157 lines
17 KiB
XML
157 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="B1232BED9902E867696440A2A64A40F8" ID-CLB-Dataset="27950" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="832ac35c-8871-4041-9321-ea7f2ae5eb41" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2610021" ID-ZooBank="A4FD6137-25B0-43D5-845B-B4FDF4E9F5D7" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553624231237" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe & Dorchin, Netta" docDate="2018" docId="AC1F87FEFFFCFF9FFF61F90FFCA1B52B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4521.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4521 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Neuroterus anthracinus Curtis 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="476" masterDocId="5026FF86FFE4FF86FFF6FFE8FFBAB733" masterDocTitle="The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history" masterLastPageNumber="498" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="475" updateTime="1698713837181" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4E0D1C0F32824A3880099C0585FF8CA6">The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7629BEADB4993818271DFDB2962CDABF">Shachar, Einat</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AC1B93EA303C98CDA0AB2FBC590715A5">Melika, George</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ABEFAB8E80379F0AE8BC3472AE308968">Inbar, Moshe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="91E8FBE2745EBD854F0DF5584203D812">Dorchin, Netta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="18225F18C048682BA55674A96DEF5BFB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="80140828E2E5C7B192176B5BF8CF0320">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F145E9ACCF08564F5A96E7D44DCF1B1B">2018-11-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="53A05EB57B2D431D17C127F5DD206CD2">4521</mods:number>
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<treatment id="AC1F87FEFFFCFF9FFF61F90FFCA1B52B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949963" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498916" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5949963" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC1F87FEFFFCFF9FFF61F90FFCA1B52B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFFCFF9FFF61F90FFCA1B52B" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="476" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFCFF9EFF61F90FFDE0B031" box="[151,602,1767,1794]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFCFF9EFF61F90FFDE0B031" blockId="24.[151,602,1767,1794]" box="[151,602,1767,1794]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<heading id="7F418184FFFCFF9EFF61F90FFDE0B031" bold="true" box="[151,602,1767,1794]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFCFF9EFF61F90FFDE0B031" authority="Curtis, 1838" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,602,1767,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFF61F90FFDE0B031" bold="true" box="[151,602,1767,1794]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFF61F90FFE00B032" bold="true" box="[151,442,1767,1793]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Neuroterus anthracinus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFCFF9EFE37F900FDE0B031" author="Curtis, J." box="[449,602,1768,1794]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="674 - 721" refId="ref33329" refString="Curtis, J. (1838) British Entomology, 16, 674 - 721." type="journal article" year="1838">Curtis, 1838</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFCFF9FFF61F8C6FD5DB62E" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="476" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFCFF9EFF61F8C6FE6BB059" blockId="24.[151,1436,1838,2007]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFF61F8C6FE90B074" bold="true" box="[151,298,1838,1863]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Host plants.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFCFF9EFEC3F8C6FECDB074" box="[309,375,1838,1863]" name="Israel" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Israel</collectingCountry>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFCFF9EFE73F8C7FDB7B075" box="[389,525,1838,1862]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boissieri">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFE73F8C7FDB7B075" box="[389,525,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Q. boissieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFDE8F8C7FD6FB075" box="[542,725,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFCFF9EFDE8F8C7FD6BB075" baseAuthorityName="Sternlicht" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[542,721,1838,1862]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ithaburensis">Q. ithaburensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Elsewere: mostly on oaks from section
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFCFF9EFB46F8C7FAB4B075" baseAuthorityName="Melika & Abrahamson" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1200,1294,1839,1862]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFB46F8C7FAB4B075" box="[1200,1294,1839,1862]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Quercus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but also on species from section
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFE74F8BBFE70B059" box="[386,458,1875,1898]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Cerris</emphasis>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFCFF9FFF31F89EFD5DB62E" blockId="24.[151,1436,1838,2007]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1437,151,536]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="476" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFCFF9EFF31F89EFEE2B0BC" bold="true" box="[199,344,1910,1935]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Life history.</emphasis>
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Both generations are known but in
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFCFF9EFD1EF89EFC9CB0BC" box="[744,806,1910,1935]" name="Israel" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Israel</collectingCountry>
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only the asexual generation was found so far. It induces single-chambered leaf galls which constitute small, ovoid sturctures,
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFCFF9EFC3CF872FBFBB081" box="[970,1089,1946,1971]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–3 mm</quantity>
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long and up to
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||
<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFCFF9EFAFAF873FAE8B081" box="[1292,1362,1947,1971]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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wide, wrapped between two thin, wing-like extensions (
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFFCFF9EFD39F856FC92B0E4" box="[719,808,1982,2007]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1689,1712]" captionTargetBox="[151,1427,193,1659]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1427,193,1659]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Galls on Quercus boissieri. 29. Cynips cornifex, asexual generation; 30. Neuroterus numismalis, sexual generation; 31. Neuroterus anthracinus, asexual generation; 32. Cynips quercus, asexual generation; 33. Cynips divisa, asexual generation; 34. Neuroterus albipes, asexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610033/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Figs 31</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFFCFF9EFCC0F856FCECB0E4" box="[822,854,1982,2007]" captionStart="FIGURES 65–70" captionStartId="42.[151,264,1705,1728]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,1684]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[150,1436,193,1684]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURES 65–70. Galls on various Quercus species. 65. Andricus sp. nr. quercusradicis, sexual generation on leaf of Quercus ithaburensis; 66. Neuroterus anthracinus, asexual generation on Quercus ithaburensis; 67. Andricus multiplicatus, sexual generation on Quercus libani; 68. Andricus melikai, sexual generation on Quercus libani; 69. Andricus sp. nr. amenti, sexual generation on Quercus libani; 70. Cerroneuroterus sp. nr. lanuginosus, asexual generation on Quercus libani." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610047/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">66</figureCitation>
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). They are yellow to green and shiny when young, and develop purple or red dots as they mature and then drop from the leaf, leaving the ‘wings’ behind. The sexual generation develops in single-chambered, lateral or terminal bud galls, usually gregarious (2–6 galls in one group), rounded or slightly ovate,
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFDFF9FFE4BFF08FE47B7C4" box="[445,509,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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long and
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFFDFF9FFD9AFF37FD7BB7C4" box="[620,705,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
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in diameter when mature, green or yellowish, smooth, often with distorted leaves attached to the side or tip of the gall.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFDFF9FFF31FECFFDF0B6BB" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="description">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFDFF9FFF31FECFFDF0B6BB" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFF31FECFFEF3B673" bold="true" box="[199,329,295,320]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Phenology.</emphasis>
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Galls of the asexual generation appear in late August, mature by September, drop to the ground, and adults emerge from them the following spring. Galls of the sexual generation develop rapidly in Europe and adults emerge from them in May-June.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFDFF9FFF31FE7CFBDEB6FC" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFDFF9FFF31FE7CFBDEB6FC" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFF31FE7CFEDAB69E" bold="true" box="[199,352,404,429]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFDFF9FFE9CFE7CFE17B69E" box="[362,429,404,429]" name="Israel" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Israel</collectingCountry>
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: Widespread and common throughout the distribution range of
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFDFF9FFB7FFE7CFAB4B69F" box="[1161,1294,404,428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boissieri">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFB7FFE7CFAB4B69F" box="[1161,1294,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Q. boissieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Elsewhere: Common and locally abundant throughout most of Europe to Crimea,
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFDFF9FFC5FFE5FFC43B6E3" box="[937,1017,439,464]" name="Turkey" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFFDFF9FFBC6FE50FBDAB6FC" box="[1072,1120,440,463]" name="Iran" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Iran</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFFDFF9FFF31FE34FCA1B52B" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFFDFF9FFF31FE34FCA1B52B" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFF31FE34FEF5B6C6" bold="true" box="[199,335,476,501]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Comments.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFDFF9FFEA0FE34FD9BB6C6" author="Sternlicht, M." box="[342,545,476,501]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">Sternlicht (1968b)</bibRefCitation>
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referred to this species as
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFDFF9FFCBCFE34FBBCB6C7" box="[842,1030,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostreus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFCBCFE34FBBCB6C7" box="[842,1030,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Andricus ostreus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a name that was later synonymized under
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFFDFF9FFF2BFDE9FCAEB52B" authority="(Pujade-Villar et al. 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Pujade-Villar et al." baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[221,788,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Neuroterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinus">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFF2BFDE9FE52B52B" box="[221,488,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Neuroterus anthracinus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFFDFF9FFE03FE17FCB6B52B" author="Pujade-Villar, J. & Ros-Farre, P. & Arnedo, M. A." box="[501,780,511,536]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="111 - 112" refId="ref35463" refString="Pujade-Villar, J., Ros-Farre, P. & Arnedo, M. A. (1998) Phylogenetic position of Neuroterus anthracinus (Curtis, 1838) comb. nov. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Buttleti de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural, 66, 111 - 112." type="journal article" year="1998">
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Pujade-Villar
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFFDFF9FFD62FDE9FD76B52B" box="[660,716,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">et al.</emphasis>
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1998
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</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |