145 lines
26 KiB
XML
145 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="E29BC29EC7CA0D89F9D5596D622703C3" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFD3FFEFBE8BFBCEFCE8FD15" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus rupestris Caramaschi, Carcerelli & Feio 1991" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FF0E5385892BADB7200F8C888091BAFC">
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<mods:title id="B7AA43584A740E53E04B49B3DFC249CF">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="01DDD470EA8FB9D72077BBE0782B1AC4">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="AFEC73167D3F079C886BD709C95778B5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D4E6F2F7F1CF7589B323A30B057DD297">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3B04C4C9B410B28B99228C3C102A99B4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="405A1D2118B6EA32D2BF17E4C105CD92">
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<mods:date id="55552F3E597DEA177747C7CE303B461D">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="AD399984F2C10720E573EB41DA856EE0">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FBE7E1B9A52E42042C98108F6F6D51F7">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="FA47C3578CFA15ECDC3F5F003AA2735F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="391B07C5AEF5761ED14BABC109CDF317" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFD3FFEFBE8BFBCEFCE8FD15" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762957" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFD3FFEFBE8BFBCEFCE8FD15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD3FFEFBE8BFBCEFCE8FD15" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD3FFEEBE8BFBCEFE11FA9D" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD3FFEEBE8BFBCEFC89FBED" blockId="34.[151,889,1125,1152]" box="[151,889,1125,1152]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFD3FFEEBE8BFBCEFC89FBED" bold="true" box="[151,889,1125,1152]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD3FFEEBE8BFBCEFC89FBED" authority="Caramaschi, Carcerelli & Feio, 1991" authorityName="Caramaschi, Carcerelli & Feio" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,889,1125,1152]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupestris">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBE8BFBCEFC89FBED" bold="true" box="[151,889,1125,1152]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBE8BFBCEFE58FBED" bold="true" box="[151,424,1125,1152]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Physalaemus rupestris</emphasis>
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Caramaschi, Carcerelli & Feio, 1991
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD3FFEEBE8BFB06FE11FA9D" blockId="34.[151,1437,1197,2015]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Call B differs from call A by its longer duration and pulse- PAM with irregular silence intervals. Additionally, the envelope of call A is elliptic or triangular whereas that of call B is triangular or rectangular.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD3FFEFBEDBFAB3FCE8FD15" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD3FFEEBEDBFAB3FAACF8B9" blockId="34.[151,1437,1197,2015]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBEDBFAB3FDF5FAA1" bold="true" box="[199,517,1304,1331]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBF03FAB3FE92FAA1" box="[287,354,1304,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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A–D and 4D).
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</emphasis>
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We examined three recordings, a total of one minute, with 18 calls from one male. All these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD3FFEEBC3AFA96FD8CFAC5" box="[550,636,1341,1367]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration ranges from 0.057 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD3FFEEBA3EFA96FB86FAC5" box="[1058,1142,1341,1367]" degrees="0.149" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" precision="55" value="-0.149">0.149 s</geoCoordinate>
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. The call rise is similar in duration or shorter than the fall; the call fall is gradual, whereas the call rise has an exponential shape. The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first sixth of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed right;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBFC8FA02FD84FA51" box="[468,628,1449,1475]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8A, C, D</figureCitation>
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). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 28 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBE8BFA5AFF00F999" box="[151,240,1521,1547]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
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). In those calls the rate of this PAM is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBCBFFA59FD34F999" box="[675,708,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca.</emphasis>
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15 Hz, always forming two pulses. The envelope of these pulses is usually elliptic with the amplitude peak at the middle of the pulse. The last pulse is usually
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBAA0F9BDFB2EF9BD" box="[1212,1246,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca.</emphasis>
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1.5 times longer than the first (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBF2BF992FE61F9C1" box="[311,401,1593,1619]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
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). The call is composed of harmonics (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBD5FF992FC6FF9C1" box="[835,927,1593,1619]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1644,1669]" captionTargetBox="[204,1384,189,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[191,1397,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of seven Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nattereri (A), P. maculiventris (B), P. erythros (C), P. rupestris (D), P. camacan (E; F), P. obtectus (G), P. irroratus (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period w of the measured oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. irroratus; H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613004/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
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). The harmonics are very close to each other and not very clear due to the low fundamental frequency and the lack of the wave periodicity throughout the call. The fundamental frequency is approximately 225 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBD3FF90DFCCDF92D" box="[803,829,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca</emphasis>
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.
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<date id="28227196FFD3FFEEBD51F90EFC13F92D" box="[845,995,1700,1727]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1890" valueMax="2550">1890 to 2550</date>
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Hz (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBA01F90EFB86F92D" box="[1053,1142,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
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). The dominant harmonic varies from the fifth to the 38
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<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFD3FFEEBFF4F963FE05F944" attach="left" box="[488,501,1736,1750]" fontSize="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">th</superScript>
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harmonic, but it is usually the eighth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between
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<date id="28227196FFD3FFEEBDC2F946FB78F895" box="[990,1160,1773,1799]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1200" valueMax="2800">1200 and 2800</date>
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Hz (
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBADFF945FB15F895" box="[1219,1253,1774,1799]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca.</emphasis>
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six harmonics). There is no clear general FM in the call but there are subtle irregular FM segments throughout the entire call.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD3FFEFBEDBF89FFCE8FD15" blockId="34.[151,1437,1197,2015]" lastBlockId="35.[151,1437,152,647]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBEDBF89FFDFAF8DD" bold="true" box="[199,522,1844,1871]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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Call B (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBF38F89FFE99F8DD" box="[292,361,1844,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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E–F and 6C).
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</emphasis>
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We examined three recordings, a total of one minute, with
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBAB0F89DFB36F8DD" box="[1196,1222,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca</emphasis>
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. 10 calls from one male. All these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD3FFEEBC43F8F2FD45F8E1" box="[607,693,1881,1907]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration ranges from 1.269 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD3FFEEBA53F8F2FB52F8E1" box="[1103,1186,1881,1907]" degrees="1.727" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" precision="55" value="-1.727">1.727 s</geoCoordinate>
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. Both call rise and fall are very short and abrupt. There is a long sustain in the call. Usually the amplitude decreases gradually throughout this segment, from the amplitude peak until the end of it. The amplitude peak is at the very beginning of the call duration. The slope of the sustain makes the envelope of the call triangular (pointed right;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBA84F86EFB1FF84D" box="[1176,1263,1989,2015]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8E</figureCitation>
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). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 45 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD2FFEFBCF9FF16FCA7FF45" box="[741,855,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 8E, F</figureCitation>
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). The rate of the PAM is considerably irregular with an average of
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBF2BFF49FEA9FF69" box="[311,345,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ca.</emphasis>
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19 Hz, forming
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBC0AFF49FDC7FF69" box="[534,567,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ca.</emphasis>
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30 pulses throughout the call. The envelope of the pulses is variable but it is usually elliptic with the amplitude peak at the middle of the pulse. The last pulse is usually
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBA96FEADFB5CFE8D" box="[1162,1196,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
3.5 times longer than the others. The call is composed of harmonics (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD2FFEFBCACFE82FCFAFED6" box="[688,778,297,324]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1803,1828]" captionTargetBox="[225,1359,748,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[220,1366,741,1778]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 6. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls B and C of six Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call. Call B of P. maculiventris (A), call B of P. erythros (B), call B of P. ruspestris (C), call B of P. nanus (D), call C of P. nanus (E), and call B of P. spiniger (F). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613008/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The harmonics are very close to each other and not very clear due to the low fundamental frequency, short pulse duration, and the lack of the wave periodicity throughout the call (deterministic chaos regimes). Audiospectrograms with relatively broad filter bandwidths (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBADDFED9FB19FE19" box="[1217,1257,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
, above 100 Hz) can show wave peaks, of some parts of the call with low fundamental frequencies (minimum 107 Hz; see
|
||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD2FFEFBB25FE3EFA7EFE3D" box="[1337,1422,405,431]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
), as broadband pulses (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFD2FFEFBDBEFE12FBA3FE41" author="Littlejohn, M. J." box="[930,1107,441,467]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="102 - 120" refId="ref75838" refString="Littlejohn, M. J. (2001) Pattern of differentiation in temporal properties of Acoustic signals of anurans. In: Michael, J. R. (Ed.), Anuran Communication. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 102 - 120." type="book chapter" year="2001">Littlejohn 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fundamental frequency is around 130 Hz and it is usually absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBB27FE75FAA5FE65" box="[1339,1365,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFD2FFEFBB78FE76FF1DFD89" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="2060" valueMax="2560">2060 to 2560</date>
|
||
Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD2FFEFBF3BFDAAFE8DFD89" box="[295,381,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the seventh to the 57
|
||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFD2FFEFBA3CFDABFBDDFD9C" attach="none" box="[1056,1069,512,526]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">th</superScript>
|
||
, but it is usually around the 15
|
||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFD2FFEFBB8CFDABFA6DFD9C" attach="none" box="[1424,1437,512,526]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">th</superScript>
|
||
harmonic. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1700 and 4100 Hz (up to 20 harmonics). There is no clear general FM in the call but there are subtle irregular FM segments throughout the entire call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD2FFEFBCAAFDC6FCFBFD15" box="[694,779,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |