167 lines
36 KiB
XML
167 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="25905EE402018B137CB6478919EBC824" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFCB7F86B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus spiniger" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="43" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="DEE421466A486D17B318B46DCDC2B926" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="01989776E90C2224400CC959C177463F">
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<mods:title id="E073897DCC1867ADAF47B4BEAB34E27A">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="6D9908EEF50040EE9CA05E4C7D3235E0" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4CCF2E309BFF3F7472DE951D567F7BC2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="680C40462039CA82740FD47AD91A1AF9">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="C9176BB8A7AEDE03554B084FAAE650C8" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="38147F030614AB998C63D0AC129F1B57">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8FAF0E10C824DA794550C0A37808693D">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A8D7073290BE16E9A220B2F9E95D31A2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="FD60EF9F6E299093F49FB63A412D3FC8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="7C7C49CF441BB6E20627DBB4FE1B1754">
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<mods:date id="3DD10ACC4D95B1348534637AEA86CCC4">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="4A4F12C1EAA3661FDBBA311B724D9B8A" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="07A4CA46BBF07371F12BE45FFF4103C7">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="F26D422E1DA7830445A336E9607E6224" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="4E3264F0CBF6E0AA48F5B9B745691E51">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="9299F72EF90F2BC59085F2DC68E812D8" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="2E5DBCBF6FE0F17A3433B83F5098A751">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="08A340F56F8C73FBF2830A0A36278CAB">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="AA2DB6FFCBBAD8899DA5FBA0299FFB2F" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F8E9C4894D6859ED879C5E1BDF09151C" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CE490CC5C92054F92D3D892AB1834D6B" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="279F9EDB571DAB4992ECAAE4EF8C3287" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFCB7F86B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583584" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762959" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583584" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFCB7F86B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFCB7F86B" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFBFAFC9E" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFD2BFD13" blockId="42.[151,731,615,642]" box="[151,731,615,642]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFD2BFD13" bold="true" box="[151,731,615,642]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFD2BFD13" authority="(Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[151,731,615,642]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spiniger">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFD2BFD13" bold="true" box="[151,731,615,642]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFE50FD10" bold="true" box="[151,416,615,642]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Physalaemus spiniger</emphasis>
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(Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFDBFFE6BE8BFD00FBFAFC9E" blockId="42.[151,1437,682,2041]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call B has two very different components. The first component is similar to call A, whereas the second one is composed of nonlinear regimes such as deterministic chaos and subharmonics.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFDBFFE6BEDBFCBEFCB7F86B" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFDBFFE6BEDBFCBEFBA6FAE3" blockId="42.[151,1437,682,2041]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BEDBFCBEFDD5FCA2" bold="true" box="[199,549,789,816]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BF3EFCBEFE83FCA2" box="[290,371,789,816]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
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A–L and 13B).
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</emphasis>
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We examined 16 recordings, a total of 43 minutes, with
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BAB7FCBCFB35FCA2" box="[1195,1221,791,816]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ca</emphasis>
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. 800 calls from
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<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFDBFFE6BB9CFCBDFF2CFCC6" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="male">12 males</specimenCount>
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. Only some of these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFDBFFE6BCFEFC91FCC7FCC6" box="[738,823,826,852]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration varies from 0.221 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFDBFFE6BAD2FC91FAD1FCC7" box="[1230,1313,826,853]" degrees="0.492" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" precision="55" value="-0.492">0.492 s</geoCoordinate>
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. The envelope of the call is highly variable (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BC08FCF5FD8BFCEA" box="[532,635,862,888]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
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, C–G). Often, the call rise and fall are similar in duration and vary from linear to exponential shape; there is a long regular sustain or a shallow valley connecting them (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BACEFC29FAACFC0E" box="[1234,1372,898,924]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14A, C</figureCitation>
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). The amplitude peak of the calls is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration. The envelope of the call can be elliptic (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BF6AFC61FE0DFC77" box="[374,509,970,997]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14D, F</figureCitation>
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), rectangular (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BCBDFC61FCDAFC76" box="[673,810,970,996]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14A, C</figureCitation>
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), or triangular (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BDC0FC61FB92FC76" box="[988,1122,970,996]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14E, G</figureCitation>
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) depending on the shape of the sustain. There can be a short and deep amplitude valley at the beginning of the call (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BA70FC45FB24FB9A" box="[1132,1236,1006,1032]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14G</figureCitation>
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). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 35 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BFD6FB9DFDC2FBC2" box="[458,562,1078,1104]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,181,1720]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 13. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nanus (A), P. spiniger (B), P. crombiei (C), P. signifer (D), P. bokermanni (E), P. angrensis (F), P. atlanticus (G), P. moreirae (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. nanus; A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
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). The fundamental frequency is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BD83FB9CFC30FBC2" box="[927,960,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ca.</emphasis>
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380 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency of the call varies from
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<date id="28227196FFDBFFE6BD14FBD5FC69FB0A" box="[776,921,1150,1177]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="1120" valueMax="1981">1120 to 1981</date>
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Hz (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BDD3FBD5FBC5FB0A" box="[975,1077,1150,1176]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
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). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the sixth, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between
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<date id="28227196FFDBFFE6BD52FB6DFC04FB72" box="[846,1012,1222,1248]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="1100" valueMax="1700">1100 and 1700</date>
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Hz (
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BA31FB6CFBBEFB72" box="[1069,1102,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ca.</emphasis>
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two or three harmonics). The call usually has a general upward FM (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BC5FFB41FD27FA97" box="[579,727,1258,1285]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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Fig.
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<date id="28227196FFDBFFE6BC6AFB41FD6DFA96" box="[630,669,1258,1284]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="2014-01">14I</date>
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, J, K
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</figureCitation>
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), a few calls have downward FM (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BA48FB41FB09FA97" box="[1108,1273,1258,1285]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14B, H, L</figureCitation>
|
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). Additionally, many calls have a rapid up-downward FM at their outset, forming arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BFA7FA99FD88FADF" box="[443,632,1330,1357]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14B, J, K, L</figureCitation>
|
||
). In calls with short amplitude valleys the bands have down-upward FM, synchronically to the valley (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BFC1FAFDFDB2FAE2" box="[477,578,1366,1392]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14L</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some calls showed a slight PFM (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BDCFFAFDFBB8FAE3" box="[979,1096,1366,1393]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFDBFFE6BA14FAFDFBDFFAE2" box="[1032,1071,1366,1392]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="2014-01">14I</date>
|
||
, J
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDBFFE6BEDBFAD2FCB7F86B" blockId="42.[151,1437,682,2041]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BEDBFAD2FDE5FA06" bold="true" box="[199,533,1401,1428]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Call B (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BF3DFAD2FE81FA06" box="[289,369,1401,1428]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
M–P and 6F).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
We examined two recordings, a total of five minutes, with seven calls from three males. Most of these calls were measured (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFDBFFE6BC82FA35FD03FA2A" box="[670,755,1438,1464]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Call duration varies from 0.376 to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFDBFFE6BA9BFA36FB2AFA2B" box="[1159,1242,1437,1465]" degrees="0.512" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" precision="55" value="-0.512">0.512 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. The call rise and fall are short and similar in duration; there is a long irregular sustain (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BD84FA69FBD5FA4E" box="[920,1061,1474,1500]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14M, O</figureCitation>
|
||
). The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration. Shallow amplitude valleys are present yielding secondary amplitude peaks at the beginning and end of the call. The envelope of the call is somewhat rectangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BA38F9A1FB43F9B6" box="[1060,1203,1546,1572]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14M, O</figureCitation>
|
||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 43 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BF8AF9F9FE1BF9FF" box="[406,491,1618,1645]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1803,1828]" captionTargetBox="[225,1359,748,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[220,1366,741,1778]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 6. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls B and C of six Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call. Call B of P. maculiventris (A), call B of P. erythros (B), call B of P. ruspestris (C), call B of P. nanus (D), call C of P. nanus (E), and call B of P. spiniger (F). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613008/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The call has two different components. The traits of the first component are similar to those of the call A, whereas in the second component, the harmonics can be not well defined due to deterministic chaos (high irregularity of the wave periods;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BC8EF931FCE7F927" box="[658,791,1690,1717]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14N, P</figureCitation>
|
||
). Subharmonics are common in the second component of the call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BEE4F915FE8DF94B" box="[248,381,1726,1753]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14N, P</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BCF9F914FCF7F94A" box="[741,775,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
290 Hz. Although the amplitude often decreases slightly at the transition between components, their limits can be unclear in oscillograms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BA17F949FB87F96E" box="[1035,1143,1762,1788]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14M</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant frequency of the call varies from
|
||
<date id="28227196FFDBFFE6BF85F8ADFDDDF8B2" box="[409,557,1798,1825]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="1163" valueMax="1723">1163 to 1723</date>
|
||
Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BC7AF8ADFD3FF8B2" box="[614,719,1798,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14N</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant harmonic of the second component varies from the third to the 12
|
||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFDBFFE6BF43F882FE9CF8A5" attach="none" box="[351,364,1833,1847]" fontSize="6" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">th</superScript>
|
||
, but it is usually the fourth, fifth, or sixth. There is a slight increase in the relative energy of the higher harmonics throughout the call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BC56F8E5FD22F8FB" box="[586,722,1870,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14N, P</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most of the second component’s energy is between
|
||
<date id="28227196FFDBFFE6BB28F8E5FF3FF81E" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="1200" valueMax="2000">1200 and 2000</date>
|
||
Hz (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BF14F8D8FED9F81E" box="[264,297,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
three harmonics). The general FM is usually downward, with no additional FM at the end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BB2CF8D9FF5AF823" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14N, P</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some calls have an up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BB73F83DFF3BF846" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14N</figureCitation>
|
||
). In highly variable calls, and mainly along the second component, there can be several parts with irregular up and downward FM mirroring the AM direction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BCA8F875FCCAF86B" box="[692,826,2014,2041]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14N, P</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |