185 lines
20 KiB
XML
185 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="91D6702E7EFFE7B1C652DD423B611B82">The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="26F6A647DBF719E2AE3D67EA43ABD131">Shachar, Einat</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A4E3D84B6BCFB884944BD5A1AFA20491">Melika, George</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EC58951311A3BE71CFE309C7B0EEBC9A">Inbar, Moshe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9083504A34C73BD047DC65EBEEBC96B0">Dorchin, Netta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="FEE478315721354307057F4C36812102">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9BED28491D7B43FAFF23C272FE8258AA">2018-11-16</mods:number>
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<treatment id="AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD5EB23A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949939" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498947" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5949939" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD5EB23A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD5EB23A" lastPageNumber="473" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD9FB553" box="[151,549,582,608]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD9FB553" blockId="22.[151,549,582,608]" box="[151,549,582,608]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
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<heading id="7F418184FFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD9FB553" bold="true" box="[151,549,582,608]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD9FB553" authority="Sternlicht, 1968" authorityName="Sternlicht" authorityYear="1968" box="[151,549,582,608]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Chilaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="israeli">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FF61FDAEFD9FB553" bold="true" box="[151,549,582,608]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FF61FDAEFEE3B553" bold="true" box="[151,345,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Chilaspis israeli</emphasis>
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Sternlicht, 1968
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF2FF90FF61FD65FAE6B491" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF2FF90FF61FD65FBE5B596" blockId="22.[151,1437,653,1290]" box="[151,1119,653,678]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FF61FD65FE9CB595" bold="true" box="[151,294,653,678]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Host plants.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF2FF90FEDBFD65FECAB595" box="[301,368,653,678]" name="Israel" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Israel</collectingCountry>
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:
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FE8CFD66FD97B596" box="[378,557,653,677]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF2FF90FE8CFD66FD93B596" baseAuthorityName="Sternlicht" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[378,553,653,677]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ithaburensis">Q. ithaburensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Elsewhere:
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF2FF90FD41FD66FC9FB596" authorityName="Lindl" authorityYear="1840" box="[695,805,653,677]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brantii">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FD41FD66FC9FB596" box="[695,805,653,677]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Q. brantii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF2FF90FCC5FD66FC5CB596" box="[819,998,653,677]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="castaneifolia">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FCC5FD66FC5CB596" box="[819,998,653,677]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Q. castaneifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FC02FD66FBE5B596" box="[1012,1119,653,677]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF2FF90FC02FD66FBE1B596" box="[1012,1115,653,677]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="libani">Q. libani</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF2FF90FF31FD59FAE6B491" blockId="22.[151,1437,653,1290]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FF31FD59FEE4B5F9" bold="true" box="[199,350,689,714]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Life history.</emphasis>
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The sexual generation induces big and hairy, multi-chambered catkin galls,
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFF2FF90FB0CFD5AFAC3B5FA" box="[1274,1401,690,714]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="30.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="20.0">20–40 mm</quantity>
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in diameter (
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFF2FF90FEF1FD3DFEE0B5DD" box="[263,346,725,750]" captionStart="FIGURES 41–46" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1654,1677]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[150,1436,193,1634]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 41–46. Galls on Quercus ithaburensis. 41. Synophrus politus, sexual generation; 42. Synophrus olivieri sexual generation; 43. Andricus miriami, asexual generation; 44. Same, old gall; 45. Chilaspis israeli, sexual generation; 46. Dryocosmus mayri, sexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610039/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
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), composed of small triangular subunits that are densely covered by long hairs. Each unit contains one very rigid larval chamber that is attached to the catkin petiole. When young, the hairs are whitish to pinkish, turning golden-brown when mature. The asexual generation induces detachable, spherical leaf galls, up to
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<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFF2FF90FABBFCF6FA27B406" box="[1357,1437,798,822]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
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in diameter, which are often alined on the underside of the leaf and are single chambered (
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFF2FF90FB70FCA9FB61B469" box="[1158,1243,833,858]" captionStart="FIGURES 59–64" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1725,1748]" captionTargetBox="[154,1437,196,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[150,1437,193,1704]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 59–64. Galls on Quercus ithaburensis. 59. Chilaspis israeli, asexual generation; 60–61. Cerroneuroterus lanuginosus, asexual generation; 62. Cerroneuroterus gyulaigaraiae, asexual generation; 63. Andricus sp. nr. istvani, sexual generation; 64. Dryocosmus mikoi, sexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610045/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Fig. 59</figureCitation>
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). Young galls are tiny and covered by black fuzz, turning green and hard when mature. They then drop from the leaves, turning brown with a velvety cover after a few days on the ground, and the larvae diapause in them for 4–10 months.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF2FF90FF31FC45FBB5B301" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="240936E8FFF2FF90FF31FC45FBB5B301" blockId="22.[151,1437,653,1290]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FF31FC45FEF3B4F5" bold="true" box="[199,329,941,966]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Phenology.</emphasis>
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Galls of the sexual generation begin to develop in February and adults emerge from them in late February to early March or in April in the Golan Heights. Galls of the asexual generation begin to develop in September and mature in December. Some of the larvae pupate and emerge as adults in February-March of the following year, whereas others remain in diapause and emerge only in October.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF2FF90FF31FBD5FA34B366" box="[199,1422,1085,1110]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF2FF90FF31FBD5FA34B366" blockId="22.[151,1437,653,1290]" box="[199,1422,1085,1110]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FF31FBD5FEDAB365" bold="true" box="[199,352,1085,1110]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF2FF90FE91FBD5FE10B365" box="[359,426,1085,1110]" name="Israel" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Israel</collectingCountry>
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: Throughout the distribution range of
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF2FF90FCA2FBD6FBBAB366" baseAuthorityName="Sternlicht" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[852,1024,1085,1109]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ithaburensis">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FCA2FBD6FBBAB366" box="[852,1024,1085,1109]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Q. ithaburensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Elsewhere:
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF2FF90FB67FBD5FB4CB365" box="[1169,1270,1085,1110]" name="Lebanon" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF2FF90FAF7FBD5FAF5B365" box="[1281,1359,1085,1110]" name="Jordan" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Jordan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF2FF90FAACFBD6FA31B366" box="[1370,1419,1086,1109]" name="Iran" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Iran</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF2FF90FF31FB89FD5EB23A" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="240936E8FFF2FF90FF31FB89FD5EB23A" blockId="22.[151,1437,653,1290]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FF31FB89FEF5B349" bold="true" box="[199,335,1121,1146]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Comments.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFF2FF90FEA0FB89FD98B349" author="Sternlicht, M." box="[342,546,1121,1146]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">Sternlicht (1968b)</bibRefCitation>
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described
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF2FF90FD6AFB89FCEEB34A" box="[668,852,1121,1145]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Chilaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="israeli">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FD6AFB89FCEEB34A" box="[668,852,1121,1145]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Chilaspis israeli</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(his
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFF2FF90FC7AFB89FC58B349" box="[908,994,1121,1146]" captionStart="FIGURES 47–52" captionStartId="39.[151,264,1677,1700]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1656]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[151,1435,193,1657]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURES 47–52. Sexual generation galls on Quercus ithaburensis. 47. Andricus cecconii; 48. Same, old gall; 49. Andricus grossulariae, young galls; 50. Andricus grossulariae, old galls (arrow); 51. Andricus vindobonensis; 52. Andricus coriarius." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610041/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Figs 49</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFF2FF90FC18FB89FBB1B349" box="[1006,1035,1121,1146]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–58" captionStartId="40.[151,264,1666,1689]" captionTargetBox="[161,1435,193,1642]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[152,1435,193,1646]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURES 53–58. Galls on Quercus ithaburensis. 53. Pseudoneuroterus sp. 2, sexual generation; 54. Cerroneuroterus lanuginosus, sexual generation; 55. Pseudoneuroterus macropterus, sexual generation; 56. Pseudoneuroterus sp. 1, sexual generation; 57. Pseudoneuroterus saliens, sexual generation; 58. Pseudoneuroterus saliens, asexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610043/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">57</figureCitation>
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) as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF2FF90FB1CFB89FF52B3AD" authority="Giraud" authorityName="Giraud" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Chilaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitida">
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FB1CFB89FA26B34A" box="[1258,1436,1121,1145]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Chilaspis nitida</emphasis>
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Giraud
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</taxonomicName>
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, which was later recognized as a distinct species by
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<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFF2FF90FCCCFB6DFBC9B3AD" author="Pujade-Villar, J. & Ros-Farre, P. & Melika, G." box="[826,1139,1157,1182]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" pagination="167 - 178" refId="ref35694" refString="Pujade-Villar, J., Ros-Farre, P. & Melika, G. (2003 b) Revision of the genus Chilaspis Mayr, 1881 (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, New Series, 39 (2), 167 - 178." type="journal article" year="2003">
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Pujade-Villar
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FC21FB6EFBB3B3AE" box="[983,1033,1157,1181]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">et al</emphasis>
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. (2003b)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. Galls of both generations are very similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF2FF90FE24FB42FD8FB3F2" box="[466,565,1193,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Chilaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitida">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FE24FB42FD8FB3F2" box="[466,565,1193,1217]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">C. nitida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Europe but are bigger (up to
|
||
<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFF2FF90FC53FB42FC4CB3F2" box="[933,1014,1194,1218]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter compared to
|
||
<quantity id="E34E9B0DFFF2FF90FAECFB41FAE7B3F2" box="[1306,1373,1193,1218]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF2FF90FA74FB42FF62B3D6" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Chilaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitida">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FA74FB42FF62B3D6" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">C. nitida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the two species are geographically separated, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF2FF90FC99FB26FC61B3D6" box="[879,987,1229,1253]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Chilaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="israeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FC99FB26FC61B3D6" box="[879,987,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">C. israeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
restricted to several oak species in the Levant and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF2FF90FEEDFB1AFEF2B23A" box="[283,328,1266,1289]" name="Iran" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF2FF90FE88FB1AFE5BB23A" box="[382,481,1265,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Chilaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitida">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FE88FB1AFE5BB23A" box="[382,481,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">C. nitida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF2FF90FDF2FB1AFDDDB23A" box="[516,615,1266,1289]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cerris">
|
||
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF2FF90FDF2FB1AFDDDB23A" box="[516,615,1266,1289]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Q. cerris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Europe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |