133 lines
24 KiB
XML
133 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="77671120D3209B323B7193EF6D225816" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFD4FFEABE8BFE82FBF7FE3D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus obtectus Bokermann 1966" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8B90CCD03447D7131CEC4CB390EA8908">
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<mods:title id="CC933A06BC4DF345048B67B737DDAB46">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="4389C54CE21F4BC52213D7AA865BA023" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="38AE211B71639E0273072274191AE45C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="947D75D5A21A5110DEF1F93517B01676">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="4E0B61FAF33A1004A5EA61585D20ADD6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="08DA5B6D5EFA5D3CEAC7926F6B9FE665">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E5A2A5F5ABB1632330492C8CD118B4D3">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="4F5F331A3C6B3F732EFD62D273A8E5AC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="600C0B89933F28952A24E0D89482B2F3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6B12FCAF662BAA515F7D96262F952E43">
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<mods:date id="0DAB404F9F07467DE42E18E69A9E261E">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5BD91BDBEB92150DA96EF558E6E536F6">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="4A64AA6278915082FDF8144E2FBBF357" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="B6B79BB879F69F2F810D1ABD8D51B22D">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="A3867035A15A9D2D41415DE24EFD782F" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="A79968B0B7068E67406A24E17D4AD644">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="7BA51999BB6CE353C5A98253A5571453">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="080B1B626FEDB4E3D56A7EB0D3BF6C9B" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="21378D494D56696F721B44FB31941C97" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2276764512F33AFAE8021604BADA6A64" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFD4FFEABE8BFE82FBF7FE3D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583578" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762956" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583578" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFD4FFEABE8BFE82FBF7FE3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD4FFEABE8BFE82FBF7FE3D" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD4FFE9BE8BFE82FD8CFE41" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD4FFE9BE8BFE82FD77FED1" blockId="37.[151,647,297,324]" box="[151,647,297,324]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFD4FFE9BE8BFE82FD77FED1" bold="true" box="[151,647,297,324]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD4FFE9BE8BFE82FD77FED1" authority="Bokermann, 1966" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1966" box="[151,647,297,324]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtectus">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BE8BFE82FD77FED1" bold="true" box="[151,647,297,324]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BE8BFE82FE51FED6" bold="true" box="[151,417,297,324]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Physalaemus obtectus</emphasis>
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Bokermann, 1966
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD4FFE9BE8BFEDAFD8CFE41" blockId="37.[151,1436,369,467]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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We found a single call
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<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFD4FFE9BF88FEDAFE34FE19" box="[404,452,369,395]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
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for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses. There are clear harmonics, however deterministic-chaos regimes can be present at the beginning of the pulses where jumps of the fundamental frequency are common.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="08E307DEFFD4FFE9BE8BFB52FF30FAEC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" startId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" targetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" targetPageId="37">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD4FFE9BE8BFB52FF30FAEC" blockId="37.[151,1436,1273,1406]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BE8BFB52FED0FA80" bold="true" box="[151,288,1273,1298]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
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Call A of
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD4FFE9BF97FB51FD9CFA80" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1966" box="[395,620,1274,1298]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtectus">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BF97FB51FD9CFA80" box="[395,620,1274,1298]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Physalaemus obtectus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD4FFEABEDBFA00FBF7FE3D" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD4FFEABEDBFA00FBF7FE3D" blockId="37.[151,1437,1451,2019]" lastBlockId="38.[151,1437,153,431]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BEDBFA00FDE3FA54" bold="true" box="[199,531,1451,1478]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BF3DFA00FE82FA54" box="[289,370,1451,1478]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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A–J and 4G).
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</emphasis>
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We examined seven recordings, a total of eight minutes, with
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BACDFA06FB1BFA54" box="[1233,1259,1453,1478]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ca</emphasis>
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. 280 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD4FFE9BD22FA7BFC66FA78" box="[830,918,1488,1514]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration varies from 0.415 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD4FFE9BB5EFA64FA67FA79" box="[1346,1431,1487,1515]" degrees="0.553" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="55" value="-0.553">0.553 s</geoCoordinate>
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. Usually, call rise and fall durations are similar, both resembling logarithmic shape; the amplitude peak is at around (usually just before) the middle of the call duration (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BCF5F9B3FC43F9A1" box="[745,947,1560,1587]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A, D, E, F</figureCitation>
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). However, some calls have an exponential or linear rise, followed by a long sustain and an abrupt fall (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BD54F997FC41F9C4" box="[840,945,1596,1622]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
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). In calls with rise and fall similar in slope and duration, the envelope of the call is symmetric (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BCF8F9CBFC5DF9E9" box="[740,941,1632,1659]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A, D, E, F</figureCitation>
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), whereas in calls with sustain the envelope is rectangular or triangular (pointed left;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BC7BF92FFD3EF90C" box="[615,718,1668,1694]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
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). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 35 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has pulse-PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BE8BF967FF18F974" box="[151,232,1740,1766]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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A–J). The rate of the PAM is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BC27F966FDADF974" box="[571,605,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ca.</emphasis>
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9 Hz, forming
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BD12F966FCC0F974" box="[782,816,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ca.</emphasis>
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four pulses throughout the call. The pulses of the first half of the call have rise similar to fall and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the pulse. On the other hand, the pulses of the second half have rises sharper and shorter than falls, which are more gradual, with amplitude peaks at the beginning of the pulses (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BFC4F893FD51F8C1" box="[472,673,1848,1875]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A, D, E, F</figureCitation>
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). In some calls, the last pulse is clearly shorter than the others (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BB73F893FF38F8E4" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
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). There is a long silence interval between the pulses, equivalent to
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BDB1F8F6FC3FF8E4" box="[941,975,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ca.</emphasis>
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1.5 times the pulse duration. The call has a harmonic series (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BF75F82BFE33F808" box="[361,451,1920,1946]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1644,1669]" captionTargetBox="[204,1384,189,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[191,1397,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of seven Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nattereri (A), P. maculiventris (B), P. erythros (C), P. rupestris (D), P. camacan (E; F), P. obtectus (G), P. irroratus (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period w of the measured oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. irroratus; H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613004/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
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). The fundamental frequency is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BD35F82AFCBAF808" box="[809,842,1921,1946]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ca.</emphasis>
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380 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Most of the wave periods are regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, subharmoncis, deterministic chaos, and jumps of the fundamental frequency are observed at the beginning and end of the pulses (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABC0EFF32FD62FF21" box="[530,658,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 10H, I</figureCitation>
|
||
). At the same parts of the pulse, the low fundamental frequency can lead to the wave peaks to be shown as broadband clicks (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFD7FFEABB32FF16FF20FF69" author="Littlejohn, M. J." pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="102 - 120" refId="ref75838" refString="Littlejohn, M. J. (2001) Pattern of differentiation in temporal properties of Acoustic signals of anurans. In: Michael, J. R. (Ed.), Anuran Communication. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 102 - 120." type="book chapter" year="2001">Littlejohn 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidths. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABAA8FF49FB3EFF69" box="[1204,1230,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFD7FFEABAC1FF4AFA83FF69" box="[1245,1395,225,251]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1210" valueMax="1230">1210 to 1230</date>
|
||
Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABEBCFEAEFEF7FE8D" box="[160,263,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the seventh, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 800 and 1600 Hz (often, two or three harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABEBCFEDAFEA9FE19" box="[160,345,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 10B, G, I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM,
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABF38FE3DFEB6FE3D" box="[292,326,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
, each pulse has an up-downward FM (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABCE4FE3EFC70FE3D" box="[760,896,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 10A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
, D–F, H–J).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |