332 lines
34 KiB
XML
332 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="9DEE8B934002A74C0BB78C4D6F2EFA3C" ID-CLB-Dataset="28797" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.798.25736" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e83b3d66-d939-4aae-9be8-191fcf29dc70" ID-PMC="PMC6262045" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-798-1" ID-PubMed="30532280" ID-ZooBank="70EF45941AE24B548E9DAF4939498107" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-798-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 798" ModsDocTitle="The natural history of Calyptraeaaurita (Reeve, 1859) from Southern Chile (Gastropoda, Calyptraeidae)" checkinTime="1542850878242" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Holtheuer, Jorge, Aldea, Cristian, Schories, Dirk & Gallardo, Carlos S." docDate="2018" docId="91E7D7E3A2208055DEAD60D0833DB4D3" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 798: 1-22" docOrigin="ZooKeys 798" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.798.25736" docTitle="Calyptraea aurita Reeve 1859" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="A604C46EFF80FF801079480C0006B447" masterDocTitle="The natural history of Calyptraeaaurita (Reeve, 1859) from Southern Chile (Gastropoda, Calyptraeidae)" masterLastPageNumber="22" masterPageNumber="1" originalUpdateDomain="Boston" originalUpdateTime="1542850878242" originalUpdateUser="pensoft" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1701374831764" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="BFCE2280BA93986DC0A8D772F78FC073" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="FCAAD2F713929DA4BA04076086D9E336">
|
||
<mods:title id="17A6F70AAABF5E26FB418C7DCF62C720">The natural history of Calyptraeaaurita (Reeve, 1859) from Southern Chile (Gastropoda, Calyptraeidae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="0C5DBA8DD86B8F0BA737B9E7356D5252" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="E813A42FEA031D5903FA391CB211AC14">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="27CBA07EB2658215EF2518B81CD4356C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="2B90547473EFC81D76533837DCFB0F7F">Holtheuer, Jorge</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="C629199B11FA3149B27E41F3E0C75131" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="F97F7625C29CF260623398D1782AFBCC">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="E1511B7EECEA0FCD83E21B5417CD34AA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="A71B76307B1BFF305EB861F71860482D">Aldea, Cristian</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="1B39A22AAB3C543AFDCD2B133D868078" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="38B226C0545869601E8DFAB92EE7E8C1">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="6A3835EAA943A75EF8A29136152DAC2A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="E0394AA3BD72C89912DCBF293C05DD68">Schories, Dirk</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="A926EA74738937D58DC14A72F1501AC4" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="8634FE71088573C9E9D30B55D935B02D">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="A84BB05421B8338F54B6258E95B98F5E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="99ECF8711EECE1F7F5BA454DF005B462">Gallardo, Carlos S.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="9C27119A7573E836877B1443A88D52EE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="A607D85003F12A7FC99EAF2EB2B17759" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="0705B2C5A2220B7AFACFC0ACE79D9C33">
|
||
<mods:title id="6661FF8BAAF545AD98940A272B6F13BF">ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="7A6E30FCE2B4EC40179B902E96F00AC8">
|
||
<mods:date id="5C48ABAEE60FEEBE2489538E776E58A4">2018</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="CD66368742548DB242797CF0DD794655" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="1E084B457216484549AF24EF028EF51A">798</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="A481DE873D13ED3B5E3A6EC9050612E6" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="DEC546A56527A3F77372802958C21984">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="68CEC0FC1D86F45F5697FCBFD2676B6C">22</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="EBB3B567849E0ED3880D108662343F83">
|
||
<mods:url id="0A9240073C54D77BDFE3C0026ABC7358">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.798.25736</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="1B99B9AF477D82B717AD29D81F0D0987">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="2CD9EF7186C0E267D8DDA1717B085062" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.798.25736</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="6DAD7A3B8A4FDE54DC260EA538026B05" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-798-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="96DC2F7BF11DF3FFFB8FCA9A96E93D71" type="ZooBank">70EF45941AE24B548E9DAF4939498107</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="91E7D7E3A2208055DEAD60D0833DB4D3" ID-GBIF-Taxon="149768443" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:91E7D7E3A2208055DEAD60D0833DB4D3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/91E7D7E3A2208055DEAD60D0833DB4D3" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<subSubSection id="33D57BE4281579F2C3EB9D6C32E96C77" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="E54DF42D4482F8895C17CF9F5494098E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E2C47263D09E6ED5B345B222730EA6C" ID-CoL="Q764" authority="Reeve, 1859" authorityName="Reeve" authorityYear="1859" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea aurita" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aurita">Calyptraea aurita (Reeve, 1859)</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9C8E1E5ACDBD223E2D34152DBD9E5B7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3D3421A2FD395BEEC70C477C65B7CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F95EA712E08CBCA9DC8C987AFC697C36" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea striata" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striata">Calyptraea striata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non Say, 1826):
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F15D0E0CDA626C3FC5585E92D80BE123" author="Broderip, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="35 - 40" title="Characters of new genera and species of Mollusca and Conchifera, collected by Mr. Cuming. Descriptions of new species of Calyptraeidae." volume="2" year="1834">Broderip 1834</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 38;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE260FB674154A7A8562393A2F6E5A4A" author="Broderip, WJ" journalOrPublisher="The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="195 - 206" title="XXII Descriptions of some new Species of Calyptraeidae." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1835.tb00618.x" volume="1" year="1835">Broderip 1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 202, pl. 28, fig. 6.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B67014A36FD5450FD732B321FA1C2622" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CF8C3A6D395E07376E14E98A76BCD5EA" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Crucibulum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crucibulum auritum" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="auritum">Crucibulum auritum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Reeve, 1859: sp. 17, pl. 6, fig. 17a, b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DCA3470D16B33BB94B4C41E9BDB2ECD1" author="Tryon, GWJ" journalOrPublisher="Published by the Author, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Manual of Conchology structural and systematic with illustrations of the species. Naticidae, Calyptraeidae, Turritellidae, Vermetidae, Caecidae, Eulimidae, Turbonillidae, Pyramidellidae." year="1886">Tryon 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 118 (in part), pl. 32, figs 32, 33.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ABF83F9A9CF3EC39026DCAC803FBFDE9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
|
||
<paragraph id="E536D384669A67EE9FEA82A50D49D1C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0A1C39D06DE02DC8E4521BDD631DC305" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88BD6FABF9EA86FA01A4AD91D35A1A30" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Crucibulum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crucibulum auritum" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="auritum">Crucibulum auritum</taxonomicName>
|
||
] is housed at NHMUK 197798.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0598A062E1FA4E1D7AB2D10FE92B8F30" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6F822F64B9A6E973296F4E7F0CD9DCFB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C8C17C195B1B9704F1FA8DC08928C2D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
MNHNCL 7570 (female), MNHNCL 7571-7574 and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="37C2B35ED00826B0946E0F9448C77BC2" originalValue="MZUA–UACH">MZUA-UACH</normalizedToken>
|
||
501-505, all specimens from Caleta Yerbas Buenas,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F3F0F25ABFF1833A1ACFC6FC6394BBD8" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-41.672222">41°40'20"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="BA5B58DA1F949A7AF96BFEB8EBC55B68" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-72.65667">72°39'24"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. All coll. Jorge Holtheuer and Dirk Schories.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F2B8D634CC93025CEAC6A06AC7656A81" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5209802F0B6B59751C8111AF0C1903A6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F7081953C22E325BB5E96A29697A4414" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Shell (Figures 3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="62D221452C805C57AEC5B356BE2CE621" originalValue="a–h">a-h</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="32C0A630743DADEBEACB2B59B0864E48" originalValue="b–d">b-d</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FF3E5A3E802D8D7A8DD2EED45A3BB679" originalValue="a–h">a-h</normalizedToken>
|
||
):
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C2C17F71E524DC128DE3C4219C6FC26C" originalValue="Limpet–like">Limpet-like</normalizedToken>
|
||
, circular, conic, with spiral septum in center and right of ventral surface. The shell externally is usually opaque white and internally dark brown porcelaneous. The apex is small,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0C0BCFF17FB795ACD0F9EAF90CAA0685" originalValue="sub–central">sub-central</normalizedToken>
|
||
; protoconch apparently smooth, with a total diameter difficult to measure because the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9AB51221A5CFDFE69B2AFFEE3029AB1F" originalValue="protoconch–teleoconch">protoconch-teleoconch</normalizedToken>
|
||
boundary is not evident, but may have ~500
|
||
<normalizedToken id="713F07C8220282221EDEFB8D757BC1C1" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Figure 6a). Sculpture has ~ 70 to 80 fine radial ribs, of uniform size, aligned concentrically. Inner surface without visible muscle scars. Septum incompletely conical (opened anteriorly), situated obliquely, from shell apex to posterior. Shell size ranged according to the sexual phases, being from 6.6 to 12.4 mm for immature individuals, from 10.6 to 24.9 mm for males, 15.1 to 25.9 mm for intersex individuals and from 21.0 to 39.6 mm for females (Table 2). Septum (Figures 3d, f, 4c, 5b, d, f, h) white brilliant color, beginning in a spiral conic curve and ending in a wide platform curved to the left side of the specimen (seen from below). Fine growth lines are visible on the septum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="359E2F5A712EE84B24A7D5EF52E725FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="59B07A6EB4AE06A6CD70EC05B2831183" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C000D4F6C559D47F58998F3FD60E0A1" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea aurita" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aurita">Calyptraea aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
. NHMUK 197798, syntypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D1F319BB7892B640571F5CFDBF5249EB" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Crucibulum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crucibulum auritum" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="auritum">Crucibulum auritum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Reeve, 1859. a, c, e, g dorsal view b, d, f, h ventral view. Scale bar: 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="D5168D2F123261C2F4AB05FDD1613D1F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="807B7680701097D05E0CF3B48CEBB6DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Figure 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F4FD1A6238732A4CE0684AD3889B4A9" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea aurita" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aurita">Calyptraea aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
. MNHNCL 7570, female specimen. a ventral view of shell and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C59EC967F1AAE80EB7FB7E27055C8D37" originalValue="head–foot">head-foot</normalizedToken>
|
||
b dorsal view c ventral view d lateral view. Scale bar: 2 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="9526702B1E401EB58F6657379B1C6AB9" ID-Table-UUID="9526702B1E401EB58F6657379B1C6AB9" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/9526702B1E401EB58F6657379B1C6AB9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="D6071123CEC329A1A0805813AEFAED19" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Table 2. Shell length in mm of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72A3B93364A60F026AAFC05A06476E35" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptrea aurita" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aurita">Calyptrea aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
sampled randomly at Yerbas Buenas. N = number of individuals sampled; SD = Standard Deviation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="47E68A2395840C1FA713CA7C559ADD9E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<table id="91467B897AB4199318EDF140559B0720" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<tr id="E975A90DE891B6D0BED110924372FA80" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<th id="1DE22D191E28B8A281CAAC3EF1ED136A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">N</th>
|
||
<th id="0E46479688C62D64C41B0CA52B493900" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Min</th>
|
||
<th id="EF028E39DE56CFF8D015A883B0DE4DCF" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Max</th>
|
||
<th id="33E8A7564A08332C97BB4C62E043E9D0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">mean</th>
|
||
<th id="BD7F6966821B9B6F12A3809221DD2FAC" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">SD</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="19C723B12569EFEE1BE498C053AFC1EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Radula (Figure 6b, c, d): Radula with ca. 30 rows. Rachidian tooth broad, approx. 15 cusps, central cusp more elongated than secondary cusps (Figure 6b, d); lateral teeth curved inwards, with approx. 16 sharp cusps, two cusp on inside and ca. 13 gradually decreasing towards lateral on outside of main cusp (Figure 6c, d); marginal teeth long, tall, slender, with approx. seven sharp,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7954DEB3FEC80F8D9B20D938C3D23D89" originalValue="sub–terminal">sub-terminal</normalizedToken>
|
||
cusps in inner edge (Figure 6b, d); outer marginal weakly narrower than inner marginal teeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C181A116D9BE640BD8FB1E37C96D9900" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0208A52F4E9F030101E087741A98E0DE" originalValue="Head–foot">Head-foot</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Figures 4a, 7a, b): Head and neck regions somewhat similar to the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7B00B5FEE3EBBA42F2C085C0BAD7BB3D" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Calyptraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, including neck ventral surface and flaps, penis present in all specimens behind right tentacle, but it is reduced or missing in females.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EBA6D5EB5E25C1021D03047E65C18A3C" originalValue="Snout–proboscis">Snout-proboscis</normalizedToken>
|
||
very well developed, cephalic tentacles simple, eyes dark and small, located on the tentacle basis at lateral outward position. Foot similar to that of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9FD2114E1513ED6D0C1D847005D704C2" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Calyptraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, with planar,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5CFD3B6DA524B26B55C7353B1BA8EF31" originalValue="dorso–ventrally">dorso-ventrally</normalizedToken>
|
||
flattened sole compressed by shell septum. Mantle, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9011C724B67B5847F4251DF22769ABA6" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Calyptraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, attached to dorsal surface of foot sole and extending beyond its posterior and lateral borders.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6695F5400C63C51D630AD777ADBE7D6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="7D94714862974EE4C9C00A95ACD216C7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Figure 5. Shells of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45B1FC602B441A918DBB3F482C47A310" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea aurita" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aurita">Calyptraea aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
. a IZUA-UACH Mg 501 dorsal view b, ventral view c IZUA-UACH Mg 505 dorsal view d ventral view e IZUA-UACH Mg 502 dorsal view f ventral view g IZUA-UACH Mg 504 dorsal view h ventral view. Scale bar: 2 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="A2FBB936EA05C6CCCE8A3A83540D4D65" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="EDFCEF0C37589BD9851EED57AC0C08EE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Figure 6. Protoconch and radula of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CF54F32A9DC1E23ADEC994EBB325E04" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea aurita" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aurita">Calyptraea aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
. a protoconch in apical view b SEM showing teeth in folded position c SEM showing teeth in folded position d radular structure. Abbreviations: ce: central tooth; la: lateral tooth; ma: marginal tooth. Scale bar: 100
|
||
<normalizedToken id="47E9E8B3792E0FDAA729D1CB091EFD5D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(a), 50
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2DF78263C94ED78B183182283AE228E2" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(b, c, d).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="18D3387EBD93D07AB9F7553ACFE6D85B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Mantle (Figures 4a, 7a, b): Mantle border very broad, including region surrounding foot, occupying 90% of pallial cavity. Pallial cavity conical and curved, begins just inside shell septum. Pallial aperture proportionally small, if animal compared with a clock, this aperture begins at 10 and finishes at 6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A2976B186B7E3495A03F9E6A6D5574B6" originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="14F28323AB19A07A000027321930010B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Gill: typical to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="404DB7253006601FC62E74FE5119026D" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Calyptraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, occupying most of inner pallial space, inserts all along left and anterior pallial margins. Gill filaments also similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="92183A4D30D812B1AC3B5DD3B1D1F45E" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Calyptraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with very long (Figure 7b), rigid rod, mainly of the apical region. Gill posterior end just in posterior end of cavity; gill anterior end in central region of pallial aperture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F547E8CEA60661E831B1BDC6D15A031F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Male (Figure 7c): Only small specimens (up to 10.58 mm) are functional males, all mobile. Penis is very long (approx. three times head length), originating dorsally and extending to right tentacle. Papilla on penis tip, very long, approx. 1/3 of penis length. The penis sperm groove runs along middle region of the ventral surface of penis. The male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C3F2566E87E81B3E30379D9D48454CFC" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptrea aurita" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aurita">Calyptrea aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
is always attached onto a female, and is never found directly attached on primary substrate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="34BA1C35CBE003F88A4AA2F6A41B8194" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Female (Figures 4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F3CEE3DCF4E47897FE63C3AB1B7B75DB" originalValue="a–d">a-d</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A26771B855CD08BA4CB1AE918638D27A" originalValue="a–c">a-c</normalizedToken>
|
||
): Very similar to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A79DFD2A70F3C68549670095C38498D8" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Calyptraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, the female is sessile. Only specimens larger than 20.98 mm were present in our material. During field work the presence of egg capsules in the pallial cavity of the females could be seen. The females always settle on the rock surface where they attach and protect their egg capsules up to larvae release (Figure 8).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="24D329D80788A74C32C4FC3F572549F1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="5CED97A1E666F8D9900436F60A381931" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Figure 7. External morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B7B0A5D0DFDA1A3D258B7D993484DB94" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea aurita" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aurita">Calyptraea aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
. a female, without shell and whole, dorsal view b same animal, whole, ventral view c male, foot removed, ventral view. Abbreviations: fd: dorsal surface of foot; ft: foot; gi: gill; ll: left lateral expansion (flan); mb: mantle border; ns: neck
|
||
<normalizedToken id="92B21975B272DF21589D0C7D4CD7FDE0" originalValue="“sole”">"sole"</normalizedToken>
|
||
; pd: penis sperm groove; pe: penis; pg: pedal gland anterior furrow; pp: penis papilla; pr: propodium; rl: right lateral expansion (flan); sn:
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1EBB427D317E81BA095C345B6FD13265" originalValue="snout–proboscis">snout-proboscis</normalizedToken>
|
||
; te: cephalic tentacle. Scale bar: 10 mm (a, b), 5 mm (c).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="7A0ADE797A4F3BD9711876D70141AC2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="C607E8D8AD2BBC4BF5E2816A6D1AC4C0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Figure 8. Egg capsules of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="47ED434D69394C25230FC50AD86741C0" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea aurita" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aurita">Calyptraea aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Female was removed by the diver, 31 January 2009.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C236982B8E290CACF3A499C2629A9603" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reproduction and development">
|
||
<paragraph id="75D138A9C7A7E35267B5D002F0756890" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Reproduction and development.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A24C7C430037065D35E882AE17B6C621" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1EA8BF242E354EB4CA8AE538453BA86B" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea aurita" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aurita">Calyptraea aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Reeve, 1859) is a protandric hermaphrodite producing a maximum of 16 egg capsules per female which contain an average of 119 eggs each (Figure 8). Up to three individuals were observed stacked together, always with a female at the base and up to a maximum of two male individuals on her shell. Brooding was observed during the months March (38 of 100 females studied below water), April (38 of 100), August (44 of 55), September (150 of 199), October (36 of 50) and December (10 of 19). In May 2009 none of 100 observed females were brooding. Weather conditions did not allow for the verification of brooding during the other months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="407CEE64A01815BA1050AD04A894F7F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7433FB9CAB6D4F34DE76155598FB8E49" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea aurita" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aurita">Calyptraea aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
deposit their eggs in
|
||
<normalizedToken id="731451DBB9588F735D45F81DD6DCEA30" originalValue="thin–walled">thin-walled</normalizedToken>
|
||
brooded capsules directly attached to hard substrates. These capsules have a triangular, flattened morphology and are fixed with a fine stem to the substrate. The eggs are concentrated at the distal end of the sac embedded in an uncoloured liquid. All eggs are able to develop into planktonic veliger stages which are liberated into the water column. The veliger has a bilobed ciliated and pigmented velum and two small
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DF134E66D53244D3C73EFFD0B33857E3" originalValue="black–coloured">black-coloured</normalizedToken>
|
||
eyes between the velar lobes, a circular mouth, and a transparent protoconch. The mean initial egg size is ca. 150
|
||
<normalizedToken id="019F1F0C3ADD98F6F5215F5A5746A029" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
and the size of the veliger, when liberated into the water column is ca. 300
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FB7F3444AA5CD3F1482E57E25C5FD52B" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
. The intracapsular development up to the larval release took ca. 42 days in the laboratory.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="866927768BBD8A4D47A6218988C38699" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Size: A total of 180 individuals were collected in October 2010 in 30 m depth. Shell length, height, and width were measured. Shell length distribution was two peaked, the first peak corresponded to males and intersex individuals and the second peak to females (Figure 9). Mean shell length was 23.9
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1027AD9F2043BF92888175CE2FF4F4E7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
8.3 mm, mean width 23.6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5E124C8093D1D38E9C857C7360E96B67" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
8.5 mm and mean height 9.1
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9799C4FDB9D6FE0E4D76D060463FD9E7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.7 mm. Shell width to length relation was close to 1 (0.99
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E5533DDA8559E99A61D95154D7F923D3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.10) and shell height to length relation was 0.39
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5AF310AC5F01E1779704D4CED34A02AD" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.05.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="D740594C20FC979E9155950F5FBF9130" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E539D96E9F32BCBA4B31ADE41A0F3BC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Figure 9. Size distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EA4E99EB9BB695EDD4A23572CCA79E49" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea aurita" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aurita">Calyptraea aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n = 180).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E26A1E722B7D3B631ED56A8C5CD5F4C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="symbionts">
|
||
<paragraph id="09114212E56549C594A6E29C16A27559" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Symbionts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8E54447FA32FCB1052CADF75D9EA3191" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Four samples with 38 to 77 females were taken in October 2010 and were checked underwater for the presence of the pinnotherid decapod
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6C229EB1A8F0DD332F2E7B99B83FDFB" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Calyptraeotheres" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraeotheres politus" order="Decapoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politus">Calyptraeotheres politus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Smith, 1870). A total of 4.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A7B01B294C46B55742A6B24B8305A1DE" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.3 % of females were infested by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F92E02310C93A7A91F5857CC29D66CA" lsidName="C. politus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="politus">C. politus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. None of the infested females deposited eggs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EEF2DCD5109A50B1798DA22D2B1BA583" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="938BA291F23FCE0F7149AF759E973327" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="466497DFB95ECCB0579E00F7E6458AF0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1C623B31D5532CB716EC013640FBC1D9" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea aurita" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aurita">Calyptraea aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs at
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EB2E328B7F5F3D7DA5521224C5530360" originalValue="Valparaíso">Valparaiso</normalizedToken>
|
||
at depth of 82-110 m (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B53096EAB09F704586F6D05936DA1F03" author="Broderip, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="35 - 40" title="Characters of new genera and species of Mollusca and Conchifera, collected by Mr. Cuming. Descriptions of new species of Calyptraeidae." volume="2" year="1834">Broderip 1834</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this study it was found exclusively on hard substrates in the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8C381E16A4C9B9DA76DB02463207686E" originalValue="Reloncaví">Reloncavi</normalizedToken>
|
||
Sound between 26 to 48 m depth showing a patchy distribution. The species was present in three of four study sites using vertical transects down to 30 m depth. 37.6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CA9C7320D99647DB066EF6513A77FB6B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
14.4 % of the rocks were covered by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C2DABF794E4851D938D6F1C1983E0664" lsidName="C. aurita" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="aurita">C. aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the location Caleta Yerbas Buenas at 30 m depth. This represented a density of 743
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7AE03CA7E66FB8AE1AA5B47059D24731" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
307 ind. m-2. The highest observed density was 1475 ind m-2 covering 50 % of the primary substrate. Coverage at the locations Caleta
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9C87B9CD355C40BD8A3D9AB65AC92206" originalValue="Gutiérrez">Gutierrez</normalizedToken>
|
||
and the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="13CCDABB4CE615E5036EE0B6BC33C78D" originalValue="Reloncaví">Reloncavi</normalizedToken>
|
||
Estuary were low with 1.8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FA2A7F02796EF24A319594E21F98D7B9" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.7 and 0.8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5B675E30A73A3F99DBDFE488BD0C2695" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.8 % at the same depth. In none of the locations
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD9FFBE9BA5D9BB8AA5ACEEE18C460D9" lsidName="C. aurita" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="aurita">C. aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
was present along transects in shallower depths (5 to 25 m).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="15F790A28F17D8DADF5835C7189D8F75" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="transplantation experiment">
|
||
<paragraph id="812ACB102ECBD32F88687F69C9A135D3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Transplantation experiment.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7DE9231B489A3C3F9A9285A793DA9893" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The experiment was realized for a total time span of 326 days. Several individuals got lost during transport from the experimental depth to the shore, died during course of time, or did not reattach once unintentionally detached from the acrylic plate. Nevertheless all remaining individuals grew several mm in both depths (Figure 10). Additionally some individuals deposited egg capsules, which were visible from the reverse of the acrylic plate. A
|
||
<normalizedToken id="881E6B77264BCBA645F89F72B5455DFA" originalValue="t–test">t-test</normalizedToken>
|
||
did not show differences between the growth rates in 10 and 20 m depth after 165 days, t(32) =
|
||
<normalizedToken id="66D6C58A50FF27735BBF28325AF7B229" originalValue="t–">t-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.555, p = 0.13. Mean growth rate in 10 m depth was 1.11 mm (n = 20) and 1.68 mm (n = 14) in 20 m depth, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="ECFA3822909044897E062BCF9B106DBD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="7E1F1B0AB986C02048FCA8B502433CE3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Figure 10. Individual growth rates of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A2FA8B141047691A0EB12253EC4BD20" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraea aurita" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aurita">Calyptraea aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
after 165 (black circles) and 326 days (triangles) in 10 m and 20 m depth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |