I. zibethoides</emphasis>
|
||
, with a
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFC98FEBEC591992C" box="[813,1010,345,371]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">sustentaculum tali</emphasis>
|
||
that is proximodistally narrower and a thinner medial process of
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFBF9FE9FC2E799CD" box="[1100,1156,376,402]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">tuber</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFACFFCEFCF6FE7EC2369D6F" blockId="9.[813,1456,217,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">
|
||
All the features discussed above allow us to discriminate the Aubrelong amphicyonids from the other carnivorous groups recorded in Aubrelong and the Phosphorites du Quercy analysed in the framework of this study. The studied bones particularly resemble those of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFB48FDFFC3C89A6D" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1885" box="[1277,1451,536,562]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amphicyonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as the European
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFB98FDDFC28C9A0D" box="[1069,1263,568,594]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Amphicyon major</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFB4CFDDFC3CC9A0D" author="BLAINVILLE H. - M. D. DE" box="[1273,1455,568,594]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" refId="ref14868" refString="BLAINVILLE H. - M. D. DE 1841. - Osteographie ou description iconographique comparee du squelette et du systeme dentaire des cinq classes d'animaux vertebres recents et fossiles pour servir de base a la zoologie et a la geologie - Mammiferes carnassiers: Des Petits-Ours (G. Subursus). J. B. Bailliere, Paris, 123 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 127351" type="book" year="1841">Blainville, 1841</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Miocene) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFC1FFDBFC2469A2D" author="ARGOT C." box="[938,1061,600,626]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="65 - 106" refId="ref14304" refString="ARGOT C. 2010. - Morphofunctional analysis of the postcranium of Amphicyon major (Mammalia, Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the Miocene of Sansan (Gers, France) compared to three extant carnivores: Ursus arctos, Panthera leo, and Canis lupus. Geodiversitas 32 (1): 65 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2010 n 1 a 2" type="journal article" year="2010">Argot 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the North American
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFA89FDBFC5E79ACD" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Amphicyon galushai</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFC39FD9FC2719ACD" author="HUNT JR R. M." box="[908,1042,632,658]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="77 - 115" refId="ref16546" refString="HUNT JR R. M. 2003. - Intercontinental migration of large mammalian carnivores: earliest occurrence of the Old World beardog Amphicyon (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) in North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279: 77 - 115. http: // doi. org / cd 347 d" type="journal article" year="2003">Hunt, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFBF9FD9FC3219ACD" box="[1100,1346,632,658]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Daphoenodon superbus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFAFFFD9FC5059AED" author="PETERSON O." pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="21 - 72" refId="ref18410" refString="PETERSON O. 1907. - The Miocene beds of western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming and their vertebrate faunae. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 4: 21 - 72. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 39790849" type="journal article" year="1907">Peterson, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Miocene) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFC5AFD7FC20F9AED" author="HUNT JR R. M." box="[1007,1132,664,690]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref16603" refString="HUNT JR R. M. 2009. - Long-legged pursuit carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) from the early Miocene of north America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 318: 1 - 95. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 5948" type="journal article" year="2009">Hunt 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFBCFFD7FC2D09AED" author="HUNT JR R. M." box="[1146,1203,664,690]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="1 - 153" refId="ref16654" refString="HUNT JR R. M. 2011. - Evolution of large carnivores during the mid-cenozoic of North America: the Temnocyonine radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 358: 1 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 358.1" type="journal article" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In these four species, the head is mediolaterally broad and medially projected, while the trochlea is asymmetrical. Futhermore, the deep and relatively broad thochlea observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFABDFD1FC3E29B4E" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[1288,1409,759,786]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFABDFD1FC3E29B4E" box="[1288,1409,759,786]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a characteristic of large amphicyonids according
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFA8FFCF0C5CE9B0D" author="GAGNAISON C. & COSSARD B. & DECHAMPS M." pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="47 - 60" refId="ref15861" refString="GAGNAISON C., COSSARD B., & DECHAMPS M. 2017. - A propos de quelques dents et os de mammiferes carnivores du Miocene de l'Anjou-Touraine. Symbioses 35 - 36: 47 - 60." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Gagnaison
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFC98FCDFC53C9B0E" box="[813,863,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFC79FCD0C2C79B0E" box="[972,1188,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Amphicyon giganteus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFB1CFCD0C35B9B0D" author="SCHINZ H. R." box="[1193,1336,823,850]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" refId="ref19350" refString="SCHINZ H. R. 1825. - Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschiechte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von dem Herrn Ritter von Cuvier. Volume 4. Stuttgart and Tubingen, 792 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 120173" type="book" year="1825">Schinz, 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Moreover, some differences are noticeable: for instance, the average length of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFC74FC90C2559BCE" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[961,1078,887,913]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFC74FC90C2559BCE" box="[961,1078,887,913]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
astragali (
|
||
<quantity id="584765C3FFACFFCEFB12FC90C37E9BCE" box="[1191,1309,887,913]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.491" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" unit="mm" value="14.91">14.91 mm</quantity>
|
||
) is much less than the length of those of
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFBDCFC70C2A99BEF" box="[1129,1226,919,945]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">A. major</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFB6FFC70C3389BEE" box="[1242,1371,919,945]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">D. superbus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFA22FC70C5E09B8E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">A. galushai</emphasis>
|
||
(around
|
||
<quantity id="584765C3FFACFFCEFC51FC51C2579B8E" box="[996,1076,950,977]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and the neck in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFB5FFC50C33F9B8E" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[1258,1372,951,977]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFB5FFC50C33F9B8E" box="[1258,1372,951,977]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more elongated than in the other two species. The morphology of the calcaneus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFBB8FC11C2BD9C4F" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[1037,1246,1014,1040]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFBB8FC11C2BD9C4F" box="[1037,1246,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Cynodictis lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is close to that of
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFC98FBF1C58A9C6F" box="[813,1001,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Amphicyon major</emphasis>
|
||
. In these two species, the medial process of the
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFCCCFBD1C26C9C0F" box="[889,1039,1078,1104]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">tuber calcanei</emphasis>
|
||
is proximally longer than the lateral process, the sustentacular facet is prolonged on its proximal edge, the
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFC29FB91C2519CCF" box="[924,1074,1142,1168]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">tuber calcanei</emphasis>
|
||
is quite thick dorsoventrally, and the cuboid facet is inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis. However, the cuboid facet is more inclined and more concave, the peroneal process is less broad and the
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFADDFB31C5CD9D50" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">sustentaculum tali</emphasis>
|
||
is more distally prolonged in
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFB40FB12C3D39D50" box="[1269,1456,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Amphicyon major</emphasis>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFC31FAF2C22D9D70" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[900,1102,1301,1327]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFC31FAF2C22D9D70" box="[900,1102,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Cynodictis lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFACFFCEFCF6FAD2C2179F71" blockId="9.[813,1456,217,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">
|
||
The ratio of tarsal bone length/skull length of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFA8FFAD1C3CC9D10" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[1338,1455,1333,1360]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFA8FFAD1C3CC9D10" box="[1338,1455,1333,1360]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described here is similar to that of other amphicyonids. For instance, the ratio for
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFB81FA92C35D9DD0" box="[1076,1342,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Daphoenodon robustum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFAF2FA91C5049DF0" author="PETERSON O." pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="205 - 278" refId="ref18453" refString="PETERSON O. 1910. - Description of new carnivores from the Miocene of western Nebraska. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 4: 205 - 278. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34978348" type="journal article" year="1910">Peterson, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
ranges between 0.14 to 0.16 for the astragalus and 0.24 to 0.26 for the calcaneus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFB34FA52C29E9D90" author="HUNT JR R. M." box="[1153,1277,1461,1487]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref16603" refString="HUNT JR R. M. 2009. - Long-legged pursuit carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) from the early Miocene of north America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 318: 1 - 95. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 5948" type="journal article" year="2009">Hunt 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFA86FA52C3CB9D90" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[1331,1448,1461,1487]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFA86FA52C3CB9D90" box="[1331,1448,1461,1487]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the ratio for the astragalus ranges from 0.13 to 0.15 and for the calcaneus 0.18 to 0.26. This ratio is also close to that of modern ursids: 0.11 to 0.14 for the astragalus and 0.18 to 0.22 for the calcanueus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFBF6F9D3C3CB9E10" author="BARYSHNIKOV G. F. & BOESKOROV G. G." box="[1091,1448,1588,1615]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="71 - 75" refId="ref14649" refString="BARYSHNIKOV G. F. & BOESKOROV G. G. 2004. - Skull of the Pleistocene brown bear (Ursus arctos) from Yakutia, Russia. Russian Journal of Theriology 3 (2): 71 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / rusjtheriol. 03.2.04" type="journal article" year="2004">Baryshnikov & Boeskorov 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFC98F9B3C5969E30" author="BARYSHNIKOV G. F." box="[813,1013,1620,1647]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="3 - 22" refId="ref14605" refString="BARYSHNIKOV G. F. 2015. - Late Pleistocene Ursidae and Mustelidae remains (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Geographical Society Cave in the Russian far east. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 319 (1): 3 - 22." type="journal article" year="2015">Baryshnikov 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moreover, it is different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFAFAF9B2C5129ED1" baseAuthorityName="Van Valen" baseAuthorityYear="1967" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyaenodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Hyaenodonta</taxonomicName>
|
||
: astragalar ratio 0.09 to 0.11, and calcaneal ratio of 0.13 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFCDAF973C5869EF1" author="BASTL K." box="[879,997,1684,1710]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" refId="ref14703" refString="BASTL K. 2012. - Ecomorphology of the European Hyaenodon. PhD, University of Vienna, Fakultat fur Lebenswissenschaften, 300 p." type="book" year="2012">Bastl 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFBAEF973C2F39EF1" box="[1051,1168,1684,1710]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">S. batalleri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFB2AF973C36F9EF0" box="[1183,1292,1684,1711]" class="Mammalia" family="Ailuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ailuridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the astragalar ratio is 0.17 and the calcaneal ratio is 0.25. It is close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFC98F933C5C09EB1" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1852" box="[813,931,1748,1774]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFC98F933C5C09EB1" box="[813,931,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
regarding the ı (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFACFFCEFBEBF933C37F9EB1" author="SALESA M. J. & ANTON M. & PEIGNE S. & MORALES J." box="[1118,1308,1748,1774]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" pagination="593 - 621" refId="ref19143" refString="SALESA M. J., ANTON M., PEIGNE S. & MORALES J. 2008. - Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152: 593 - 621. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00370. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Salesa
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFB13F932C2BF9EB1" box="[1190,1244,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The lack of data in the literature prevents us from calculating ratios for other fossil carnivoran clades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFACFFCEFCF6F8D4C3D39FB1" blockId="9.[813,1456,217,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">
|
||
Furthermore, the use of other criteria, such as relative abundance and size, allow us to be more specific and to attribute these tarsal bones to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFACFFCEFB24F894C59D9FF1" authority="(Priabonian-Rupelian)" baseAuthorityName="Priabonian-Rupelian" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFACFFCEFB24F894C3069FD2" box="[1169,1381,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="312">Cynodictis lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
(Priabonian-Rupelian)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, primarily because this species is the only amphicyonid recognized based on dental and cranial elements in the Aubrelong locality (K. Le Verger pers. obs.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFAFFFCDFE9FFF3FC40198AC" blockId="10.[298,610,216,243]" box="[298,610,216,243]" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">
|
||
<heading id="C4487F4AFFAFFFCDFE9FFF3FC40198AC" box="[298,610,216,243]" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFAFFFCDFE9FFF3FC47F98AC" box="[298,540,216,243]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Gen. indet." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">AMPHICYONIDAE Gen.</taxonomicName>
|
||
indet.
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFAFFFCDFF31FEF4C73A9A45" blockId="10.[132,776,275,1146]" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">
|
||
NEWLY REFERRED SPECIMENS. —
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFAFFFCDFE44FEF4C43A9974" bold="true" box="[497,601,275,299]" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">Astragali.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphotype 1: MNHN.F.Qu9986, MNHN.F.Qu10038, KUL.PLV1542.1, KUL. PLV1542_2, KUL.PLV1542_3, KUL.PLV1542_4. — Morphotype 2: MNHN.F.Qu10231, KUL.PLV1542_5, KUL.PLV1542_6, KUL.PLV1542_7, KUL.PLV1542_8. — Morphotype 3: MNHN.F.Qu9570, MNHN.F.Qu9758, MNHN.F.Qu10369, MNHN.F.Qu10368, MNHN.F.Qu10372, MNHN.F.Qu10371, MNHN.F.Qu10042, MNHN.F.Qu10367, ULgPA.17.175_1, ULgPA.17.175_2, ULgPA.17.175_3. — Morphotype 4: MNHN.F.Qu10039.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFAFFFCDFF31FDFBC4C19C25" blockId="10.[132,776,275,1146]" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFAFFFCDFF31FDFBC6B49A6B" bold="true" box="[132,215,540,564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">Calcanei</emphasis>
|
||
. Morphotype A: MNHN.F.Qu9845, MNHN.F.Qu10095, MNHN.F.Qu10230, MNHN.F.Qu10237, MNHN.F.Qu10284, MNHN.F.Qu10282, MNHN.F.Qu10344, MNHN.F.Qu10350, MNHN.F.Qu10349, MNHN.F.Qu10347, MNHN.F.Qu10351, ULgPA.17.170_1, ULgPA.17.170_2, ULgPA.17.170_3, ULgPA.17.170_4, ULgPA.17.170_5, ULgPA.17.170_6, ULgPA.1 7.1 70_7, UL gPA. 17. 170_ 8, U LgPA. 17. 170_9, ULgPA.17.170_10, ULgPA.17.170_11, ULgPA.17.170_12, ULgPA.17.170_13, ULgPA.17.170_14, ULgPA.17.170_15, ULgPA.17.170_16, ULgPA.17.170_17, ULgPA.17.170_18, ULgPA.17.170_19, KUL.PLV1542_9, KUL.PLV1542_10, KUL.PLV1542_11, KUL.PLV1542_12, KUL.PLV1542_13, KUL.PLV1542_14, KUL.PLV1542_15, KUL.PLV1542_16, KUL.PLV1542_17, KUL.PLV1542_18, KUL.PLV1542_19, KUL.PLV1542_20, KUL.PLV1542_21, KUL.PLV1542_22, KUL.PLV1542_23. — Morphotype B: MNHN.F.Qu10399, MNHN.F.Qu10005, MNHN.F.Qu10003, MNHN.F.Qu9775, MNHN.F.Qu10002, MNHN.F.Qu10381, MNHN.F.Qu10239, MNHN.F.Qu10346, MNHN.F.Qu9987, ULgPA.17.170_20, ULgPA.17.170_21, ULgPA.17.170_22, ULgPA.17.170_23, ULgPA.17.170_24, ULgPA.17.170_25, KUL.PLV1542_24, KUL. PLV1542_25, KUL.PLV1542_26, KUL.PLV1542_27, KUL. PLV1542_28. — Morphotype C: KUL.PLV1542_29.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFAFFFCDFF31FB75C5649CF4" blockId="10.[132,775,1170,1195]" box="[132,775,1170,1195]" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. — MP18-MP30; Priabonian-Chattian.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFAFFFCDFF31FB23C4A99C83" blockId="10.[132,714,1220,1244]" box="[132,714,1220,1244]" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">
|
||
LOCALITY. — Quercy (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7A888B6FFAFFFCDFED0FB23C7C89C83" box="[357,427,1220,1244]" name="France" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
), exact locality not indicated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFAFFFCDFF31FAF2C4299D73" blockId="10.[132,776,1301,1775]" box="[132,586,1301,1327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">REMARKS ON NEWLY REFERRED SPECIMENS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFAFFFCDFF31FAD2C4C39EB0" blockId="10.[132,776,1301,1775]" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">
|
||
These fossils are identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFAFFFCDFE03FAD2C4389D10" box="[438,603,1333,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amphicyonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of their relative abundances, size, morphological similarities with European and North American amphicyonids and with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58BFB3A5FFAFFFCDFD2CFA92C5649DD0" box="[665,775,1397,1423]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFAFFFCDFD2CFA92C5649DD0" box="[665,775,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described above, together with morphological differences from other carnivoran clades (
|
||
<tableCitation id="D23DFD9DFFAFFFCDFEC9FA52C7A59D90" box="[380,454,1461,1487]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="5.[561,572,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. — List of specimens used for the comparisons." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CBC098AEFFA0FFC2FD84FF3CC26798B3" pageId="10" pageNumber="313" tableUuid="CBC098AEFFA0FFC2FD84FF3CC26798B3">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Moreover, relative abundance and body mass criteria support our identifications (see below). Although these bones are similar enough to those of amphicyonids to all be assigned to this family, morphological differences are noticeable between all these different specimens. These differences are perhaps representative of several amphicyonid genera or species, but so far more precise attribution is not possible, for lack of reliable arguments. For these reasons, they remain grouped into several morphotypes in this study, based on morphology and size (see Comparison for more details).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFAFFFCDFF31F8F4C7FB9F74" blockId="10.[132,775,1811,2030]" box="[132,408,1811,1837]" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFAFFFCDFF31F8F4C7629F74" box="[132,257,1811,1837]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">ASTRAGALUS</emphasis>
|
||
DESCRIPTIONS
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F00C826FFAFFFCDFF31F8D4C24599AD" blockId="10.[132,775,1811,2030]" lastBlockId="10.[813,1456,217,498]" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">
|
||
This set of astragalus morphotypes has the following characteristics. The trochlea is asymmetrical. Its mediolateral length is shorter than its proximodistal length. The axis of elongation of the trochlea is inclined relative to that of the neck. A depression is formed proximal to the fibular facet. The ectal facet is concave, proximodistally elongated and more distally thin. The sinus of the tarsus (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFAFFFCDFC4FFF3DC2CF98AC" box="[1018,1196,218,244]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">sinus tarsi – sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB2EB5D7FFAFFFCDFB01FF3EC32098AC" author="SCHALLER O." box="[1204,1347,217,243]" pageId="10" pageNumber="313" refId="ref19327" refString="SCHALLER O. 2007. - Illustrated Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature. 2 nd edition. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, 614 p." type="book" year="2007">Schaller 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is deeply excavated. The sustentacular facet rises proximomedially towards the plantar tendon groove (for the
|
||
<emphasis id="ADCB1434FFAFFFCDFB25FEFEC3E4996C" box="[1168,1415,281,307]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="313">flexor digitorum fibularis</emphasis>
|
||
), as well as distolaterally to the head. This head is strongly distally convex and has a ventral extension that reaches back to the sustentacular facet.The head is dorsoventrally flattened, thinner on the medial side and wider on its lateral side. Four morphotypes are recognized among this sample of astragali due to differences in size and morphology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |