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<document id="28782CEFB561D9E660DC4B0101937E57" ID-DOI="10.1080/14772019.2017.1412362" ID-ISSN="1478-0941" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883381" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1711484105509" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Georgieva, Magdalena N., Little, Crispin T. S., Watson, Jonathan S., Sephton, Mark A., Ball, Alexander D. &amp; Glover, Adrian G." docDate="2019" docId="03C0814B9027FFA73D85FF1C4C8CFDDA" docLanguage="en" docName="JSystPalaeontol.17.4.287-329.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2017.1412362" docStyle="DocumentStyle:602474738E3D100F0F13788B53F61545.3:JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.open" docStyleId="602474738E3D100F0F13788B53F61545" docStyleName="JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.open" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Annelida Lamarck 1809" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FFF9F933903CFFBB3E4CFFA14E0EFF1E" masterDocTitle="Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps" masterLastPageNumber="329" masterPageNumber="287" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1712152197148" updateUser="diego" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="57ACADACCD7565F6699A86E2397A532B">Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="30DF9A462DFE0777274104D3B5CCD68B">Georgieva, Magdalena N.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="23C5370E90AD9BD639A831A1A790DB8D">Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; &amp; School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="73DD8C30005FFDD6FCF959EE05F1D411">Little, Crispin T. S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0DEFAB69ABC6D99D52123A4F5C947C98">School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E4E637CBE44896A98CCCC8951E2E93D7">Watson, Jonathan S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1EA6E3CB6DF1C4CDE3BAEF085B956531">Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9D7648C40C63E046F818E71AEDA9B68B">Sephton, Mark A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1EA8035A41B569A916DB9B3295D9640D">Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D5B00B6254F47D581FC16985B170A083">Ball, Alexander D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FD71A42E3AB9F3DE47424AD644697BB7">Core Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4D5616595DD49AB72DD6EA9CC6E064C7">Glover, Adrian G.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03C0814B9027FFA73D85FF1C4C8CFDDA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C0814B9027FFA73D85FF1C4C8CFDDA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0814B9027FFA73D85FF1C4C8CFDDA" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">
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<heading id="D09E87319027FFA03D85FF1C4B30FFCA" box="[969,1342,189,212]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="13" reason="7">
?Phylum
<taxonomicName id="4C694BDE9027FFA03A63FF1C4B30FFCA" ID-CoL="NN" ID-ENA="6340" authority="Lamarck, 1809" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1809" box="[1071,1342,189,212]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="phylum">
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03A63FF1C4A98FFCA" bold="true" box="[1071,1174,189,212]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">Annelida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84DAC9027FFA03AD0FF1C4B30FFCA" author="Lamarck, J. B." box="[1180,1342,189,212]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13" refId="ref23919" refString="Lamarck, J. B. 1809. Philodophie zoologique, ou exposition des considerations´relatives a´l'histoire naturelle des Animaux. Dentu, Paris." type="book" year="1809">Lamarck, 1809</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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<heading id="D09E87319027FFA03A5DFF7C4AF8FFEA" box="[1041,1270,221,244]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="13" reason="7">
Family
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03A2FFF7C4AF8FFEA" box="[1123,1270,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">incertae sedis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37363D69027FFA03A76FF5C4AC3FE0A" box="[1082,1229,253,276]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BD6305D9027FFA03A76FF5C4AC3FE0A" blockId="27.[1041,1270,221,308]" box="[1082,1229,253,276]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03A76FF5C4AC3FE0A" bold="true" box="[1082,1229,253,276]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">‘Sibay tubes’</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37363D69027FFA03A19FEBC4ABCFE2A" box="[1109,1202,285,308]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD6305D9027FFA03A19FEBC4ABCFE2A" blockId="27.[1041,1270,221,308]" box="[1109,1202,285,308]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">
(
<figureCitation id="13522CD89027FFA03A12FEBC4AA4FE2A" box="[1118,1194,285,308]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[159,227,1860,1881]" captionTargetBox="[174,1451,815,1825]" captionTargetId="figure-240@27.[173,1453,814,1827]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. ‘Sibay tubes’, NHMUK VF71, Devonian, Sibay, Russia. A, hand specimen showing cluster of tubes in various orientations. B, detail of tube wall showing smooth appearance. C, detail of the walls of three adjacent tubes in transverse section; walls appear thick and multi-layered. D, detail of framboidal pyrite preserving tube walls. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 1 mm; C = 500 µm; D = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883415/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37363D69027FFA03D01FEFC4AEAFE8A" pageId="27" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD6305D9027FFA03D01FEFC4AEAFE8A" blockId="27.[845,1467,349,404]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">1999c Indeterminate annelid? tube Little, Maslennikov, Morris, &amp; Gubanov: 1061, figs 4, 5.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37363D69027FFA03D01FE174DC0FD9B" pageId="27" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD6305D9027FFA03D01FE174DE8FEF3" blockId="27.[845,1467,438,493]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03D01FE174DB9FED3" bold="true" box="[845,951,438,461]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">Material.</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED78A8989027FFA03D8AFE174A24FED3" box="[966,1066,438,461]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="27" pageNumber="13" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
VF71, cluster of tubes. Collected by C.
<collectionCode id="ED78A8989027FFA03D20FE774D71FEF3" box="[876,895,470,493]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">T</collectionCode>
. S. Little.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD6305D9027FFA03D01FDAE4DC0FD9B" blockId="27.[845,1467,527,645]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03D01FDAE4DD7FD38" bold="true" box="[845,985,527,550]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">Occurrence.</emphasis>
Sibay massive sulphide deposit, southern Ural Mountains,
<collectingCountry id="F37E70CD9027FFA03A45FD8E4A5EFD58" box="[1033,1104,559,582]" name="Russia" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">Russia</collectingCountry>
(52
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41.66
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<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03A8BFD8B4AC2FD25" bold="true" box="[1223,1228,554,571]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">
<superScript id="7C1C9D159027FFA03A8BFD8B4AC2FD25" attach="right" box="[1223,1228,554,571]" fontSize="7" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">'</superScript>
</emphasis>
N, 58
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38.15
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<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03B19FD8B4B54FD25" bold="true" box="[1365,1370,554,571]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">
<superScript id="7C1C9D159027FFA03B19FD8B4B54FD25" attach="right" box="[1365,1370,554,571]" fontSize="7" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">'</superScript>
</emphasis>
E). Middle-Lower Devonian (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84DAC9027FFA03A06FDEF4B2AFD7B" author="Little, C. T. S. &amp; Maslennikov, V. V &amp; Morris, N. J. &amp; Gubanov, A. P." box="[1098,1316,590,613]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13" pagination="1043 - 1078" refId="ref24279" refString="Little, C. T. S., Maslennikov, V. V, Morris, N. J. &amp; Gubanov, A. P. 1999 c. Two Palaeozoic hydrothermal vent communities from the southern Ural mountains, Russia. Palaeontology, 42, 1043 - 1078." type="journal article" year="1999">
Little
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03AD9FDEF4ADAFD7B" box="[1173,1236,590,613]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
1999c
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84DAC9027FFA03B77FDEF4DB0FD9B" author="Shpanskaya, A. Y. &amp; Maslennikov, V. V. &amp; Little, C. T. S." pageId="27" pageNumber="13" pagination="222 - 228" refId="ref25432" refString="Shpanskaya, A. Y., Maslennikov, V. V. &amp; Little, C. T. S. 1999. Vestimentiferan tubes from the Early Silurian and Middle Devonian hydrothermal biota of the Uralian palaeobasin. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 33, 222 - 228." type="journal article" year="1999">
Shpanskaya
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03D01FDCF4D8DFD9B" box="[845,899,622,645]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37363D69027FFA73D01FD094F55FE6A" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="27" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD6305D9027FFA73D01FD094F55FE6A" blockId="27.[845,1467,680,766]" lastBlockId="28.[159,781,189,372]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03D01FD094DD6FDA1" bold="true" box="[845,984,680,703]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">Description.</emphasis>
Pyritic tubes 0.3–7.0 mm in diameter, nontapering, sometimes gently curved and with smooth walls (
<figureCitation id="13522CD89027FFA03D1AFD464DD5FDE0" box="[854,987,743,766]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[159,227,1860,1881]" captionTargetBox="[174,1451,815,1825]" captionTargetId="figure-240@27.[173,1453,814,1827]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. ‘Sibay tubes’, NHMUK VF71, Devonian, Sibay, Russia. A, hand specimen showing cluster of tubes in various orientations. B, detail of tube wall showing smooth appearance. C, detail of the walls of three adjacent tubes in transverse section; walls appear thick and multi-layered. D, detail of framboidal pyrite preserving tube walls. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 1 mm; C = 500 µm; D = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883415/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">Fig. 17A, B</figureCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84DAC9027FFA03DB8FD464AB0FDE0" author="Little, C. T. S. &amp; Maslennikov, V. V &amp; Morris, N. J. &amp; Gubanov, A. P." box="[1012,1214,743,766]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13" pagination="1043 - 1078" refId="ref24279" refString="Little, C. T. S., Maslennikov, V. V, Morris, N. J. &amp; Gubanov, A. P. 1999 c. Two Palaeozoic hydrothermal vent communities from the southern Ural mountains, Russia. Palaeontology, 42, 1043 - 1078." type="journal article" year="1999">
Little
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03A77FD464A7AFDE0" box="[1083,1140,743,766]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
1999c
</bibRefCitation>
). The tube walls were originally described to be formed of fine-grained pyrite which is occasionally colloform (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84DAC9020FFA73C5EFF7C4CD3FFEA" author="Little, C. T. S. &amp; Maslennikov, V. V &amp; Morris, N. J. &amp; Gubanov, A. P." box="[530,733,221,244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="14" pagination="1043 - 1078" refId="ref24279" refString="Little, C. T. S., Maslennikov, V. V, Morris, N. J. &amp; Gubanov, A. P. 1999 c. Two Palaeozoic hydrothermal vent communities from the southern Ural mountains, Russia. Palaeontology, 42, 1043 - 1078." type="journal article" year="1999">
Little
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9020FFA73C14FF7C4C9CFFEA" box="[600,658,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
1999c
</bibRefCitation>
). In thin sections examined during the present study, the tube walls appear thick and may be multi-layered (
<figureCitation id="13522CD89020FFA73CD2FEBC4D0EFE2A" box="[670,768,285,308]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[159,227,1860,1881]" captionTargetBox="[174,1451,815,1825]" captionTargetId="figure-240@27.[173,1453,814,1827]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. ‘Sibay tubes’, NHMUK VF71, Devonian, Sibay, Russia. A, hand specimen showing cluster of tubes in various orientations. B, detail of tube wall showing smooth appearance. C, detail of the walls of three adjacent tubes in transverse section; walls appear thick and multi-layered. D, detail of framboidal pyrite preserving tube walls. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 1 mm; C = 500 µm; D = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883415/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="14">Fig. 17C</figureCitation>
), and some also appear to be comprised of framboidal pyrite (
<figureCitation id="13522CD89020FFA73EA1FEFC4F40FE6A" box="[237,334,349,372]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="27.[159,227,1860,1881]" captionTargetBox="[174,1451,815,1825]" captionTargetId="figure-240@27.[173,1453,814,1827]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 17. ‘Sibay tubes’, NHMUK VF71, Devonian, Sibay, Russia. A, hand specimen showing cluster of tubes in various orientations. B, detail of tube wall showing smooth appearance. C, detail of the walls of three adjacent tubes in transverse section; walls appear thick and multi-layered. D, detail of framboidal pyrite preserving tube walls. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 1 mm; C = 500 µm; D = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883415/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="14">Fig. 17D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF1660D59027FFA03ED3F8E54B93F890" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883415" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883415/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="13" startId="27.[159,227,1860,1881]" targetBox="[174,1451,815,1825]" targetPageId="27" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD6305D9027FFA03ED3F8E54B93F890" blockId="27.[159,1468,1860,1934]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03ED3F8E54F06F847" bold="true" box="[159,264,1860,1881]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">Figure 17.</emphasis>
‘Sibay tubes’, NHMUK VF71, Devonian, Sibay, Russia.
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03D76F8E54D5FF847" bold="true" box="[826,849,1860,1881]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">A,</emphasis>
hand specimen showing cluster of tubes in various orientations.
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03ED3F8FF4EBBF86D" bold="true" box="[159,181,1886,1907]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">B,</emphasis>
detail of tube wall showing smooth appearance.
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03CC0F8FF4CADF86D" bold="true" box="[652,675,1886,1907]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">C,</emphasis>
detail of the walls of three adjacent tubes in transverse section; walls appear thick and multi-layered.
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03F19F8D84F62F890" bold="true" box="[341,364,1913,1934]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">D,</emphasis>
detail of framboidal pyrite preserving tube walls. Scale bars: A
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03D9DF8D94DEAF890" bold="true" box="[977,996,1912,1934]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">=</emphasis>
3 mm; B
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03A0FF8D94A58F890" bold="true" box="[1091,1110,1912,1934]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">=</emphasis>
1 mm; C
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03AF8F8D94AC9F890" bold="true" box="[1204,1223,1912,1934]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">=</emphasis>
500
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03ABAF8D94B08F890" box="[1270,1286,1912,1934]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">µ</emphasis>
m; D
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03B71F8D94B5EF890" bold="true" box="[1341,1360,1912,1934]" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">=</emphasis>
10
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9027FFA03B3FF8D94B8DF890" box="[1395,1411,1912,1934]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="13">µ</emphasis>
m.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C37363D69020FFA73ED3FE2F4C8CFDDA" pageId="28" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD6305D9020FFA73ED3FE2F4C8CFDDA" blockId="28.[159,782,398,708]" pageId="28" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9020FFA73ED3FE2F4F00FEBB" bold="true" box="[159,270,398,421]" pageId="28" pageNumber="14">Remarks.</emphasis>
These tubes exhibit few distinguishing characteristics, which led to their previous diagnosis as indeterminate?annelid tubes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84DAC9020FFA73FEEFE6F4C63FEFB" author="Little, C. T. S. &amp; Maslennikov, V. V &amp; Morris, N. J. &amp; Gubanov, A. P." box="[418,621,462,485]" pageId="28" pageNumber="14" pagination="1043 - 1078" refId="ref24279" refString="Little, C. T. S., Maslennikov, V. V, Morris, N. J. &amp; Gubanov, A. P. 1999 c. Two Palaeozoic hydrothermal vent communities from the southern Ural mountains, Russia. Palaeontology, 42, 1043 - 1078." type="journal article" year="1999">
Little
<emphasis id="B91DEC4F9020FFA73FA4FE6F4C2CFEFB" box="[488,546,462,485]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
1999c
</bibRefCitation>
). As we were unable to find further characters, the tubes were largely unresolved within cluster and cladistic analyses (
<figureCitation id="13522CD89020FFA73CFAFDAF4D09FD3B" box="[694,775,526,549]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="33.[159,227,1382,1403]" captionTargetBox="[173,1453,183,1350]" captionTargetId="figure-184@33.[173,1453,183,1350]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figure 22. Strict consensus cladogram of the three most parsimonious trees of tubes built by a total of 43 modern annelid taxa (best score = 14.344, consistency index = 0.308, retention index = 0.629). The analysis was based on the 48 mostly morphological tube characters and was performed using implied character weighting (k = 3). Numbers on nodes represent groups present/contradicted support values. Symbols/colours indicate taxonomic affinities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883425/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="14">Figs 22</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13522CD89020FFA73ED3FD8C4EB4FD5A" box="[159,186,557,580]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="35.[159,227,1159,1180]" captionTargetBox="[398,1229,183,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-242@35.[397,1230,183,1127]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 24. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy spectra of the organic tubes of vent and seep annelids. Spectra are offset on the absorbance axis, and key spectral absorbance peaks are labelled with the types of chemical bonds they represent: -NH, nitrogenhydrogen; -CH, carbon-hydrogen; -OH, oxygen-hydrogen. The regions of the tube analysed are as follows: Tevnia jerichonana (anterior, inner tube wall); Zenkevitchiana longissimi (middle, outer tube wall); Lamellibrachia anaximandri (posterior, outer tube wall); Sclerolinum contortum (anterior, outer tube wall); Alvinella sp. (middle); Spiochaetopterus izuensis (middle, outer tube wall)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883429/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="14">24</figureCitation>
). The indeterminate status of the tubes is therefore maintained. They are tentatively suggested to be annelid tubes due to their smooth, thick and possibly multi-layered walls, and as they do not closely resemble the tubes of other Palaeozoic tubicolous animals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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