129 lines
22 KiB
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129 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="B69DBFAD4B5024E65BADAE2A92947794" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFD7FFEBBE8BFE76FEFEFEF5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus irroratus Cruz, Nascimento & Feio 2007" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="39" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="387DAAED05CE8FD93B2A93929C7DB8B9">
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<mods:title id="D777FE878E9909BA515DA10C13D9FEEE">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="5122E57608C3D90CA9B9B0FC7E8888ED" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="466FF5F7132ACE2A1A600C5CFAA388FA">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F1C6FD4E8DAE2DBE0E5289E32D4A01F7">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B073F94DE819FCD2AF30F408BE6F5369">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="3B0E90CB28352FCCE0A39F9D7D15A512">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B2971BD1D35914AC7DED0573E3E9BCC2">
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<mods:date id="DDFFF303629432AC95DBFE975F6EDB0A">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="402AFCCB0477035FDB289638FA26CB32">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="223D8566237CB0321EC2C765C119090A">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="DD298663CCC5277DA00DEEC5C03F2F3A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="187673650746B14E8654FC74F0BE8745" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFD7FFEBBE8BFE76FEFEFEF5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583580" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762909" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583580" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFD7FFEBBE8BFE76FEFEFEF5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD7FFEBBE8BFE76FEFEFEF5" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD7FFEABE8BFE76FA62FDF1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD7FFEABE8BFE76FCC9FE65" blockId="38.[151,825,477,504]" box="[151,825,477,504]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFD7FFEABE8BFE76FCC9FE65" bold="true" box="[151,825,477,504]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD7FFEABE8BFE76FCC9FE65" authority="Cruz, Nascimento & Feio, 2007" authorityName="Cruz, Nascimento & Feio" authorityYear="2007" box="[151,825,477,504]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irroratus">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABE8BFE76FCC9FE65" bold="true" box="[151,825,477,504]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABE8BFE76FE5AFE65" bold="true" box="[151,426,477,504]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Physalaemus irroratus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFD7FFEABFADFE76FCC9FE65" author="Cruz, C. A. G. & Nascimento, L. B. & Feio, R. N." box="[433,825,477,503]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="457 - 465" refId="ref73343" refString="Cruz, C. A. G., Nascimento, L. B. & Feio, R. N. (2007) A new species of the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura, Leiuperidae) from Southeastern Brazil. Amphibia-Reptilia, 28, 457 - 465. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853807782152444" type="journal article" year="2007">Cruz, Nascimento & Feio, 2007</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD7FFEABE8BFD8EFA62FDF1" blockId="38.[151,1436,549,611]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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We found a single call
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<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFD7FFEABF88FD8EFE34FDAD" box="[404,452,549,575]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
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for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses. There are clear harmonics, and some pulses have PFM, which is synchronic and directly proportional to the slight PAM.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="08E307DEFFD7FFEABE8BFB7DFBC8FAA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" targetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" targetPageId="38">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD7FFEABE8BFB7DFBC8FAA5" blockId="38.[151,1437,1238,1335]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABE8BFB7DFEEEFB7D" bold="true" box="[151,286,1238,1263]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
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Call A of
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD7FFEABF99FB7CFD9CFB7D" authorityName="Cruz, Nascimento & Feio" authorityYear="2007" box="[389,620,1239,1263]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irroratus">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABF99FB7CFD9CFB7D" box="[389,620,1239,1263]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Physalaemus irroratus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD7FFEBBEDBFACEFEFEFEF5" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD7FFEBBEDBFACEFEFEFEF5" blockId="38.[151,1437,1381,2020]" lastBlockId="39.[151,1437,153,359]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABEDBFACEFDFDFA12" bold="true" box="[199,525,1381,1408]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABF02FACEFE9CFA12" box="[286,364,1381,1408]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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A–F and 4H).
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</emphasis>
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We examined two recordings, a total of one minute, with 29 calls from two males. Most of these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD7FFEABC47FA22FD42FA31" box="[603,690,1417,1443]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration varies from 0.489 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD7FFEABA4EFA22FB56FA36" box="[1106,1190,1417,1444]" degrees="0.954" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" precision="55" value="-0.954">0.954 s</geoCoordinate>
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. The call rise and fall durations are similar; both are usually linear-shaped. In some calls, the rise and/or fall can be more abrupt and have a logarithmic shape. The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration, except in calls with very few pulses (
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABEF2FA5DFEE6F99D" box="[238,278,1526,1551]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">e.g.</emphasis>
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, two pulses). Since both rise and fall are similar in slope and duration, the envelope of the call is fairly elliptic (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABEE8F9B2FE8AF9A1" box="[244,378,1561,1587]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11A, C</figureCitation>
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). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABA78F996FB40F9C5" box="[1124,1200,1597,1623]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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A–F). The rate of the PAM is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABEEFF9C9FEE4F9E9" box="[243,276,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ca.</emphasis>
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6 Hz, forming
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABFDDF9C9FE13F9E9" box="[449,483,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ca.</emphasis>
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four pulses throughout the call. Usually, pulses have an abrupt rise, shorter than fall, which is more gradual, with amplitude peak at the beginning of the pulse (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABDD1F92EFB85F932" box="[973,1141,1669,1696]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11A, C, D</figureCitation>
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). However, the first pulses of the longer calls have rises similar to falls and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the pulse. In some calls, the last pulse is clearly shorter than the others. There is a long silence interval between pulses,
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABA83F965FB30F975" box="[1183,1216,1742,1767]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ca.</emphasis>
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5.5 times the pulse duration (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABF18F95AFE5FF89E" box="[260,431,1777,1804]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11A, C, D</figureCitation>
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). Some pulses have an internal slight PAM. The call has a harmonic series (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABB1FF95AFAAEF899" box="[1283,1374,1777,1803]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1644,1669]" captionTargetBox="[204,1384,189,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[191,1397,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of seven Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nattereri (A), P. maculiventris (B), P. erythros (C), P. rupestris (D), P. camacan (E; F), P. obtectus (G), P. irroratus (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period w of the measured oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. irroratus; H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613004/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
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). The fundamental frequency is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABFA2F8BDFE10F8BD" box="[446,480,1814,1839]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ca.</emphasis>
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400 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, subharmonics, deterministic chaos, and jumps of the fundamental frequency are observed at the beginning and at the end of the pulses, or even in the entire pulse (usually the last one). Short pulses can be shown as broadband clicks (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see
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<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFD7FFEABC49F80EFCF3F82D" author="Littlejohn, M. J." box="[597,771,1957,1983]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="102 - 120" refId="ref75838" refString="Littlejohn, M. J. (2001) Pattern of differentiation in temporal properties of Acoustic signals of anurans. In: Michael, J. R. (Ed.), Anuran Communication. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 102 - 120." type="book chapter" year="2001">Littlejohn 2001</bibRefCitation>
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) in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidth (first pulse in
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABEA9F862FEECF871" box="[181,284,1993,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
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). The dominant frequency varies from
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABCC8F861FD1EF871" box="[724,750,1994,2019]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ca</emphasis>
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.
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<date id="28227196FFD7FFEABCE1F862FC61F871" box="[765,913,1993,2020]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1250" valueMax="1720">1250 to 1720</date>
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Hz (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABDD6F862FBC0F871" box="[970,1072,1993,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
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). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the ninth, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between
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<date id="28227196FFD6FFEBBD67FF16FBD3FF45" box="[891,1059,189,215]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1300" valueMax="2000">1300 and 2000</date>
|
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Hz (often, three harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBD78FF4AFC38FF69" box="[868,968,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM,
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBCF1FEADFCE0FE8D" box="[749,784,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
, each pulse has an up-downward FM (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBAA0FEAEFAEEFE8D" box="[1212,1310,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, another PFM is present within some pulses and it is directly proportional to the synchronic slight PAM within the pulses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |