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<document id="8EC32FC9F222251E6EB17DF361F4F57D" ID-CLB-Dataset="3152" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5072.4.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="87c4739e-7fe1-41e7-a25f-aae7e837fb33" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5748862" ID-ZooBank="810459A8-AF47-47A9-B5B6-BE45659B3E7F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1638424210814" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Benayahu, Yehuda, Ekins, Merrick &amp; Mcfadden, Catherine S." docDate="2021" docId="FB5F8935FFD4FFA7FF0CFE073F9AD7E6" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5072.4.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5072 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Sympodium epiphytum Benayahu &amp; Ekins &amp; Mcfadden 2021, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="335" masterDocId="0766F14DFFDEFFACFF9BFFF93E6FD02C" masterDocTitle="Overview of the genus Sympodium Ehrenberg, 1834 (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea, Xeniidae), with the description of new species, revealing regional endemism" masterLastPageNumber="350" masterPageNumber="324" pageNumber="334" updateTime="1699471700562" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="B64CBBD9389262BB6B0FDAF37468F19A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="495C0CAE1E2621BAED01043819312DED">
<mods:title id="A9BC1497EEDB5DD7BCB74A70128D973E">Overview of the genus Sympodium Ehrenberg, 1834 (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea, Xeniidae), with the description of new species, revealing regional endemism</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="6E04C97DAF1DDA11F7155582E61D889B" type="personal">
<mods:role id="EF9CA706B1D370289F53725DBD580D50">
<mods:roleTerm id="C73364E675034D544999AE0FFF6B524B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="FD6F60ED75AB766DFE985D5D8C17D9B9">Benayahu, Yehuda</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="EBC6D5AC6B9048DCD2289D6603A0D2E5" type="ORCID">0000-0002-6999-0239</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="87E077DEE62E3119095EAEFB53E96F9E">School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel yehudab @ tauex. tau. ac. il; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6999 - 0239</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="19E77DCD94007A7E16ADCBA6D7362FB3" type="email">yehudab@tauex.tau.ac.il</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="2C99657195CAEFBF250A38A8AD49E252" type="personal">
<mods:role id="DC1A07091FA5FE50651AE95E9BC88C4A">
<mods:roleTerm id="86C2A35151EA3275D1E0F7C0AF1D7982">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4971A5B6A4452CE6AC8A970809457F2D">Ekins, Merrick</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9F24C418758EA6268132E9A7C842DB87">Queensland Museum, South Brisbane BC, Queensland 4101, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="F1D7FEF0532DAF0220C9510EB21E2F1F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E8EBC60A532520DD9E7A62FF60AAC2FC">
<mods:roleTerm id="C7922F116C121BB5093AAD66FB81AE2C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3C15BC9B0EAF83044C54D6EB2AEB747B">Mcfadden, Catherine S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="96D9AD8864B5A5F75C2577C2D2976767">Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="0D46C6D6C198D04D0793F92378CFEF1F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="32A917C414A36E5E5FEF89FF12C96BEA">
<mods:date id="9D0BB8F19AFEF881AE4D41FDF3679652">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="59CECCDC8F0FE5E4B949BAF2F8325784">2021-12-01</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="3C1323EFE1301F8797692516EF439232" type="volume">
<mods:number id="E8940B40C115FDAD1A795F6788371587">5072</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="5135FC99B57067297EE836B5FF7C7658">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="CE1EF37C9F43AC3FC459890F24DFFAF0" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5072.4.2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="10149FD0B610767C74AB6041A310C2F5" type="GBIF-Dataset">87c4739e-7fe1-41e7-a25f-aae7e837fb33</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="FB5F8935FFD4FFA7FF0CFE073F9AD7E6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748814" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190875736" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5748814" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FB5F8935FFD4FFA7FF0CFE073F9AD7E6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB5F8935FFD4FFA7FF0CFE073F9AD7E6" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="335" pageId="10" pageNumber="334">
<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD4FFA6FF0CFE073F98D235" box="[151,503,510,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="334" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD4FFA6FF0CFE073F98D235" blockId="10.[151,503,510,573]" box="[151,503,510,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="334">
<heading id="28018F4FFFD4FFA6FF0CFE073F98D235" bold="true" box="[151,503,510,537]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="334" reason="1">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD4FFA6FF0CFE073F98D235" bold="true" box="[151,503,510,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="334">
<taxonomicName id="B4F643A0FFD4FFA6FF0CFE073FC2D235" ID-CoL="8TFZC" authority="Benayahu &amp; Ekins &amp; Mcfadden, 2021" authorityName="Benayahu &amp; Ekins &amp; Mcfadden" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,429,510,537]" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Sympodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="334" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="epiphytum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD4FFA6FF0CFE073FC2D235" bold="true" box="[151,429,510,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="334">Sympodium epiphytum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5AB1594AFFD4FFA6FE2FFE063F98D235" box="[436,503,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="334" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD4FFA6FF0CFDDA3E90D211" box="[151,255,547,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="334" type="description">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD4FFA6FF0CFDDA3E90D211" blockId="10.[151,503,510,573]" box="[151,255,547,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="334">
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD4FFA6FF0CFDDA3E8AD211" box="[151,229,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,597,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-146@10.[199,1389,597,1906]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Sympodium epiphytum sp. n.: morphology of type material. (A) Syntypes (SMNHTAU_Co_36010) are encrusting colonies growing on thin branched algal fragments. (B) Several syntypes interconnected by a thin spreading membrane. (C) Paratype (SMNHTAU_Co_35977) growing on algal material. (D) Higher magnification of several paratype colonies." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748883/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="334">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD4FFA6FF6AFDDA3E90D211" box="[241,255,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1754,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,921,1730]" captionTargetId="figure-349@11.[151,1436,921,1730]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites of Sympodium epiphytum sp. n.: Syntypes (SMNHTAU_Co_36010): (A) Ellipsoid platelets. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface. Paratype (SMNHTAU_ Co_35977): (C) Ellipsoid platelets. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748885/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="334">7</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="278968ABFFD4FFA6FF0CF8733B52D7C6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748883" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5748883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748883/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="334" startId="10.[151,250,1930,1954]" targetBox="[199,1389,597,1906]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD4FFA6FF0CF8733B52D7C6" blockId="10.[151,1437,1930,2027]" pageId="10" pageNumber="334">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD4FFA6FF0CF8733F7CD78E" bold="true" box="[151,275,1930,1954]" pageId="10" pageNumber="334">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B4F643A0FFD4FFA6FE82F8733F90D78E" authority="Benayahu &amp; Ekins &amp; Mcfadden, 2021" authorityName="Benayahu &amp; Ekins &amp; Mcfadden" authorityYear="2021" box="[281,511,1930,1954]" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Sympodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="334" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="epiphytum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD4FFA6FE82F8733F90D78E" box="[281,511,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="334">Sympodium epiphytum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD4FFA6FD9EF8723C51D78F" bold="true" box="[517,574,1931,1955]" pageId="10" pageNumber="334">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5AB1594AFFD4FFA6FD9EF8723C51D78F" box="[517,574,1931,1955]" pageId="10" pageNumber="334" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: morphology of type material. (A) Syntypes (SMNHTAU_Co_36010) are encrusting colonies growing on thin branched algal fragments. (B) Several syntypes interconnected by a thin spreading membrane. (C) Paratype (SMNHTAU_Co_35977) growing on algal material. (D) Higher magnification of several paratype colonies.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD5FFA7FF0CFF6F3CCDD131" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD5FFA7FF0CFF6F3CCDD131" blockId="11.[151,1437,150,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD5FFA7FF0CFF6F3F69D09C" bold="true" box="[151,262,150,176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="C39E327EFFD5FFA7FE8BFF6E3C5FD0F9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413092330" collectingDate="2012-11-29" collectorName="Y. Benayahu" country="Madagascar" elevation="25" latitude="-12.834233" location="Ankarea" municipality="Ankarea" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">
<collectingCountry id="0BE178B3FFD5FFA7FE8BFF6E3FF6D09D" box="[272,409,151,177]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD5FFA7FE3DFF6F3C7ED09C" bold="true" box="[422,529,150,176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD5FFA7FE3DFF6F3C7ED09C" box="[422,529,150,176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: SMNHTAU_Co_36010,
<collectingMunicipality id="932DA259FFD5FFA7FCA6FF6E3DF3D09D" box="[829,924,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Ankaréa</collectingMunicipality>
(
<geoCoordinate id="16C25EE4FFD5FFA7FC35FF6F3A50D09D" box="[942,1087,150,177]" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="50.054" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" precision="1" value="-12.834233">12°50.054’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="16C25EE4FFD5FFA7FBD6FF6F3A9BD09D" box="[1101,1268,150,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">48°34.563.3’E</geoCoordinate>
),
<quantity id="B40E95C6FFD5FFA7FA91FF6E3B1DD09D" box="[1290,1394,151,177]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="24.0">
<elevation id="F8DBDF10FFD5FFA7FA91FF6E3B1DD09D" box="[1290,1394,151,177]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="24.0">24–26 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="07481EE3FFD5FFA7FA1BFF6E3F3DD0F9" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" value="2012-11-29">
<collectingDate id="170CE70BFFD5FFA7FA1BFF6E3F3DD0F9" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" value="2012-11-29">29 November 2012</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll.
<collectorName id="DE035DF5FFD5FFA7FE00FF423C5FD0F9" box="[411,560,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Y. Benayahu</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="C39E327EFFD5FFA7FDA5FF423CD3D0D5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413092302" collectingDate="2012-11-27" collectorName="Y. Benayahu" country="Madagascar" elevation="9" latitude="-12.985434" location="Co" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="48.574215" municipality="Riva Be" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD5FFA7FDA5FF423CD0D0F9" bold="true" box="[574,703,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD5FFA7FDA5FF423CD5D0F9" box="[574,698,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
SMNHTAU_
<location id="76296EF8FFD5FFA7FCFFFF433DEBD0F9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FB5F8935FFD4FFA7FF0CFE073F9AD7E6:76296EF8FFD5FFA7FCFFFF433DEBD0F9" box="[868,900,186,213]" country="Madagascar" latitude="-12.985434" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="48.574215" municipality="Riva Be" name="Co" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Co</location>
_35977,
<collectingMunicipality id="932DA259FFD5FFA7FC7EFF423A2CD0F9" box="[997,1091,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Riva Be</collectingMunicipality>
(
<geoCoordinate id="16C25EE4FFD5FFA7FBCDFF433A81D0F9" box="[1110,1262,186,213]" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="59.126" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" precision="1" value="-12.985434">12°59.126’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="16C25EE4FFD5FFA7FB66FF433BFFD0F9" box="[1277,1424,186,213]" degrees="48" direction="east" minutes="34.453" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" precision="1" value="48.574215">48°34.453’E</geoCoordinate>
),
<quantity id="B40E95C6FFD5FFA7FF0CFF263E9ED0D5" box="[151,241,223,249]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" unit="m" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">
<elevation id="F8DBDF10FFD5FFA7FF0CFF263E9ED0D5" box="[151,241,223,249]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" unit="m" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="07481EE3FFD5FFA7FF64FF263F8FD0D5" box="[255,480,223,249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" value="2012-11-27">
<collectingDate id="170CE70BFFD5FFA7FF64FF263F8FD0D5" box="[255,480,223,249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" value="2012-11-27">27 November 2012</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll.
<collectorName id="DE035DF5FFD5FFA7FDBCFF263CD3D0D5" box="[551,700,223,249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Y. Benayahu</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="C39E327EFFD5FFA7FD51FF263CCDD131" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413092338" collectingDate="2012-12-01" collectorName="Coll. Y. Benayahu." country="Madagascar" elevation="10" latitude="-12.99425" location="Co" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="48.487465" municipality="Freres" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
SMNHTAU_
<location id="76296EF8FFD5FFA7FCFAFF263DEFD0D5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FB5F8935FFD4FFA7FF0CFE073F9AD7E6:76296EF8FFD5FFA7FCFAFF263DEFD0D5" box="[865,896,223,249]" country="Madagascar" latitude="-12.99425" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="48.487465" municipality="Freres" name="Co" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Co</location>
_ 36062, 4
<collectingMunicipality id="932DA259FFD5FFA7FB9CFF263A22D0D5" box="[1031,1101,223,249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Fréres</collectingMunicipality>
(
<geoCoordinate id="16C25EE4FFD5FFA7FBC4FF273A80D0D5" box="[1119,1263,222,249]" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="59.655" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" precision="1" value="-12.99425">12°59.655’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="16C25EE4FFD5FFA7FB66FF263BFFD0D5" box="[1277,1424,223,249]" degrees="48" direction="east" minutes="29.248" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" precision="1" value="48.487465">48°29.248’E</geoCoordinate>
),
<quantity id="B40E95C6FFD5FFA7FF0CFEFB3E81D131" box="[151,238,258,285]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" unit="m" value="9.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="4.0">
<elevation id="F8DBDF10FFD5FFA7FF0CFEFB3E81D131" box="[151,238,258,285]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" unit="m" value="9.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="4.0">4–15 m</elevation>
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,
<date id="07481EE3FFD5FFA7FF61FEFA3FABD131" box="[250,452,259,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" value="2012-12-01">
<collectingDate id="170CE70BFFD5FFA7FF61FEFA3FABD131" box="[250,452,259,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" value="2012-12-01">1 December 2012</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="DE035DF5FFD5FFA7FE54FEFA3CCDD131" box="[463,674,259,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Coll. Y. Benayahu.</collectorName>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD5FFA7FF5CFEDF3C9DD2A9" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="description">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD5FFA7FF5CFEDF3A10D1D9" blockId="11.[151,1437,150,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD5FFA7FF5CFEDF3F36D16C" bold="true" box="[199,345,294,320]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Description.</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD5FFA7FE08FEDE3F9AD16D" box="[403,501,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
comprise several small encrusting colonies up to only 5 x
<quantity id="B40E95C6FFD5FFA7FB16FEDF3ABED16D" box="[1165,1233,294,321]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
. They are densely growing on thin branched algal material which easily fragments (
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD5FFA7FCE3FEB23DBCD14A" box="[888,979,331,358]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,597,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-146@10.[199,1389,597,1906]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Sympodium epiphytum sp. n.: morphology of type material. (A) Syntypes (SMNHTAU_Co_36010) are encrusting colonies growing on thin branched algal fragments. (B) Several syntypes interconnected by a thin spreading membrane. (C) Paratype (SMNHTAU_Co_35977) growing on algal material. (D) Higher magnification of several paratype colonies." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748883/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). Some of the colonies are connected by their thin spreading membrane, and therefore it is not practical to separate a single colony as a
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD5FFA7FB26FE963B4CD1A5" box="[1213,1315,367,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The small size of the
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD5FFA7FE8CFE6A3F16D181" box="[279,377,403,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
is also reflected by the fact that each comprises only 4–12 polyps (
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD5FFA7FB19FE6A3AB2D182" box="[1154,1245,403,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,597,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-146@10.[199,1389,597,1906]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Sympodium epiphytum sp. n.: morphology of type material. (A) Syntypes (SMNHTAU_Co_36010) are encrusting colonies growing on thin branched algal fragments. (B) Several syntypes interconnected by a thin spreading membrane. (C) Paratype (SMNHTAU_Co_35977) growing on algal material. (D) Higher magnification of several paratype colonies." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748883/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). The polyps are expanded and their body measures up to
<quantity id="B40E95C6FFD5FFA7FDFEFE4F3CD0D1FD" box="[613,703,438,465]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
. The tentacles are approximately
<quantity id="B40E95C6FFD5FFA7FBA2FE4E3A14D1FD" box="[1081,1147,439,465]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long and feature one row of 7–9 pinnules on either side. The pinnules are slender and pointed, up to
<quantity id="B40E95C6FFD5FFA7FC40FE233A50D1D9" box="[987,1087,474,501]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="73493823FFD5FFA7FF5CFE063C8BD24D" blockId="11.[151,1437,150,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">
The sclerites of the
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD5FFA7FE3CFE063C66D235" box="[423,521,511,537]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
are ellipsoid platelets, highly abundant throughout the colony, measuring
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<geoCoordinate id="16C25EE4FFD5FFA7FA15FE063EB9D211" degrees="0.012" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" precision="55" value="-0.012">– 0.012</geoCoordinate>
x
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<geoCoordinate id="16C25EE4FFD5FFA7FF6DFDDB3F5AD211" box="[246,309,546,573]" degrees="0.015" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" precision="55" value="0.015">0.015</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="16C25EE4FFD5FFA7FEAEFDDB3FECD211" box="[309,387,546,573]" degrees="0.017" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" precision="55" value="-0.017">–0.017</geoCoordinate>
mm
</quantity>
in diameter (
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD5FFA7FDC8FDDA3CC0D211" box="[595,687,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1754,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,921,1730]" captionTargetId="figure-349@11.[151,1436,921,1730]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites of Sympodium epiphytum sp. n.: Syntypes (SMNHTAU_Co_36010): (A) Ellipsoid platelets. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface. Paratype (SMNHTAU_ Co_35977): (C) Ellipsoid platelets. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748885/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
). They are composed of calcite rods whose tips mostly provide a granular appearance to the sclerite surface (
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD5FFA7FDE5FDBE3CB8D24D" box="[638,727,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1754,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,921,1730]" captionTargetId="figure-349@11.[151,1436,921,1730]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites of Sympodium epiphytum sp. n.: Syntypes (SMNHTAU_Co_36010): (A) Ellipsoid platelets. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface. Paratype (SMNHTAU_ Co_35977): (C) Ellipsoid platelets. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748885/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="73493823FFD5FFA7FF5CFD933C9DD2A9" blockId="11.[151,1437,150,897]" box="[199,754,618,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD5FFA7FF5CFD933F7FD2A8" bold="true" box="[199,272,618,644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Color.</emphasis>
The ethanol-preserved colonies are cream.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD5FFA7FF5CFD763CDBD2DD" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD5FFA7FF5CFD763CDBD2DD" blockId="11.[151,1437,150,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD5FFA7FF5CFD763F21D285" bold="true" box="[199,334,655,681]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species’ name is derived from the ancient Greek “epiphúton”, one [plant] that grows upon another plant (epí, “on top of”) + (phutón, “plant”), via epi- (“above, over”) + - phyte (“plant”). It denotes the nature of the colonies found growing on algal material.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD5FFA7FF5CFD033A1CD3AD" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="description">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD5FFA7FF5CFD033A1CD3AD" blockId="11.[151,1437,150,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD5FFA7FF5CFD033F50D338" bold="true" box="[199,319,762,788]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Variation.</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD5FFA7FE19FD023F82D339" box="[386,493,763,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
SMNHTAU_Co_35977 (not shown) and SMNHTAU_Co_ 36062 (
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD5FFA7FA91FD023B09D33A" box="[1290,1382,763,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,597,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-146@10.[199,1389,597,1906]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Sympodium epiphytum sp. n.: morphology of type material. (A) Syntypes (SMNHTAU_Co_36010) are encrusting colonies growing on thin branched algal fragments. (B) Several syntypes interconnected by a thin spreading membrane. (C) Paratype (SMNHTAU_Co_35977) growing on algal material. (D) Higher magnification of several paratype colonies." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748883/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
) are similarly attached to algal fragments. Some of the colonies are larger than those of the
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD5FFA7FBD4FCE63ADBD315" box="[1103,1204,799,825]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
, up to 8 x
<quantity id="B40E95C6FFD5FFA7FAB9FCE63B0ED315" box="[1314,1377,799,825]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD5FFA7FAF4FCE63ED2D372" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,597,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-146@10.[199,1389,597,1906]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Sympodium epiphytum sp. n.: morphology of type material. (A) Syntypes (SMNHTAU_Co_36010) are encrusting colonies growing on thin branched algal fragments. (B) Several syntypes interconnected by a thin spreading membrane. (C) Paratype (SMNHTAU_Co_35977) growing on algal material. (D) Higher magnification of several paratype colonies." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748883/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
). Their sclerites are similar to those of
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD5FFA7FDE2FCBA3CB6D371" box="[633,729,835,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
SMNHTAU_Co_36062 (
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD5FFA7FC66FCBA3A39D371" box="[1021,1110,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1754,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,921,1730]" captionTargetId="figure-349@11.[151,1436,921,1730]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites of Sympodium epiphytum sp. n.: Syntypes (SMNHTAU_Co_36010): (A) Ellipsoid platelets. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface. Paratype (SMNHTAU_ Co_35977): (C) Ellipsoid platelets. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748885/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
), with a surface that features calcite rods (
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD5FFA7FEBCFC9E3F10D3AD" box="[295,383,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1754,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,921,1730]" captionTargetId="figure-349@11.[151,1436,921,1730]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites of Sympodium epiphytum sp. n.: Syntypes (SMNHTAU_Co_36010): (A) Ellipsoid platelets. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface. Paratype (SMNHTAU_ Co_35977): (C) Ellipsoid platelets. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748885/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
) that are more densely packed than those of the
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD5FFA7FC07FC9E3D91D3AD" box="[924,1022,871,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD5FFA7FB96FC9E3A09D3AD" box="[1037,1126,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1754,1778]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,921,1730]" captionTargetId="figure-349@11.[151,1436,921,1730]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites of Sympodium epiphytum sp. n.: Syntypes (SMNHTAU_Co_36010): (A) Ellipsoid platelets. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface. Paratype (SMNHTAU_ Co_35977): (C) Ellipsoid platelets. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748885/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="278968ABFFD5FFA7FF0CF9233B0FD716" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748885" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5748885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748885/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" startId="11.[151,250,1754,1778]" targetBox="[151,1436,921,1730]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD5FFA7FF0CF9233B0FD716" blockId="11.[151,1436,1754,1850]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD5FFA7FF0CF9233F7ED6DE" bold="true" box="[151,273,1754,1778]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites of
<taxonomicName id="B4F643A0FFD5FFA7FD46F9233DADD6DE" authority="Benayahu &amp; Ekins &amp; Mcfadden, 2021" authorityName="Benayahu &amp; Ekins &amp; Mcfadden" authorityYear="2021" box="[733,962,1754,1778]" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Sympodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="epiphytum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD5FFA7FD46F9233DADD6DE" box="[733,962,1754,1778]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Sympodium epiphytum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD5FFA7FC5DF9233D91D6DE" bold="true" box="[966,1022,1754,1778]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5AB1594AFFD5FFA7FC5DF9233D91D6DE" box="[966,1022,1754,1778]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: Syntypes (SMNHTAU_Co_36010): (A) Ellipsoid platelets. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface. Paratype (SMNHTAU_ Co_35977): (C) Ellipsoid platelets. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD5FFA7FF5CF8913AF2D78A" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD5FFA7FF5CF8913AF2D78A" blockId="11.[151,1436,1896,1995]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD5FFA7FF5CF8913F5BD7AE" bold="true" box="[199,308,1896,1922]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Remarks</emphasis>
. The epiphytic nature of the colonies is suggested to be diagnostic for this species The
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD5FFA7FA91F8903B03D7AF" box="[1290,1388,1897,1923]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
and a
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD5FFA7FF30F8743F64D78B" box="[171,267,1933,1959]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
were sequenced and subsequently assigned to MOTU37 (
<bibRefCitation id="176745D2FFD5FFA7FC0EF8753AFED78A" author="McFadden, C. S. &amp; Gonzalez, A. &amp; Imada, R. &amp; Shi, S. S. &amp; Hong, P. &amp; Ekins, M. &amp; Benayahu, Y." box="[917,1169,1932,1959]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" pagination="992 - 1006" refId="ref14669" refString="McFadden, C. S., Gonzalez, A., Imada, R., Shi, S. S., Hong, P., Ekins, M. &amp; Benayahu, Y. (2019) Molecular operational taxonomic units reveal restricted geographic ranges and regional endemism in the Indo-Pacific octocoral family Xeniidae. Journal of Biogeography, 46, 992 - 1006. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13543" type="journal article" year="2019">
McFadden
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD5FFA7FB8EF8743A28D78A" box="[1045,1095,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD5FFA7FF5CF8493F9AD7E6" box="[199,501,1968,1995]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD5FFA7FF5CF8493F9AD7E6" blockId="11.[151,1436,1896,1995]" box="[199,501,1968,1995]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD5FFA7FF5CF8493F36D7E6" bold="true" box="[199,345,1968,1994]" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Distribution</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="0BE178B3FFD5FFA7FEFCF8493F9FD7E6" box="[359,496,1968,1994]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="335">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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