602 lines
69 KiB
XML
602 lines
69 KiB
XML
<document id="7C8EE3078D7379A70B88F90A7E79BFDE" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.213236" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e70c227b-e9a1-4ca5-a494-91dba1adb191" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="213236" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460483461760" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Galea, Horia R. & Schories, Dirk" docDate="2012" docId="170887E3F447161AFF194EC4EEB52159" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03321p021.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3321" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Staurocladia charcoti Bedot 1908" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="EB31FF9BF446161FFF8E4803EF1C224D" masterDocTitle="Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica" masterLastPageNumber="21" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698308235527" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="C7ED219D5FF1AF1D2B0DF2E2569B820B">Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D85DDFF05CCF40B47CDCD2E816F3EBB7">Schories, Dirk</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1AF29FFF7B507D280AB2F2C4C60BFEF7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="942C271E118E1A4F9ECBE4EC6BDF539B">2012</mods:date>
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<treatment id="170887E3F447161AFF194EC4EEB52159" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4630840" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119517749" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4630840" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:170887E3F447161AFF194EC4EEB52159" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/170887E3F447161AFF194EC4EEB52159" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="D7BB657EF447161EFF194EC4EE172549" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F447161EFF194EC4ED2924AD" blockId="1.[151,565,1735,1796]" box="[151,565,1735,1760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<heading id="C4568199F447161EFF194EC4ED2924AD" bold="true" box="[151,565,1735,1760]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F447161EFF194EC4ED2924AD" ID-CoL="4ZM2F" authority="Bedot, 1908" authorityName="Bedot" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,565,1735,1760]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="charcoti">
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<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F447161EFF194EC4ED2924AD" bold="true" box="[151,565,1735,1760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F447161EFF194EC4EE9324AD" bold="true" box="[151,399,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Staurocladia charcoti</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F447161EFE104EC4ED3024AD" author="Bedot" box="[414,556,1735,1760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Bedot, M. (1908) Sur un animal pelagique de la region antarctique. In: Joubin, L. (Ed), Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1903 - 1905) commandee par le Dr Jean Charcot, Masson et C ie, Paris, pp. 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1908">Bedot, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F447161EFF194EEFEE172549" blockId="1.[151,565,1735,1796]" box="[151,267,1772,1796]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">(Pl. 1F–L)</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D7BB657EF447161CFF194F37EDBE2365" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F447161EFF194F37ED372504" blockId="1.[151,1436,1843,2019]" box="[151,555,1843,1866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="BFB111DBF447161EFF194F37ED372504" box="[151,555,1843,1866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F447161EFF194F37EEF72504" authority="Bedot, 1908: 1" authorityName="Bedot" authorityPageNumber="1" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,491,1843,1866]" class="Malacostraca" family="Eophliantidae" genus="Wandelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charcoti">
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<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F447161EFF194F37EE4C2507" box="[151,336,1844,1866]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Wandelia charcoti</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F447161EFEDB4F30EEF72504" author="Bedot" box="[341,491,1843,1865]" page="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1908">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F447161EFEDB4F30EEC82504" author="Bedot" box="[341,468,1843,1865]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Bedot, M. (1908) Sur un animal pelagique de la region antarctique. In: Joubin, L. (Ed), Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1903 - 1905) commandee par le Dr Jean Charcot, Masson et C ie, Paris, pp. 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1908">Bedot, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 1
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, pl. 1.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F447161EFF194F51EC402525" blockId="1.[151,1436,1843,2019]" box="[151,860,1874,1896]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BFB111DBF447161EFF194F51EC402525" box="[151,860,1874,1896]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F447161EFF194F51EE402525" box="[151,348,1874,1896]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Eleutheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="charcoti">
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<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F447161EFF194F51EE402525" box="[151,348,1874,1896]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Eleutheria charcoti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F447161EFEF24F50ED2F2525" author="Browne" box="[380,563,1875,1896]" page="27" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1910">
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<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F447161EFEF24F50ED122525" author="Browne" box="[380,526,1875,1896]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Browne, E. T. (1910) Coelenterata. V. - Medusae. In: National Antarctic Expedition. Natural History, 5, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1910">Browne, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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: 27
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</treatmentCitation>
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. —
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<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F447161EFDD64F51EC392525" author="Gilchrist" box="[600,805,1874,1896]" page="519" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1919">
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<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F447161EFDD64F51EDEE2525" author="Gilchrist" box="[600,754,1874,1896]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Gilchrist, J. D. F. (1919) On a species of crawling medusa, Eleutheria, from the Cape of Good Hope (Cnidonema capensis, g. et sp. n.) and the Southern Eleutheriae. The Quarterly Journal of the Microscopical Science, 63 (4), 509 - 529." type="journal article" year="1919">Gilchrist, 1919</bibRefCitation>
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: 519
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, 520.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F447161EFF194F72EE3B25EB" blockId="1.[151,1436,1843,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BFB111DBF447161EFF194F72EE3B25EB" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F447161EFF194F72EE6E25CA" ID-CoL="4ZM2F" box="[151,370,1905,1927]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="charcoti">
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<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F447161EFF194F72EE6E25CA" box="[151,370,1905,1927]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Staurocladia charcoti</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F447161EFE1F4F71EDA025CA" author="Browne" box="[401,700,1906,1927]" page="278" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1939">
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<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F447161EFE1F4F71ED9525CA" author="Browne" box="[401,649,1906,1927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Browne, E. T. & Kramp, P. L. (1939) Hydromedusae from the Falkland Islands. Discovery Reports, 18, 265 - 322." type="journal article" year="1939">Browne & Kramp, 1939</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 278
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
. —
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||
<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F447161EFD6E4F71EC9025CA" author="Kramp" box="[736,908,1905,1927]" page="98" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1959">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F447161EFD6E4F71EC7B25CA" author="Kramp" box="[736,871,1905,1927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1959) The hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report, 46, 1 - 283." type="journal article" year="1959">Kramp, 1959</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 98
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 60; 1961: 61; 1968: 24, fig. 57A. —
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||
<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F447161EFAA24F72EE3F25EB" author="O'Sullivan" page="25" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1982">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F447161EFAA24F72EFE125E8" author="O'Sullivan" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="O'Sullivan, D. (1982) A guide to the hydromedusae of Southern Ocean and adjacent waters. A. N. A. R. E. Research Notes, 5, 1 - 137." type="journal article" year="1982">O'Sullivan, 1982</bibRefCitation>
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: 25
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F447161EFF194FACEE8925AE" blockId="1.[151,1436,1843,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BFB111DBF447161EFF194FACEE8925AE" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F447161EFF194FACED392589" ID-CoL="6F4KS" authority="Browne, 1910: 28" authorityName="Browne" authorityPageNumber="28" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,549,1967,1989]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Eleutheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hodgsoni">
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<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F447161EFF194FACEE792588" box="[151,357,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Eleutheria hodgsoni</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F447161EFEE24FACED392589" author="Browne" box="[364,549,1967,1988]" page="28" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1910">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F447161EFEE24FACEEE32589" author="Browne" box="[364,511,1967,1988]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Browne, E. T. (1910) Coelenterata. V. - Medusae. In: National Antarctic Expedition. Natural History, 5, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1910">Browne, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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: 28
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, pl. 3, figs 1–4 (
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||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F447161EFD434FACEC362589" bold="true" box="[717,810,1967,1988]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">syn. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
). —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F447161EFCD54FADEB342589" author="Gilchrist" box="[859,1064,1966,1988]" page="519" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1919">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F447161EFCD54FADECE92589" author="Gilchrist" box="[859,1013,1966,1988]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Gilchrist, J. D. F. (1919) On a species of crawling medusa, Eleutheria, from the Cape of Good Hope (Cnidonema capensis, g. et sp. n.) and the Southern Eleutheriae. The Quarterly Journal of the Microscopical Science, 63 (4), 509 - 529." type="journal article" year="1919">Gilchrist, 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 519
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 520. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F447161EFB0E4FACEA3E2589" author="Kramp" box="[1152,1314,1967,1988]" page="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1948">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F447161EFB0E4FACEA152589" author="Kramp" box="[1152,1289,1967,1988]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1948) Medusae collected by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 03. Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903 under the direction of Dr. Otto Nordenskjold, 4 (1), 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1948">Kramp, 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 2
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F447161EFAC94FACEE4025AE" author="Mann" page="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1950">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F447161EFAC94FACEE5825AE" author="Mann" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Mann, G. & Zapfe, H. (1950) Staurocladia hodgsoni, nueva medusa para Chile. Investigaciones Zoologicas Chilenas, 1 (2), 7 - 8." type="journal article" year="1950">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F447161EFAC94FACEA9D2589" box="[1351,1409,1967,1988]" name="Isle of Man" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Mann</collectingCountry>
|
||
& Zapfe, 1950
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 7
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F444161DFF194E6AEC9425A3" blockId="2.[151,1436,1640,2030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F444161DFF194E6AEE1F2433" bold="true" box="[151,259,1641,1662]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">PLATE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
A–E:
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||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F444161DFEC94E6BEDD42432" ID-CoL="6MHNJ" authority="Hartlaub, 1904" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1904" box="[327,712,1640,1663]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F444161DFEC94E6BED042432" box="[327,536,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hydractinia angusta</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F444161DFDA84E6BEDDD2432" author="Hartlaub" box="[550,705,1640,1663]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1904) Hydroiden. In: Expedition antarctique Belge. Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897 - 1899. Rapports scientifiques, Zoologie, 1 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1904">Hartlaub, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
— colony on worm tube, in life (A); preserved material, details showing gastro- and gonozooids (B), spines protruding from the superficial sheet of naked coenosarc (C), some being contiguous with each other (D), and having their surface provided with low ridges (E). F–L:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F444161DFC4B4EA5EA2D24F1" ID-CoL="4ZM2F" authority="Bedot, 1908" authorityName="Bedot" authorityYear="1908" box="[965,1329,1701,1724]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="charcoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F444161DFC4B4EA5EBBC24F1" box="[965,1184,1702,1724]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Staurocladia charcoti</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F444161DFB224EA6EA3624F1" author="Bedot" box="[1196,1322,1701,1724]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Bedot, M. (1908) Sur un animal pelagique de la region antarctique. In: Joubin, L. (Ed), Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1903 - 1905) commandee par le Dr Jean Charcot, Masson et C ie, Paris, pp. 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1908">Bedot, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
— female (F) and male (G) medusae, the latter showing the ornamentation due to the pigment granules in the endoderm; medusae foraging (H, I); exumbrellar view of a medusa stained
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F444161DFD064EE7EDD524B4" box="[648,713,1764,1785]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">in toto</emphasis>
|
||
and seen with transmitted (J) and incident (K) light, demonstrating that radial canals are unbranched; basal pad of nematocysts clasping around for a certain distance of the circumference of a tentacle (L, arrows), seen in aboral view. M–Q:
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||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F444161DFDAB4F23EC83257A" ID-CoL="5WXSR" authority="Manton, 1940" authorityName="Manton" authorityYear="1940" box="[549,927,1824,1847]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" genus="Candelabrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="penola">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F444161DFDAB4F23EDE7257B" box="[549,763,1824,1846]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Candelabrum penola</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F444161DFC864F22EC85257A" author="Manton" box="[776,921,1825,1847]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Manton, S. M. (1940) On two new species of the hydroid Myriothela. Scientific Reports of the British Graham Land Expedition, 1 (4), 255 - 293." type="journal article" year="1940">Manton, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
— specimen in life (M); preserved material, basal part showing blastostyle region (below) and lower portion of the tentacle region above (N); detail of the blastostyle region (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F444161DFA0E4F43EA8F2518" box="[1408,1427,1856,1877]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and three isolated blastostyles showing gonophores and tentaculate lobes (P); transverse section through the tentacle region (Q) showing capitate tentacles (left) and endodermal folds (right). R:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F444161DFCA74F7FEBED25DE" authority="Lamouroux, 1824" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1824" box="[809,1265,1916,1939]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Sertularella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gaudichaudi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F444161DFCA74F7FEB3A25DF" box="[809,1062,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Sertularella gaudichaudi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F444161DFBBC4F7EEBF625DE" author="Lamouroux" box="[1074,1258,1917,1939]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1824) Description des polypiers flexibles. In: Quoy, J. R. C. & Gaimard, J. P. (Eds.), Voyage autour du monde, entrepris par ordre du Roi, execute sur les corvettes de S. M. l'Uranie et la Physicienne, pendant les annees 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820. Zoologie, Pillet Aine, Paris, pp. 603 - 643." type="journal article" year="1824">Lamouroux, 1824</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
— colony in life and female gonotheca (insert); the reddish tinge in some parts of the colony is due to biofilm on surface. S:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F444161DFB6A4F98ED1C259D" authority="Jaderholm, 1905" authorityName="Jaderholm" authorityYear="1905" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Symplectoscyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cumberlandicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F444161DFB6A4F98EE25259D" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Symplectoscyphus cumberlandicus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F444161DFEC44FB9EEE5259D" author="Jaderholm" box="[330,505,1978,2000]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1905) Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren gesammelt von der schwedischen Sudpolar- Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 5 (8), 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="1905">Jäderholm, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
— living colony. T:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F444161DFD694FB9EB78259D" ID-CoL="74YHC" authority="Broch, 1948" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1948" box="[743,1124,1978,2000]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Orthopyxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="norvegiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F444161DFD694FB9ECDB259D" box="[743,967,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Orthopyxis norvegiae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F444161DFC574FB9EB41259D" author="Broch" box="[985,1117,1978,2000]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Broch, H. (1948) Antarctic hydroids. Scientific Results of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition 1927 - 1928, 28, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1948">Broch, 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
— preserved male (left) and female (right) gonothecae showing gonophores (scale bar equals 500 µm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F445161CFF19489BEEB42281" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,296]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BFB111DBF445161CFF19489BEEB42281" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F445161CFF19489BEE6722E3" ID-CoL="4ZM2H" box="[151,379,152,174]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hodgsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFF19489BEE6722E3" box="[151,379,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Staurocladia hodgsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F445161CFE15489AEDD922E0" author="Browne" box="[411,709,152,174]" page="278" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1939">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F445161CFE15489AED8F22E0" author="Browne" box="[411,659,152,174]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Browne, E. T. & Kramp, P. L. (1939) Hydromedusae from the Falkland Islands. Discovery Reports, 18, 265 - 322." type="journal article" year="1939">Browne & Kramp, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 278
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F445161CFD66489AEC8922E0" author="Kramp" box="[744,917,152,174]" page="98" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1959">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F445161CFD66489AEC6C22E3" author="Kramp" box="[744,880,152,174]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1959) The hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report, 46, 1 - 283." type="journal article" year="1959">Kramp, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 98
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 61; 1961: 61; 1968: 24, figs 56, 57B. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F445161CFAD2489BEE7D2281" author="O'Sullivan" page="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1982">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F445161CFAD2489BEE202281" author="O'Sullivan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="O'Sullivan, D. (1982) A guide to the hydromedusae of Southern Ocean and adjacent waters. A. N. A. R. E. Research Notes, 5, 1 - 137." type="journal article" year="1982">O'Sullivan, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 25
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 9.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F445161CFF1948D6EDBE2365" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,296]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BFB111DBF445161CFF1948D6EDBE2365" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F445161CFF1948D6EE7422A6" ID-CoL="398V7" box="[151,360,213,235]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Eleutheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vallentini">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFF1948D6EE7422A6" box="[151,360,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Eleutheria vallentini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F445161CFE0948D6ED7822A7" author="Vanhoffen" box="[391,612,213,235]" page="201" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1911">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F445161CFE0948D6ED2E22A7" author="Vanhoffen" box="[391,562,213,235]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1911) Die Anthomedusen und Leptomedusen der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898 - 1899. Deutsche Tiefsee- Expedition 1898 - 1899, 19 (5), 193 - 233." type="journal article" year="1911">Vanhöffen, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 201
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 5, pl. 22 figs 1, 2; 1913: 357 [not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F445161CFC6248D6EA6222A6" ID-CoL="4ZM2P" authority="Browne, 1902" authorityName="Browne" authorityYear="1902" box="[1004,1406,213,235]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vallentini">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFC6248D6EBCF22A6" box="[1004,1235,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Staurocladia vallentini</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F445161CFB6E48D6EA6A22A6" author="Browne" box="[1248,1398,213,235]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Browne, E. T. (1902) A preliminary report on hydromedusae from the Falkland Islands. Annals and Magazine of natural History, (7) 9 (52), 272 - 284." type="journal article" year="1902">Browne, 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
].
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F445161CFF1948F7ED4B2344" authority="Gilchrist, 1919: 521" authorityName="Gilchrist" authorityPageNumber="521" authorityYear="1919" box="[151,599,243,266]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Eleutheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kerguelensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFF1948F7EE9A2347" box="[151,390,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Eleutheria kerguelensis</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F445161CFE0248F0ED4B2344" author="Gilchrist" box="[396,599,243,265]" page="521" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1919">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F445161CFE0248F0ED3B2344" author="Gilchrist" box="[396,551,243,265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Gilchrist, J. D. F. (1919) On a species of crawling medusa, Eleutheria, from the Cape of Good Hope (Cnidonema capensis, g. et sp. n.) and the Southern Eleutheriae. The Quarterly Journal of the Microscopical Science, 63 (4), 509 - 529." type="journal article" year="1919">Gilchrist, 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 521
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFDE848F7EDDF2344" bold="true" box="[614,707,244,265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">syn. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
). —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F445161CFD7D48F0ECD82344" author="O'Sullivan" box="[755,964,243,265]" page="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1982">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F445161CFD7D48F0EC832344" author="O'Sullivan" box="[755,927,243,265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="O'Sullivan, D. (1982) A guide to the hydromedusae of Southern Ocean and adjacent waters. A. N. A. R. E. Research Notes, 5, 1 - 137." type="journal article" year="1982">O'Sullivan, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 29
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 10. not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F445161CFF334911EEDF2365" ID-CoL="WJG5" box="[189,451,274,296]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kerguelensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFF334911EEDF2365" box="[189,451,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Staurocladia kerguelensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1E0010E4F445161CFE6D4910ED822365" author="Kramp" box="[483,670,274,296]" page="155" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1957">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F445161CFE6D4910ED702365" author="Kramp" box="[483,620,274,296]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1957) Medusae. B. A. N. Z. A. R. E. Reports, Ser. B, 6 (8), 151 - 164." type="journal article" year="1957">Kramp, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 155
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D7BB657EF445161CFF194956ED2D2095" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F445161CFF194956ED2D2095" blockId="3.[151,1437,341,1669]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFF194956EE602323" bold="true" box="[151,380,341,366]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFE024956EEE52323" bold="true" box="[396,505,341,366]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Stn.
|
||
<collectionCode id="F9B0AE30F445161CFE4A4956EEE52323" box="[452,505,341,366]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jq83-nt2d" name="Shimonoseki University of Fisheries" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">SUF</collectionCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<date id="EB1F1035F445161CFDA64956ED8F2320" box="[552,659,341,365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2011-01-30">30.i.2011</date>
|
||
, Ant.19/2011 (
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F445161CFCCE4956EC6E2320" box="[832,882,341,365]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="9.0">9 m</quantity>
|
||
): two medusae, umbrella diameter 5 and
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F445161CFADC4956EA8B2320" box="[1362,1431,341,365]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively, both with 10 radial canals, and
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFD29497EEDDE23D9" box="[679,706,381,404]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 56 and 65 tentacles1, respectively, former female, latter male (MHNG-INVE-79805).
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFE27499CED0823F5" bold="true" box="[425,532,415,440]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stn. PRZ</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<date id="EB1F1035F445161CFDCE49A3EDAF23F5" box="[576,691,416,440]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2011-02-17">17.ii.2011</date>
|
||
, Ant.17/2011 (
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F445161CFCD449A3EC8423F5" box="[858,920,416,440]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
|
||
): a medusa, umbrella diameter
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F445161CFB7649A2EA2723F5" box="[1272,1339,417,440]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 9 radial canals,
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFF6349C6EE142391" box="[237,264,453,476]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 55 tentacles, female (MHNG-INVE-79801); Ant.20/2011 (
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F445161CFC3749C7ECE52391" box="[953,1017,452,476]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
|
||
): two medusae, umbrella diameter 4 and
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F445161CFF4849EBEE14204D" box="[198,264,488,512]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 12 and 11 radial canals,
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFDAE49EAED26204D" box="[544,570,489,512]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 55 and 37 tentacles, female and male, respectively; Ant.21/2011 (
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F445161CFAAC49EBEA43204D" box="[1314,1375,488,512]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
|
||
): two medusae, umbrella diameter 5.5 and 6.0 mm, both with 10 radial canals,
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFC434A0EECFB2069" box="[973,999,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 48 and 47 tentacles, respectively, former male, latter female (MHNG-INVE-79802).
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFD5F4A2CEC5D2005" bold="true" box="[721,833,559,584]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stn. ESC</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<date id="EB1F1035F445161CFCF74A33ECF02005" box="[889,1004,560,584]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2011-02-01">01.ii.2011</date>
|
||
, Ant.18/2011 (
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F445161CFB114A33EBFE2005" box="[1183,1250,560,584]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="19.0">19 m</quantity>
|
||
): two medusae, umbrella diameter 3 and
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F445161CFE374A57EEE32021" box="[441,511,596,620]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 10 and 9 radial canals,
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFC924A56EC2A2021" box="[796,822,597,620]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 27 and 34 tentacles, respectively, both male (largest medusa as MHNG-INVE-79804);
|
||
<date id="EB1F1035F445161CFDAF4A7BED8820DD" box="[545,660,632,656]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2011-02-05">05.ii.2011</date>
|
||
, Ant.22/2011 (
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F445161CFCCE4A7BEC7220DD" box="[832,878,632,656]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="9.0">9 m</quantity>
|
||
): four medusae, umbrella diameter 3, 3, 5 and
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F445161CFA004A7BEFD920F9" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, with 10, 9, 7 and 10 radial canals, and
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFD1B4A9EEDB320F9" box="[661,687,669,692]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 36, 31, 40 and 62 tentacles, sexes male, male, female and male, respectively (MHNG-INVE-79803).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D7BB657EF445161CFF494AE0EE6E269D" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F445161CFF494AE0EE6E269D" blockId="3.[151,1437,341,1669]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFF494AE0EE4D20B1" bold="true" box="[199,337,739,764]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description</emphasis>
|
||
. Umbrella watch glass shaped in young individuals (Pl. 1 F, G), to nearly hemispherical in somewhat contracted, older specimens (Pl.
|
||
<date id="EB1F1035F445161CFDCA4B0BED40216D" box="[580,604,776,800]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1I</date>
|
||
); diameter up to
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F445161CFC914B0BEC78216D" box="[799,868,776,800]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
; mesoglea rather thin and transparent. Manubrium conical, partly projecting through the aperture of the broad velum; surface of manubrium with a number of longitudinal creases, more obvious in older specimens; terminally crowded with nematocysts. Radial canals varied in number (up to 12), ending in circular canal; number increasing with age. Endoderm above middle part of radial canals containing dark-pigmented bodies organized so as to take the shape of lateral, often divided, anastomozing "branches" (Pl. 1G). Tentacles, up to at least
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F445161CFD1B4BBFEDD32199" box="[661,719,956,980]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6509999999999998" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="in" value="65.0">65 in</quantity>
|
||
fixed specimens, closely packed together around margin of the umbrella; divided immediately above origin into a upper and lower branches; upper branch with an apical nematocyst knob and additional clusters placed alternately on the lateral sides; up to 16 on each side; lower branch without nematocyst clusters, ending in adhesive, flattened disk. On the proximal most, oral side of the main stem of the tentacles, conspicuous pads of nematocysts clasping around for a certain distance of the circumference of the tentacles, not fused laterally so as to form a continuous ring; an ocellus at each tentacle base on aboral side. Gonads around the manubrium, never topping the radial canals; eggs randomly arranged; male gonads lobate, perradiar in position (Pl. 1J, K).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D7BB657EF445161AFF474CDFEEB52159" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F445161CFF474CDFEB922755" blockId="3.[151,1437,341,1669]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFF474CDFEE2A26B9" bold="true" box="[201,310,1244,1268]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. The taxonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F445161CFD854CDEED9F26B9" box="[523,643,1244,1268]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="charcoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFD854CDEED9F26B9" box="[523,643,1244,1268]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. charcoti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been unresolved for decades, with several questions about its relationships to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F445161CFEAE4D02ED472755" authority="Browne, 1910" authorityName="Browne" authorityYear="1910" box="[288,603,1280,1304]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hodgsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFEAE4D02EEBF2755" box="[288,419,1280,1304]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. hodgsoni</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F445161CFE3F4D03ED4E2755" author="Browne" box="[433,594,1280,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Browne, E. T. (1910) Coelenterata. V. - Medusae. In: National Antarctic Expedition. Natural History, 5, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1910">Browne, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F445161CFD1F4D02ECE62755" authority="Gilchrist, 1919" authorityName="Gilchrist" authorityYear="1919" box="[657,1018,1280,1304]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kerguelensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFD1F4D02EC242755" box="[657,824,1280,1304]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. kerguelensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F445161CFCC94D03ECED2755" author="Gilchrist" box="[839,1009,1280,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Gilchrist, J. D. F. (1919) On a species of crawling medusa, Eleutheria, from the Cape of Good Hope (Cnidonema capensis, g. et sp. n.) and the Southern Eleutheriae. The Quarterly Journal of the Microscopical Science, 63 (4), 509 - 529." type="journal article" year="1919">Gilchrist, 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
unanswered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F445161CFF474D27EED224C8" blockId="3.[151,1437,341,1669]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
When
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F445161CFE9D4D27EEB42771" author="Bedot" box="[275,424,1316,1340]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Bedot, M. (1908) Sur un animal pelagique de la region antarctique. In: Joubin, L. (Ed), Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1903 - 1905) commandee par le Dr Jean Charcot, Masson et C ie, Paris, pp. 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1908">Bedot (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F445161CFDAD4D27EDF32771" box="[547,751,1316,1340]" class="Malacostraca" family="Eophliantidae" genus="Wandelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charcoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFDAD4D27EDF32771" box="[547,751,1316,1340]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Wandelia charcoti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the fragmentary condition of the specimens upon which his new species was based, prevented him from allocating it to a known genus or family. In spite of this, the description and illustrations he provided were of great accuracy and, upon a careful reading of his account, some important information could be gathered. His species is mainly characterized by the upper branches of the tentacles2 carrying lateral, alternately-placed clusters of nematocysts. The radial canals were said to be provided with slender, lateral "branches", with a tendency towards anastomosis. Astonishingly, an important observation was overlooked by some authors (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFEB54E03EE7F245A" box="[315,355,1536,1559]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F445161CFEE44E03EEE5245A" author="Kramp" box="[362,505,1535,1559]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1959) The hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report, 46, 1 - 283." type="journal article" year="1959">Kramp 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F445161CFD8A4DFCED23245A" author="Kramp" box="[516,575,1535,1559]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1968) The hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Sections II and III. Dana Report, 72, 1 - 200." type="journal article" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although it is rather clearly stated by Bedot: "There are no nematocyst clusters on the sides of these tentacles3 but, near their insertion point4, one can always notice a nematocyst cluster5". In other words, this means that an interrupted band of nematocysts occurs as isolated pads on the basal portion of the main stems of the tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F445161CFF194EE5EB132557" blockId="3.[151,1436,1765,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1. Tentacle number could not be ascertained with certainty in fixed material, due to their partial loss after fixation and the general contracted condition of the specimens, with the tentacles often interwoven.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F445161CFF194F27ECAA2515" blockId="3.[151,1436,1765,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
2. Bedot could not figure out that the tentacles were actually divided into lower and upper branches. Instead, he thought that two
|
||
<typeStatus id="401A8857F445161CFF7D4F41EE34251A" box="[243,296,1858,1879]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of tentacles were present ("Ces tentacules sont de deux sortes").
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F445161CFF194F62EC07253B" blockId="3.[151,1436,1765,2033]" box="[151,795,1888,1910]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3. Bedot refers to the lower branch of the marginal tentacles.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F445161CFF194F7CEE8D25FE" blockId="3.[151,1436,1765,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
4. The main stem of the tentacles is very short in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F445161CFD384F83EC3825D8" box="[694,804,1919,1941]" class="Malacostraca" family="Eophliantidae" genus="Wandelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charcoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F445161CFD384F83EC3825D8" box="[694,804,1919,1941]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. charcoti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so that the lower branches appear as inserted directly on the margin of umbrella.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F445161CFF194FBFED2425BC" blockId="3.[151,1436,1765,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
5. "
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F445161CFF584FBFEFFA259F" box="[214,230,1980,2002]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Il</collectingCountry>
|
||
n'y a pas de boutons urticants sur les côtés de ces tentacules, mais, près de leur point d'insertion, on remarque toujours une accumulation de nématocystes".
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CBDE667DF442161BFF194A80EC4620D4" box="[151,858,643,666]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213237/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[151,1436,183,628]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F442161BFF194A80EC4620D4" blockId="4.[151,858,643,666]" box="[151,858,643,666]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFF194A80EE0F20D5" bold="true" box="[151,275,643,666]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Map of study area with the position of sampling stations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F442161BFF474AC4EBEF2125" blockId="4.[151,1436,710,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F442161BFF474AC4EE6F2093" author="Browne" box="[201,371,710,734]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Browne, E. T. (1910) Coelenterata. V. - Medusae. In: National Antarctic Expedition. Natural History, 5, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1910">Browne (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized a second
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F442161BFDE84AC5EDD22093" box="[614,718,710,734]" name="Antarctica" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
species of cladonematid medusa,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFBC14AC4EBCE2093" box="[1103,1234,710,734]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hodgsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFBC14AC4EBCE2093" box="[1103,1234,710,734]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. hodgsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a tentacular structure similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFE484AEAED23214C" box="[454,575,745,769]" class="Malacostraca" family="Eophliantidae" genus="Wandelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charcoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFE484AEAED23214C" box="[454,575,745,769]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. charcoti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but distinguished from it by its "very short" radial canals, devoid of lateral "branches". Browne was able to examine Bedot's specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFCFE4B0FECF6216E" box="[880,1002,779,803]" class="Malacostraca" family="Eophliantidae" genus="Wandelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charcoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFCFE4B0FECF6216E" box="[880,1002,779,803]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. charcoti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but we do not know whether he was able to confirm the structure and position of the nematocyst pads, although it was expressly stated for his
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFAB04B2CEFDA2124" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hodgsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFAB04B2CEFDA2124" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. hodgsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: "On the under side of the basal portion of the tentacles is situated a thick pad of nematocysts".
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F442161BFF474B77EBAD21BB" blockId="4.[151,1436,710,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Numerous specimens of a crawling medusa obtained at Kerguelen were studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F442161BFB1D4B70EA4121C6" author="Vanhoffen" box="[1171,1373,883,907]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1911) Die Anthomedusen und Leptomedusen der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898 - 1899. Deutsche Tiefsee- Expedition 1898 - 1899, 19 (5), 193 - 233." type="journal article" year="1911">Vanhöffen (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who merged both Bedot's and Browne's species into the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFCE04B94EBB221E3" authority="Browne, 1902" authorityName="Browne" authorityYear="1902" box="[878,1198,918,942]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vallentini">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFCE04B94ECE821E3" box="[878,1012,918,942]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. vallentini</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F442161BFB8C4B95EBBA21E3" author="Browne" box="[1026,1190,918,942]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Browne, E. T. (1902) A preliminary report on hydromedusae from the Falkland Islands. Annals and Magazine of natural History, (7) 9 (52), 272 - 284." type="journal article" year="1902">Browne, 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, arguing that the sole medusa obtained by the latter author could have the upper branch of the tentacles rotated by 90 degrees6, thus giving the impression that the nematocysts clusters were arranged above and below, not laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F442161BFF474C02ED5426E4" blockId="4.[151,1436,710,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Moreover, upon examination of living specimens, Vanhöffen noticed the same apparent ramifications and anastomoses of the radial canals7 as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFDC04C24EDDB2673" box="[590,711,1062,1086]" class="Malacostraca" family="Eophliantidae" genus="Wandelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charcoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFDC04C24EDDB2673" box="[590,711,1062,1086]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. charcoti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but was unable to confirm their presence in fixed specimens or in histological sections8. We also note that medusae stained with Grenacher's borax carmine and mounted
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFADC4C4EEA872629" box="[1362,1435,1101,1124]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">in toto</emphasis>
|
||
indeed show that the radial canals are unbranched, the pigment granules having been dissolved in the ethanol used to dehydrate the specimens (Pl. 1J, K).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F442161BFF474CB0EDE02774" blockId="4.[151,1436,710,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Additionally, owing to the very crowded position of the tentacles, Vanhöffen doubted that the ring of nematocysts at the tentacle bases was segmented into isolated pads9 as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFC1C4CD9EB0B26BC" box="[914,1047,1241,1265]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hodgsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFC1C4CD9EB0B26BC" box="[914,1047,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. hodgsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although his specimens perfectly matched the description given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F442161BFD944D03EDDA275A" author="Browne" box="[538,710,1279,1303]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Browne, E. T. (1910) Coelenterata. V. - Medusae. In: National Antarctic Expedition. Natural History, 5, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1910">Browne (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
10. This difference lead
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F442161BFC5F4CFCEB9B275A" author="Gilchrist" box="[977,1159,1279,1303]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Gilchrist, J. D. F. (1919) On a species of crawling medusa, Eleutheria, from the Cape of Good Hope (Cnidonema capensis, g. et sp. n.) and the Southern Eleutheriae. The Quarterly Journal of the Microscopical Science, 63 (4), 509 - 529." type="journal article" year="1919">Gilchrist (1919)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to introduce a new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFF5E4D22EEC42774" box="[208,472,1313,1337]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Eleutheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kerguelensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFF5E4D22EEC42774" box="[208,472,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Eleutheria kerguelensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for Vanhöffen's material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F442161BFF474D47EC2227E9" blockId="4.[151,1436,710,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Additional subantarctic (from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F442161BFDA54D47EDC82711" box="[555,724,1348,1372]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) specimens assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFC7A4D46EB602711" box="[1012,1148,1348,1372]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hodgsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFC7A4D46EB602711" box="[1012,1148,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. hodgsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F442161BFAC04D46EFFF27CD" author="Kramp" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1948) Medusae collected by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 03. Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903 under the direction of Dr. Otto Nordenskjold, 4 (1), 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1948">Kramp (1948)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who was able to settle this question: "as a matter of fact, there is an isolated pad of nematocysts on the adaxial side of each tentacular base and no continuous ring".
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F442161BFF474DB3EA802415" blockId="4.[151,1436,710,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Subsequent authors (
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFE324DB2EEF82785" box="[444,484,1457,1480]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F442161BFE7E4DB2ED9F2785" author="Kramp" box="[496,643,1456,1480]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1959) The hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report, 46, 1 - 283." type="journal article" year="1959">Kramp 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F442161BFD1D4DB3EDD02785" author="Kramp" box="[659,716,1456,1480]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1968) The hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Sections II and III. Dana Report, 72, 1 - 200." type="journal article" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) kept provisionally distinct the three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFA884DB3EA892785" box="[1286,1429,1456,1480]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFA884DB3EA892785" box="[1286,1429,1456,1480]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Staurocladia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though evidences exist now in favor of including both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFD704DD6EC9E27A1" box="[766,898,1492,1516]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hodgsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFD704DD6EC9E27A1" box="[766,898,1492,1516]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. hodgsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFC374DD6EB7C27A1" box="[953,1120,1492,1516]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Eleutheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kerguelensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFC374DD6EB7C27A1" box="[953,1120,1492,1516]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. kerguelensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the synonymy of Bedot's species. On one hand, the differences concerning the supposed ramification of the radial canals noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F442161BFACD4DFAEFFD2479" author="Browne" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Browne, E. T. (1910) Coelenterata. V. - Medusae. In: National Antarctic Expedition. Natural History, 5, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1910">Browne (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are simply related to the growth of the medusa, as illustrated by the present material from King George Is., in which only the largest specimens display this feature (
|
||
<typeStatus id="401A8857F442161BFC9E4E43EC5E2415" box="[784,834,1600,1624]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFC444E42EB512415" box="[970,1101,1600,1624]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hodgsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFC444E42EB512415" box="[970,1101,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. hodgsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprised very young medu-
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F442161BFF194E8AED7224B6" blockId="4.[151,1436,1673,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
6. "
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F442161BFF574E89EFEB24D2" box="[217,247,1674,1695]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
a difference for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFE254E88ED9524D2" authority="Browne" authorityName="Browne" box="[427,649,1673,1696]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vallentini">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFE254E88ED3624D2" box="[427,554,1673,1696]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">E. vallentini</emphasis>
|
||
, Browne
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
states that the nettle warts are differently placed on the sides of the upper [branches of the] tentacles compared to the other species, so that these tentacle branches seem rotated by 90°. Because only a single individual was examined by him and a misinterpretation is not excluded, I cannot figure out the importance of this feature" [translated from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F442161BFD834EE6ED7824B6" box="[525,612,1765,1787]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">German</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F442161BFF194F06EC8C2574" blockId="4.[151,1436,1673,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
7. "I have also seen these anastomosed structures, which seem to interrupt the radial canals in their middle, in living animals from Kerguelen, and I have sketched them" [translated from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F442161BFCA04F20EC9A2574" box="[814,902,1827,1849]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">German</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F442161BFF194F41EB4B253B" blockId="4.[151,1436,1673,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
8. "Whether there are really ramified canals, as I also assumed at first, has become doubtful to me, because I did not find again these structures in preserved animals or even in sections" [translated from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F442161BFC7B4F63EB51253B" box="[1013,1101,1888,1910]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">German</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F442161BFF194F7CEC2325FE" blockId="4.[151,1436,1673,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
9. "Because the tentacles are closely-set together, often scarcely leaving gaps between them, I think that this circumstance is not suitable to separate the species" [translated from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F442161BFD534F9EEC2825FE" box="[733,820,1949,1971]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">German</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F442161BFF194FBEEC9225BC" blockId="4.[151,1436,1673,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
10. "Moreover, the detailed description given by Browne for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F442161BFCAF4FBEEC80259F" box="[801,924,1980,2002]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hodgsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F442161BFCAF4FBEEC80259F" box="[801,924,1980,2002]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">E. hodgsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is equally applicable to the Kerguelen specimens and, consequently, I avoid to repeat it here" [translated from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F442161BFCA34FD8EC9825BC" box="[813,900,2011,2033]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">German</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F443161AFF19489BEE172299" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
sae with the bell diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F443161AFE544894ED2522E2" box="[474,569,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, while Bedot's specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F443161AFCF2489BECE822FD" box="[892,1012,152,176]" class="Malacostraca" family="Eophliantidae" genus="Wandelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charcoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F443161AFCF2489BECE822FD" box="[892,1012,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. charcoti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
attained a size of
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F443161AFB30489AEBC422FD" box="[1214,1240,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="58599B10F443161AFB684894EA3922E2" box="[1254,1317,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
across the umbrella).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F443161AFF4748DCECEE23CA" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
On the other hand, Vanhöffen was only dubious and did not expressly state that his medusae were characterized by a continuous ring of nematocysts below the tentacle bases. Our material demonstrates that the nematocyst pads are often difficult to observe individually, especially in fixed material but, upon adequate conditions (angle of view, lighting and magnification), their presence is indisputable (Pl. 1L, arrows). In our opinion, there is little doubt that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F443161AFF464973EE7323C5" box="[200,367,368,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Eleutheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kerguelensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F443161AFF464973EE7323C5" box="[200,367,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. kerguelensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents no more than a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F443161AFCFC4973ECF623C5" box="[882,1002,368,392]" class="Malacostraca" family="Eophliantidae" genus="Wandelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charcoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F443161AFCFC4973ECF623C5" box="[882,1002,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. charcoti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F443161AFF474996EC9A20C9" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F443161AFF474996EE7123E1" author="Kramp" box="[201,365,404,428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1957) Medusae. B. A. N. Z. A. R. E. Reports, Ser. B, 6 (8), 151 - 164." type="journal article" year="1957">Kramp (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provisionally assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F443161AFD264996EC4923E1" box="[680,853,404,428]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Eleutheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kerguelensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F443161AFD264996EC4923E1" box="[680,853,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. kerguelensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
two young, somewhat mutilated, specimens of a medusa from Kerguelen, characterized by the presence of a nematocyst ring below the umbrella margin, and of about 20 tentacles, of which only three retained their nematocyst clusters (besides the terminal one, only one or two clusters occurred), whose position was uncertain. Inspection of our
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F443161AFC2B4A02ECF12055" box="[933,1005,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F443161AFB224A03EA3B2055" box="[1196,1319,512,536]" class="Malacostraca" family="Eophliantidae" genus="Wandelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charcoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F443161AFB224A03EA3B2055" box="[1196,1319,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. charcoti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show, for example, a medusa with 12 tentacles, each of these already carrying 6 pairs of lateral clusters of nematocysts. We conclude that Kramp's material belongs to another species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F443161AFCDB4A4BECF8202D" box="[853,996,584,608]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F443161AFCDB4A4BECF8202D" box="[853,996,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Staurocladia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58A14D76F443161AFBD74A4BEA802012" authority="Browne, 1902" authorityName="Browne" authorityYear="1902" box="[1113,1436,583,608]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" genus="Staurocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vallentini">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F443161AFBD74A4BEBFD202D" box="[1113,1249,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. vallentini</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F443161AFB7E4A44EA8F2012" author="Browne" box="[1264,1427,583,607]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Browne, E. T. (1902) A preliminary report on hydromedusae from the Falkland Islands. Annals and Magazine of natural History, (7) 9 (52), 272 - 284." type="journal article" year="1902">Browne, 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(for a recent redescription of the latter, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F443161AFDF74A6FEC6320C9" author="Galea" box="[633,895,620,644]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Galea, H. R. & Schories, D. (2012) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from Central Chile and the Strait of Magellan. Zootaxa, 3296, 19 - 67." type="journal article" year="2012">Galea & Schories 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F1E36F5F443161AFF474A8CEEB52159" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADD5EAE7F443161AFF474A8CEEE220E5" bold="true" box="[201,510,655,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. In the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F443161AFDDD4A8CEDA220EA" box="[595,702,655,679]" name="Antarctica" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the species was found in the Wilhelm Archipelago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F443161AFA864A8CEA9220EA" author="Bedot" box="[1288,1422,655,679]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Bedot, M. (1908) Sur un animal pelagique de la region antarctique. In: Joubin, L. (Ed), Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1903 - 1905) commandee par le Dr Jean Charcot, Masson et C ie, Paris, pp. 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1908">Bedot 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), McMurdo Sound (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F443161AFEE44AB7ED162081" author="Browne" box="[362,522,692,716]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Browne, E. T. (1910) Coelenterata. V. - Medusae. In: National Antarctic Expedition. Natural History, 5, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1910">Browne 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Graham Land (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F443161AFD404AB7ECDC2081" author="Mann" box="[718,960,692,716]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Mann, G. & Zapfe, H. (1950) Staurocladia hodgsoni, nueva medusa para Chile. Investigaciones Zoologicas Chilenas, 1 (2), 7 - 8." type="journal article" year="1950">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F443161AFD404AB7EC0D2081" box="[718,785,692,716]" name="Isle of Man" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mann</collectingCountry>
|
||
& Zapfe 1950
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F443161AFBF04AB7EA242081" box="[1150,1336,692,716]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Shetland Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(present study). The species also occurs at some subantarctic localities, such as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7B67665F443161AFC224AD4EB5220A2" box="[940,1102,727,751]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">South Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F443161AFBD54AD4EBF620A2" author="Kramp" box="[1115,1258,727,751]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1948) Medusae collected by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 03. Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903 under the direction of Dr. Otto Nordenskjold, 4 (1), 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1948">Kramp 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Kerguelen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F443161AFF104AFFEE492159" author="Vanhoffen" box="[158,341,764,788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1911) Die Anthomedusen und Leptomedusen der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898 - 1899. Deutsche Tiefsee- Expedition 1898 - 1899, 19 (5), 193 - 233." type="journal article" year="1911">Vanhöffen 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB304B04F443161AFEEE4AFFEE802159" author="Vanhoffen" box="[352,412,764,788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1913) Die craspedoten Medusen der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, Zoologie, 5 (3), 351 - 396." type="journal article" year="1913">1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |