115 lines
20 KiB
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115 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="0374EDEC323B99143BFD4609CB332E6F" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FAC5FB6E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus cuvieri Fitzinger 1826" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="64" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="E66CEB7E1B3F640A5C38EF04032FC8C3" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="9656693CABB09AA3456F047DDE176270">
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<mods:title id="EE3BC6E2E44E3CE0B4BD18D72ADB88E4">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A82D8C0998C195BD768F60075231A032" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="4964CC834B3C366693534C785F65C0E6">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="BB99A71D13B04A97278C0957404F8060" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="793E7489C2FFB18CFEAE59292A45BD38">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="48892C6CF0EBB10499F00D8AEC74B5C1">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1CA017B4AC9D48E1F7A80098BFB339D9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="7F94C021D7397090C373DA8D18756408">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6F1E4C3D3E0109BBA734759478FAB8E1">
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<mods:date id="8DEC2F3C0B28D113B388C10CF303CAE2">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="301E83DF98D03B512B4F37D7D7290BD8">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="88CDAEC6598A7FCFFC219CADBFFCFF26">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="919EE2FB08F398A0E5AB9D767E81DBC6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A59E7A00860AD45A91726CEEF7E69EA9" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="615F5D582D07ECB251C570A8BF1F97A3" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FAC5FB6E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583624" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762947" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583624" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FAC5FB6E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FAC5FB6E" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FD98FD80" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FDA2FEF5" blockId="63.[151,594,333,360]" box="[151,594,333,360]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FDA2FEF5" bold="true" box="[151,594,333,360]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FDA2FEF5" authority="Fitzinger, 1826" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[151,594,333,360]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FDA2FEF5" bold="true" box="[151,594,333,360]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FE61FEF5" bold="true" box="[151,401,333,360]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Physalaemus cuvieri</emphasis>
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Fitzinger, 1826
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFCEFFF3BE8BFE25FD98FD80" blockId="63.[151,1437,398,1276]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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We found a single call
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<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFCEFFF3BF82FE25FE3EFE3A" box="[414,462,398,424]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
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for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, usually with a triangular envelope that resembles an arrow-like shape. It has a general downward FM, with an updownward FM segment in the first half of the call and a short upward FM segment at the end. Subharmonics are always present in the first half of the call.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCEFFF3BEDBFDB0FAC5FB6E" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFCEFFF3BEDBFDB0FAC5FB6E" blockId="63.[151,1437,398,1276]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BEDBFDB0FDEDFDA4" bold="true" box="[199,541,539,566]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BF02FDB0FE9FFDA4" box="[286,367,539,566]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
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A–V and 33A).
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</emphasis>
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We examined 75 recordings, a total of 94 minutes, with
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BA96FDB7FB54FDA7" box="[1162,1188,540,565]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ca</emphasis>
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. 10200 calls from
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<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFCEFFF3BB6EFDB7FF2CFDCB" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="male">228 males</specimenCount>
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. Only some of these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFCEFFF3BCFEFD94FCC8FDCB" box="[738,824,575,601]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration varies from 0.257 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFCEFFF3BAD3FD94FAD1FDC8" box="[1231,1313,575,602]" degrees="0.311" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="55" value="-0.311">0.311 s</geoCoordinate>
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. The envelope is very variable (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BF90FDC9FE04FDEF" box="[396,500,610,637]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32A</figureCitation>
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, C–G, M–Q). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain and call fall are not clear. The ratio between call rise and fall duration, and their shape, are highly variable. Most calls have a fall longer than rise, or both have the same duration. Their shape varies from exponential to linear or logarithmic. The call rise has two consecutive exponential parts, the first shorter than the second. The sustain, when present, is irregular, usually composed of a shallow or deep valley (
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BCB9FD5AFD38FC98" box="[677,712,753,778]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">i.e.</emphasis>
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, with a concave shape;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BDCEFD5BFB17FC99" box="[978,1255,752,779]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32A, C, D, G, M, Q</figureCitation>
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). The amplitude peak is usually before the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BA72FCBFFA64FCBC" box="[1134,1428,788,814]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32A, C, D, N, O, P, Q</figureCitation>
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) to triangular (pointed right;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BFCCFC9CFDACFCC0" box="[464,604,823,850]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32E, M</figureCitation>
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). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular envelope of some calls resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 20 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BDF1FCD5FBA6FC0A" box="[1005,1110,894,920]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 33A</figureCitation>
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). The fundamental frequency is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BEAEFC08FF23FC2E" box="[178,211,931,956]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ca.</emphasis>
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650 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f
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<subScript id="C0185513FFCEFFF3BCF2FC7CFD06FC77" attach="left" box="[750,758,983,997]" fontSize="6" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">0</subScript>
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1/2) are present in
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BDDAFC6DFC18FC4D" box="[966,1000,966,991]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ca.</emphasis>
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the first half of all calls examined (this part can be shorter or longer than one half of the call duration;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BD55FC42FC5DFB91" box="[841,941,1001,1027]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32B</figureCitation>
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, H–L, R–V). The dominant frequency varies from
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BEC8FBA6FF1EFBB4" box="[212,238,1037,1062]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ca</emphasis>
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. 690 to 780 Hz (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BFBAFBA7FDFCFBB4" box="[422,524,1036,1062]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32B</figureCitation>
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). The dominant harmonic is the first or second (at the very end of the call), but it is usually the first. There is a clear shift in the relative energy among bands. Although there is no shift in the dominant frequency, the higher bands get more energy toward the end of the call (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BDA2FBF8FB75FBFC" box="[958,1157,1107,1134]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32K, L, T, V</figureCitation>
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). Most of the call energy is between 500 and 1300 Hz (one or two harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BAB8FBDDFAFAFB03" box="[1188,1290,1142,1169]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32B</figureCitation>
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, H–L, R–V). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first half of the call duration, forming arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short upward FM at the end (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BD10FB16FC82FB4A" box="[780,882,1213,1240]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32B</figureCitation>
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, H–L, R–V). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |