308 lines
35 KiB
XML
308 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="B70DAE149B7884D6100BC3E28CAE8E4C" ID-DOI="10.1649/072.070.0123" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5342314" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1630192954729" checkinUser="diego" docAuthor="Opitz, Weston" docDate="2016" docId="FD71A26DFFB60E21FD034BA573414A5D" docLanguage="en" docName="072.070.0123.pdf" docOrigin="The Coleopterists Bulletin 70 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/072.070.0123" docStyle="DocumentStyle:A0A70CFE30726088A421CCB226FF86C7.4:TheColeopBull.2010-2016.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="A0A70CFE30726088A421CCB226FF86C7" docStyleName="TheColeopBull.2010-2016.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Somaovalis sinestigma Opitz. Among 2016, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="167" masterDocId="0148DA15FFBB0E2EFFE0496172584B01" masterDocTitle="Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of Tarsosteninae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part III. Taxonomy of the New World GeneraArdearsusOpitz, New Genus, AbiliellaPeracchi, OchraceaOpitz, New Genus, andSomaovalisOpitz, New Genus" masterLastPageNumber="167" masterPageNumber="153" pageNumber="153" updateTime="1699182182703" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="1A77309E9CD51961DE700B50C48B62E8">Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of Tarsosteninae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part III. Taxonomy of the New World GeneraArdearsusOpitz, New Genus, AbiliellaPeracchi, OchraceaOpitz, New Genus, andSomaovalisOpitz, New Genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9E1358A499241EB2FAFB32F401F04445">Opitz, Weston</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E3C3EB09537D2C7E895B024E3936673F">The Coleopterists Bulletin</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CF9ED72D0C9754C66BDD80FB623AF79F">
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<mods:date id="E282342248743F5D1A07888F56E4050C">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="25E5B24D96634B0D87A24D92B88A6682">2016-03-31</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="B78E1AADB4EA7FC3E6CA57EB0C9B89E1" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="390792D76F9267D6CEC6F115FE5A64C1">70</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="0257F4C39768B4845D677896EF2148D0" type="DOI">10.1649/072.070.0123</mods:identifier>
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<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB60E23FD034BA576D049DB" bold="true" box="[739,1160,708,730]" pageId="13">
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<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB60E23FD034BA5765E49DB" authority="Opitz" authorityName="Opitz. Among" authorityYear="2016" box="[739,1030,708,730]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Somaovalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinestigma" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB60E23FD034BA5719B49DB" bold="true" box="[739,963,708,730]" italics="true" pageId="13">Somaovalis sinestigma</emphasis>
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Opitz
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="5C9F7212FFB60E23FBF34BA476D049DB" box="[1043,1160,709,730]" pageId="13" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="EDE30FFEFFB60E23FCA74B8171EC49F4" box="[839,948,736,757]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[175,215,1304,1323]" captionTargetBox="[166,1156,209,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-113@4.[151,1171,183,1302]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 1–17. Morphological structures. Antenna: 1) Abiliella albosutura; 2) Abiliella fasciata; 3) Abiliella galbina; 4) Ochracea xanthosa; 5) Ardearsus morulus; 6) Somaovalis sinestigma; 7) Somaovalis sexnaeva. Pronotum: 8) A. albosutura; 9) Abiliella fasciata; 10) A. morulus; 11) O. xanthosa; 12) Somaovalis sexnaeva; 13) Somaovalis sinestigma; 14) A. galbina. Apical maxillary palpomere: 15) A. fasciata; 16) A. morulus; 17) O. xanthosa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5342316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5342316/files/figure.png" pageId="13">Figs. 6, 13</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="EDE30FFEFFB60E23FC204B81718249F4" box="[960,986,736,757]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="9.[197,237,1621,1640]" captionTargetBox="[235,1193,183,1598]" captionTargetId="figure-0@9.[173,1193,183,1598]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs. 30–32. Habitus. 30) Ochracea xanthosa; 31) Somaovalis sexnaeva; 32) Somaovalis sinestigma." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5342324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5342324/files/figure.png" pageId="13">32</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="EDE30FFEFFB60E23FC064B81765849F4" box="[998,1024,736,757]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[175,207,1553,1572]" captionTargetBox="[156,1169,188,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-69@12.[151,1171,183,1535]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 39. Geographical distributions of seven tarsostenine species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5342330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5342330/files/figure.png" pageId="13">39</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="EDE30FFEFFB60E23FBEC4B81767D49F4" box="[1036,1061,736,757]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[197,229,1710,1729]" captionTargetBox="[173,1192,1024,1683]" captionTargetId="figure-397@13.[173,1225,1000,1687]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 40. Hypothesized phylogeny of the species included in this work." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5342334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5342334/files/figure.png" pageId="13">40</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3DC240F0FFB60E20FD3B4A6B73514A0D" lastPageId="14" pageId="13" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="7567137BFFB60E23FD3B4A6B7193486E" blockId="13.[707,1194,778,959]" pageId="13">
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<materialsCitation id="C5B01926FFB60E23FD3B4A6B7193486E" collectingDate="1993-10-08" collectionCode="FSCA" country="Brazil" location="Brien" municipality="Fzda. Rancho Grande" pageId="13" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Rondonia" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB60E23FD3B4A6B7166481E" bold="true" box="[731,830,778,799]" pageId="13">
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<typeStatus id="AA63ADD9FFB60E23FD3B4A6B7162481E" box="[731,826,778,799]" pageId="13" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCount id="63DED8F2FFB60E23FCAB4A6B71054821" box="[843,861,778,800]" pageId="13" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
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.
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<collectingCountry id="0DCF53EBFFB60E23FC8C4A6B719D481E" box="[876,965,778,799]" name="Brazil" pageId="13">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="B71CDD99FFB60E23FC314A6B7668481E" box="[977,1072,778,799]" country="Brazil" name="Rondonia" pageId="13">Rondonia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<locationDeviation id="64D50A59FFB60E23FBDD4A6B7168483B" location="Ariquemes" pageId="13">
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<quantity id="B220BE9EFFB60E23FBDD4A6B7624481E" box="[1085,1148,778,799]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="13" unit="km" value="62.0">62 km</quantity>
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SW Ariquemes
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||
</locationDeviation>
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||
,
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<collectingMunicipality id="95038901FFB60E23FCDC4A447641483B" box="[828,1049,805,826]" pageId="13">Fzda. Rancho Grande</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<date id="016635BBFFB60E23FBC54A4476D3483B" box="[1061,1163,805,827]" pageId="13" value="1993-10-08">
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<collectingDate id="1122CC53FFB60E23FBC54A4476D3483B" box="[1061,1163,805,827]" pageId="13" value="1993-10-08">X-8–1993</collectingDate>
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</date>
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. A second label reads: CW & LB O’
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<location id="700745A0FFB60E23FBF54A2176154854" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FD71A26DFFB60E21FD034BA573414A5D:700745A0FFB60E23FBF54A2176154854" box="[1045,1101,832,853]" country="Brazil" municipality="Fzda. Rancho Grande" name="Brien" pageId="13" stateProvince="Rondonia">Brien</location>
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, at merc. vap. & U V light. (
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<collectionCode id="13C98BBEFFB60E23FC604A3B7199486E" box="[896,961,858,879]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jekt-x82m" name="Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology" pageId="13" type="Museum">FSCA</collectionCode>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7567137BFFB60E23FD3B4A1476F248BE" blockId="13.[707,1194,778,959]" pageId="13">
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<materialsCitation id="C5B01926FFB60E23FD3B4A14763048A5" country="Brazil" location="Fzda. Rancho Grande" municipality="Two" pageId="13" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rondonia" typeStatus="paratype">
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<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB60E23FD3B4A14711F488B" bold="true" box="[731,839,885,906]" pageId="13">
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<typeStatus id="AA63ADD9FFB60E23FD3B4A14711C488B" box="[731,836,885,906]" pageId="13" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingMunicipality id="95038901FFB60E23FCB54A147126488B" box="[853,894,885,906]" pageId="13">Two</collectingMunicipality>
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specimens.
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<collectingCountry id="0DCF53EBFFB60E23FC0C4A14761A488B" box="[1004,1090,885,906]" name="Brazil" pageId="13">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="B71CDD99FFB60E23FBAB4A1476FE488B" box="[1099,1190,885,906]" country="Brazil" name="Rondonia" pageId="13">Rondonia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<locationDeviation id="64D50A59FFB60E23FD234AEE71CA48A5" box="[707,914,911,932]" location="Ariquemes" pageId="13">
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<quantity id="B220BE9EFFB60E23FD234AEE70A648A5" box="[707,766,911,932]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="13" unit="km" value="62.0">62 km</quantity>
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SW Ariquemes
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</locationDeviation>
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,
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||
<location id="700745A0FFB60E23FC7C4AEE763048A5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FD71A26DFFB60E21FD034BA573414A5D:700745A0FFB60E23FC7C4AEE763048A5" box="[924,1128,911,932]" country="Brazil" municipality="Two" name="Fzda. Rancho Grande" pageId="13" stateProvince="Rondonia">Fzda. Rancho Grande</location>
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</materialsCitation>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="C5B01926FFB60E23FB914AEE76FE48BE" collectingDate="1993-10-10" collectionCode="WOPC" country="Brazil" location="BRAZIL" pageId="13" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<date id="016635BBFFB60E23FB914AEE70AC48BE" pageId="13" value="1993-10-10">
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<collectingDate id="1122CC53FFB60E23FB914AEE70AC48BE" pageId="13" value="1993-10-10">X-10- 1993</collectingDate>
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</date>
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||
, C. W. & L. B. O’ Brien (
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<collectionCode id="13C98BBEFFB60E23FC3F4ACB767E48BE" box="[991,1062,938,959]" pageId="13">WOPC</collectionCode>
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, 1).
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<collectingCountry id="0DCF53EBFFB60E23FBAE4ACB76FE48BE" box="[1102,1190,938,959]" name="Brazil" pageId="13">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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:
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||
</paragraph>
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<caption id="21A743F3FFB60E23FF254FCF71604DC0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5342334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5342334" box="[197,824,1710,1729]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5342334/files/figure.png" pageId="13" startId="13.[197,229,1710,1729]" targetBox="[173,1192,1024,1683]" targetPageId="13">
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<paragraph id="7567137BFFB60E23FF254FCF71604DC0" blockId="13.[197,824,1710,1729]" box="[197,824,1710,1729]" pageId="13">
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<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB60E23FF254FCF73534DC0" bold="true" box="[197,267,1710,1729]" pageId="13">Fig. 40.</emphasis>
|
||
Hypothesized phylogeny of the species included in this work.
|
||
</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="7567137BFFB50E20FF7749A373514A0D" blockId="14.[151,638,194,1039]" pageId="14">
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<materialsCitation id="C5B01926FFB50E20FF7749A3735D4A0D" collectingDate="1993-10-13" collectionCode="WOPC" location="Fzda. Rancho Grande" pageId="14" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rondonia">
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<collectingRegion id="B71CDD99FFB50E20FF7749A372A04BD6" box="[151,248,194,215]" country="Brazil" name="Rondonia" pageId="14">Rondonia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<locationDeviation id="64D50A59FFB50E20FEE649A373B04BD6" box="[262,488,194,215]" location="Ariquemes" pageId="14">
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<quantity id="B220BE9EFFB50E20FEE649A3731F4BD6" box="[262,327,194,215]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="14" unit="km" value="62.0">62 km</quantity>
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SW Ariquemes
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
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||
<location id="700745A0FFB50E20FE1549A372BF4BF3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FD71A26DFFB60E21FD034BA573414A5D:700745A0FFB50E20FE1549A372BF4BF3" name="Fzda. Rancho Grande" pageId="14" stateProvince="Rondonia">Fzda. Rancho Grande</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="016635BBFFB50E20FF1849BC73374BF3" box="[248,367,221,242]" pageId="14" value="1993-10-13">
|
||
<collectingDate id="1122CC53FFB50E20FF1849BC73374BF3" box="[248,367,221,242]" pageId="14" value="1993-10-13">X-13-1993</collectingDate>
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</date>
|
||
, C. W & L. B. O’ Brien (
|
||
<collectionCode id="13C98BBEFFB50E20FF7E499672BD4A0D" box="[158,229,247,268]" pageId="14">WOPC</collectionCode>
|
||
, 1)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3DC240F0FFB50E20FF4F487370594A76" pageId="14" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="7567137BFFB50E20FF4F487370594A76" blockId="14.[151,638,194,1039]" pageId="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FF4F487373404A26" bold="true" box="[175,280,274,295]" pageId="14">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
The black color of the elytral disc will conveniently distinguish the members of this species from congeneric specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB50E20FDE8482670204A5D" box="[520,632,327,348]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Somaovalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sexnaeva">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FDE8482670204A5D" box="[520,632,327,348]" italics="true" pageId="14">S. sexnaeva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose elytra have six pale markings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3DC240F0FFB50E20FF4F481D700D486E" pageId="14" type="description">
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<paragraph id="7567137BFFB50E20FF4F481D702649EB" blockId="14.[151,638,194,1039]" pageId="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FF4F481D73294A90" bold="true" box="[175,369,380,401]" pageId="14">Description. Size:</emphasis>
|
||
Length 4.5 mm; width 1.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FF1448F6736D4AAD" bold="true" box="[244,309,407,428]" pageId="14">Form:</emphasis>
|
||
As in
|
||
<figureCitation id="EDE30FFEFFB50E20FE9F48F673914AAD" box="[383,457,407,428]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="9.[197,237,1621,1640]" captionTargetBox="[235,1193,183,1598]" captionTargetId="figure-0@9.[173,1193,183,1598]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs. 30–32. Habitus. 30) Ochracea xanthosa; 31) Somaovalis sexnaeva; 32) Somaovalis sinestigma." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5342324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5342324/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FE3648F670414AAD" bold="true" box="[470,537,407,428]" pageId="14">Color:</emphasis>
|
||
Cranium, pronotum, pterothorax, elytra, and abdomen black, mouthparts, antennae, and legs testaceous.
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FDA048AD70254AE0" bold="true" box="[576,637,460,481]" pageId="14">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Cranium coarsely punctate, frons wider than width of eye (FW/EW = 30/15); funicular antennomeres filiform, antennomeres 9 and 10 subtriangular, antennomere 11 subovoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EDE30FFEFFB50E20FE794B57738B494A" box="[409,467,566,587]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[175,215,1304,1323]" captionTargetBox="[166,1156,209,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-113@4.[151,1171,183,1302]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 1–17. Morphological structures. Antenna: 1) Abiliella albosutura; 2) Abiliella fasciata; 3) Abiliella galbina; 4) Ochracea xanthosa; 5) Ardearsus morulus; 6) Somaovalis sinestigma; 7) Somaovalis sexnaeva. Pronotum: 8) A. albosutura; 9) Abiliella fasciata; 10) A. morulus; 11) O. xanthosa; 12) Somaovalis sexnaeva; 13) Somaovalis sinestigma; 14) A. galbina. Apical maxillary palpomere: 15) A. fasciata; 16) A. morulus; 17) O. xanthosa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5342316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5342316/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FE044B57706F494A" bold="true" box="[484,567,566,587]" pageId="14">Thorax:</emphasis>
|
||
Pronotum oblong (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EDE30FFEFFB50E20FEF94B3073394967" box="[281,353,593,614]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="4.[175,215,1304,1323]" captionTargetBox="[166,1156,209,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-113@4.[151,1171,183,1302]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs. 1–17. Morphological structures. Antenna: 1) Abiliella albosutura; 2) Abiliella fasciata; 3) Abiliella galbina; 4) Ochracea xanthosa; 5) Ardearsus morulus; 6) Somaovalis sinestigma; 7) Somaovalis sexnaeva. Pronotum: 8) A. albosutura; 9) Abiliella fasciata; 10) A. morulus; 11) O. xanthosa; 12) Somaovalis sexnaeva; 13) Somaovalis sinestigma; 14) A. galbina. Apical maxillary palpomere: 15) A. fasciata; 16) A. morulus; 17) O. xanthosa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5342316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5342316/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
) (PL/PW = 68/55), coarsely punctate, without lateral tubercles; elytral disc sculptured with 8 asetiferously punctate striae that end at elytral apical 2/3 (EL/EW = 180/50), interstitial spaces large and smooth.
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FE264BDA706949D1" bold="true" box="[454,561,699,720]" pageId="14">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Female pygidium not incised at middle of anterior margin;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7567137BFFB50E20FF4F4B91737B481E" blockId="14.[151,638,194,1039]" pageId="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FF4F4B91734C4804" bold="true" box="[175,276,752,773]" pageId="14">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
The beetles before me are quite homogeneous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7567137BFFB50E20FF4F4A44700D486E" blockId="14.[151,638,194,1039]" pageId="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FF4F4A44730F483B" bold="true" box="[175,343,805,826]" pageId="14">Natural History.</emphasis>
|
||
The available specimens were collected in October, one with a combination trap involving mercury vapor/ultraviolet light.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3DC240F0FFB50E20FF4F4A1473EC48A5" pageId="14" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="7567137BFFB50E20FF4F4A1473EC48A5" blockId="14.[151,638,194,1039]" pageId="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FF4F4A14736A488B" bold="true" box="[175,306,885,906]" pageId="14">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is known only from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B71CDD99FFB50E20FF774AEE72AC48A5" box="[151,244,911,932]" country="Brazil" name="Rondonia" pageId="14">Rondonia</collectingRegion>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0DCF53EBFFB50E20FEF64AEE731748A5" box="[278,335,911,932]" name="Brazil" pageId="14">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="EDE30FFEFFB50E20FEBF4AEE73F048A5" box="[351,424,911,932]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[175,207,1553,1572]" captionTargetBox="[156,1169,188,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-69@12.[151,1171,183,1535]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 39. Geographical distributions of seven tarsostenine species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5342330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5342330/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3DC240F0FFB50E21FF4F4ACB73414A5D" lastPageId="15" pageId="14" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="7567137BFFB50E20FF4F4ACB73B14F0E" blockId="14.[151,638,194,1039]" pageId="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FF4F4ACB737A48BE" bold="true" box="[175,290,938,959]" pageId="14">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB50E20FE1D4ACB703D48BE" authorityName="Opitz. Among" authorityYear="2016" box="[509,613,938,959]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Somaovalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinestigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FE1D4ACB703D48BE" box="[509,613,938,959]" italics="true" pageId="14">sinestigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a compound name that stems from the Latin
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FDB74AA4702648DB" box="[599,638,965,986]" italics="true" pageId="14">sine</emphasis>
|
||
(= without) and the Greek
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FE7D4ABE738348F5" box="[413,475,991,1012]" italics="true" pageId="14">stigma</emphasis>
|
||
(= mark). I refer to the coloration of the elytral disc.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7567137BFFB50E20FF014D59706D4F4C" blockId="14.[225,565,1080,1103]" box="[225,565,1080,1103]" pageId="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FF014D59706D4F4C" bold="true" box="[225,565,1080,1103]" pageId="14">
|
||
EVOLUTIONARY
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FE684D59706D4F4C" bold="true" box="[392,565,1080,1103]" pageId="14">CONSIDERATIONS</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7567137BFFB50E20FF4F4D0571884A40" blockId="14.[151,638,1124,1437]" lastBlockId="14.[685,1172,194,1437]" pageId="14">
|
||
A detailed analysis of species-level morphology enabled a phylogenetic hypothesis that includes all of the species under consideration. Often, I have alluded to the scarcity of species-level characteristics for hypothesizing evolutionary history in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB50E20FF774D8873354FFF" authority="(Opitz 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Opitz" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[151,365,1257,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Cleridae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="11496E8AFFB50E20FF154D88733E4FFF" author="Opitz" box="[245,358,1257,1278]" pageId="14" pagination="85 - 138" refId="ref8979" refString="Opitz, W. 2009. Classification and evolution of the genus Phymatophaea Pascoe from New Zealand and New Caledonia (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Enopliinae). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 39 (4): 85 - 138." type="journal article" year="2009">Opitz 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, during this study I was able to find structural and color
|
||
<typeStatus id="AA63ADD9FFB50E20FDE94C62706A4E19" box="[521,562,1283,1304]" pageId="14">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of apotypies worthy of phylogenetic considerations at the species level. The character states listed in
|
||
<tableCitation id="385A26C0FFB50E20FDD64C5970264E4C" box="[566,638,1336,1357]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[197,245,193,212]" captionText="Table 1. Character matrix of 20 morphological characters of species of Ardearsus, Abiliella, Ochracea, Somaovalis, and the outgroup Tarsostenus. Character states are considered plesiotypic (0) or apotypic (1)." pageId="14">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
were analyzed via Winclada (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="11496E8AFFB50E20FE524C32707E4E69" author="Nixon" box="[434,550,1363,1384]" pageId="14" refId="ref8873" refString="Nixon, K. C. 2002. Winclada ver. 1.00. 08. Published by the author." type="book" year="2002">Nixon 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in combination with NONA (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="11496E8AFFB50E20FE684C0F70714E82" author="Goloboff" box="[392,553,1390,1411]" pageId="14" refId="ref8712" refString="Goloboff, P. A. 2003. NONA version 2.0. A tree searching program. Distributed by the author." type="book" year="2003">Goloboff 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which yielded one tree (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EDE30FFEFFB50E20FEDC4CE973D94E9C" box="[316,385,1416,1437]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[197,229,1710,1729]" captionTargetBox="[173,1192,1024,1683]" captionTargetId="figure-397@13.[173,1225,1000,1687]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 40. Hypothesized phylogeny of the species included in this work." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5342334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5342334/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
|
||
) involving 20 steps, index of consistency of 100, and an index of retention of 100. This species-level hypothesis is, of course, considered tentative until more data is discovered or following the discovery of new species relevant to the genera included herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7567137BFFB50E20FD254826762249EB" blockId="14.[685,1172,194,1437]" pageId="14">
|
||
Remarks about the biogeographical and phylogenetic character states of the species involved in this work must be considered tentative in view of the few distributional records available (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EDE30FFEFFB50E20FBDE48F676D14AAD" box="[1086,1161,407,428]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[175,207,1553,1572]" captionTargetBox="[156,1169,188,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-69@12.[151,1171,183,1535]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 39. Geographical distributions of seven tarsostenine species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5342330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5342330/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
|
||
). This paucity of material may be a reflection of collecting bias and/or a general unawareness of the presence of specimens in world collections. Whatever the case, it seems likely that Pleistocene climatic changes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="11496E8AFFB50E20FCA64B7A71AB4931" author="Vuilleumier" box="[838,1011,539,560]" pageId="14" pagination="771 - 780" refId="ref9256" refString="Vuilleumier, B. S. 1971. Pleistocene changes in the flora and fauna of South America. Science 173: 771 - 780." type="journal article" year="1971">Vuilleumier 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) had a dramatic effect on the distribution of these seemingly highland species (
|
||
<tableCitation id="385A26C0FFB50E20FCCD4B3071204967" box="[813,888,593,614]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="14.[175,223,1489,1508]" captionText="Table 2. Distribution of species of Ardearsus, Abiliella, Ochracea, and Somaovalis in South American clerofaunal areas of endemism (Opitz 2005)." pageId="14">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). That the genera in question, and their species, are of probably recent origin is suggested by their absence in Middle America, and it is likely that they evolved after the Andean orogeny during the Miocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="11496E8AFFB50E20FC464BDA765549D1" author="Ford" box="[934,1037,699,720]" pageId="14" pagination="81 - 114" refId="ref8642" refString="Ford, S. M. 2006. The biographic history of Mesoamerican primates [pp. 81 - 114]. In: New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates (A. P. A. Estrada, P. L. Garber, M. S. M. Pavelka, and L. Luecke, editors). Springer, New York, NY." type="book chapter" year="2006">Ford 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which established a formidable barrier to northern dispersal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7567137BFFB50E21FD254B9173414A5D" blockId="14.[685,1172,194,1437]" lastBlockId="15.[173,659,194,348]" lastPageId="15" pageId="14">
|
||
The known distributional evidence suggests that the ancestor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB50E20FCDF4A6A71C74821" authorityName="Opitz" authorityYear="2016" box="[831,927,779,800]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Ardearsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FCDF4A6A71C74821" box="[831,927,779,800]" italics="true" pageId="14">Ardearsus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB50E20FC4B4A6A71A44821" authorityName="Peracchi" authorityYear="1964" box="[939,1020,779,800]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Abiliella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FC4B4A6A71A44821" box="[939,1020,779,800]" italics="true" pageId="14">Abiliella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB50E20FBE84A6A763E4821" authorityName="OPITZ, AND" authorityYear="2016" box="[1032,1126,779,800]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Ochracea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FBE84A6A763E4821" box="[1032,1126,779,800]" italics="true" pageId="14">Ochracea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB50E20FD4D4A447143483B" authorityName="Opitz" authorityYear="2016" box="[685,795,805,826]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Somaovalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FD4D4A447143483B" box="[685,795,805,826]" italics="true" pageId="14">Somaovalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
evolved in South America, perhaps in the region designated as the Altiplano Complex (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB50E20FD544A3B717F486E" authority="Opitz, 2016" authorityName="Opitz" authorityYear="2016" box="[692,807,858,879]" genus="Opitz" pageId="14" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="11496E8AFFB50E20FD544A3B717F486E" author="Opitz W. & Classification & Aphelocerus Kirsch & Coleoptera & Cleridae & Clerinae" box="[692,807,858,879]" pageId="14" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref8940" refString="Opitz W. 2005. Classification, natural history, and evolution of the genus Aphelocerus Kirsch (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 293: 1 - 128." type="journal article" year="2005">Opitz 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Three of the four genera are found in these South American Highlands. My hypothesis of the phylogenetic relationships among the four genera is depicted in
|
||
<figureCitation id="EDE30FFEFFB50E20FC584ACB764F48BE" box="[952,1047,938,959]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[197,229,1710,1729]" captionTargetBox="[173,1192,1024,1683]" captionTargetId="figure-397@13.[173,1225,1000,1687]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 40. Hypothesized phylogeny of the species included in this work." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5342334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5342334/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Fig. 40. I</figureCitation>
|
||
hypothesize that the ancestor of these genera would have been characterized as follows: funicular antennomeres subfiliform, capitulum lax, pronotum oblong, elytral disc with 10 striae of asetiferous punctures, epipleural fold obliquely positioned, and tibial spur formula 0-1-1. This progenitor diverged towards ancestor B, in which the pronotum became transverse and the elytral asetiferous punctures were lost. In the complementary stock, which led to ancestor C, the clypeus became very setose and two striae of asetiferous punctures were lost. Progenitor B diversified to evolve
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB50E20FC774D8871A14FFF" box="[919,1017,1257,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Ardearsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FC774D8871A14FFF" box="[919,1017,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="14">A. morulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB50E20FBC34D8876D54FFF" box="[1059,1165,1257,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Ochracea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FBC34D8876D54FFF" box="[1059,1165,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="14">O. xanthosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The bifurcation of ancestor C produced ancestor D, in which the body form became subovoid and the elytral asetiferous punctures ended at elytral apical fourth. Progenitor D produced
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FC364C3276084E69" box="[982,1104,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="14">S. sexnaevea</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB50E20FB624C3271484E82" authorityName="Opitz. Among" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Somaovalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinestigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FB624C3276D64E69" box="[1154,1166,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="14">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB50E20FD4D4C0F71484E82" box="[685,784,1390,1411]" italics="true" pageId="14">sinestigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the sister taxon of D, ancestor E, the asetiferous punctures became binodal. Ancestor E proliferated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB40E21FEDA49A373E54BD6" box="[314,445,194,215]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Abiliella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albosutura">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB40E21FEDA49A373E54BD6" box="[314,445,194,215]" italics="true" pageId="15">A. albosutura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the complementary stock that led to ancestor F, which is characterized by having the spicular apodemes fused at the posterior limits. Ancestor F then diversified to produce
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB40E21FF03484C73124A43" authorityName="Opitz" authorityYear="2016" box="[227,330,301,322]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Abiliella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galbina">
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB40E21FF03484C73124A43" box="[227,330,301,322]" italics="true" pageId="15">A. galbina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the more widely distributed
|
||
<emphasis id="47ACCF69FFB40E21FF4D482673414A5D" box="[173,281,327,348]" italics="true" pageId="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2D868F8FFB40E21FF4D4826734D4A5D" box="[173,277,327,348]" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Abiliella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">A. fasciata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |