172 lines
37 KiB
XML
172 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="B5251BE4E7DD52D50953EBD3B6C4E867" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFC1FFFDBE8BFF32FD83FAC5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus bokermanni Cardoso & Haddad 1985" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="50" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="843010E8170C78D80F15C69C9CEFC5A8" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="426E36D4BD12169EEC87EF7033B48145">
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<mods:title id="9890CE16013E72985C88309BA17CBC83">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E8E5968BFD98939D2937FA687E49BFCD" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="3FA3AC5FA6D6D8900E295D03130C32F2">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="4334D263A58402D61796CDFA1FB9941C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C5C21A7317AB9B6C7E951078C287A280">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="99F45834855D42FFC79C525C12D7B1B6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="B99ACF9D38EFB8889FF93078E9B2B174">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EAAE7B5B8B197D992453506BB3433B82">
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<mods:date id="FC36831C10566DC31D1C8C83EAC70B69">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8056B3497ABDD42E2909E26221EA7BB5">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B9BAC9E2EA5CD412A30BF4A9CEB6F353">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="DACDAB85A19579AD0878EA787F0D3D80">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="7B48239D690CDF63ACEE7B113920EE69" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5E404DBEDBB616DC1ED6D747D635020D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFC1FFFDBE8BFF32FD83FAC5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583590" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762934" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583590" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFC1FFFDBE8BFF32FD83FAC5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC1FFFDBE8BFF32FD83FAC5" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC1FFFCBE8BFF32FB53FEF5" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFC1FFFCBE8BFF32FCE8FF21" blockId="48.[151,792,153,180]" box="[151,792,153,180]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFC1FFFCBE8BFF32FCE8FF21" bold="true" box="[151,792,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC1FFFCBE8BFF32FCE8FF21" authority="Cardoso & Haddad, 1985" authorityName="Cardoso & Haddad" authorityYear="1985" box="[151,792,153,180]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC1FFFCBE8BFF32FCE8FF21" bold="true" box="[151,792,153,180]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC1FFFCBE8BFF32FE21FF26" bold="true" box="[151,465,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Physalaemus bokermanni</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFC1FFFCBFC4FF32FCE8FF21" author="Cardoso, A. J. & Haddad, C. F." box="[472,792,153,180]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="33 - 37" refId="ref73036" refString="Cardoso, A. J. & Haddad, C. F. (1985) Nova especie de Physalaemus do grupo signiferus (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45, 33 - 37." type="journal article" year="1985">Cardoso & Haddad, 1985</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFC1FFFCBE8BFF49FB53FEF5" blockId="48.[151,1437,225,360]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls B were common in recordings in which several males were active and calling at the same night. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and pulses (
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC1FFFCBAC0FEADFAF6FE8D" box="[1244,1286,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">i.e.,</emphasis>
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pulse-PAM). Call B has two notes while Call A has only one. The first note of call B is similar to that of call A. The second note of call B is much longer than that of call A and has an envelope with a long and gradual rise.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="08E307DEFFC1FFFCBE8BF902FEE8F8BC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" startId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" targetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" targetPageId="48">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFC1FFFCBE8BF902FEE8F8BC" blockId="48.[151,1437,1705,1838]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC1FFFCBE8BF902FED0F950" bold="true" box="[151,288,1705,1730]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
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Calls A and B of
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC1FFFCBFCBF901FD2DF950" authorityName="Cardoso & Haddad" authorityYear="1985" box="[471,733,1706,1730]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC1FFFCBFCBF901FD2DF950" box="[471,733,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Physalaemus bokermanni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC1FFFDBEDBF8F7FD83FAC5" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFC1FFFDBEDBF8F7FD67FD5D" blockId="48.[151,1437,1884,2019]" lastBlockId="49.[151,1437,152,1367]" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC1FFFCBEDBF8F7FDD9F8E5" bold="true" box="[199,553,1884,1911]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC1FFFCBF3FF8F7FE85F8E5" box="[291,373,1884,1911]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
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A–D and 13E).
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</emphasis>
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We examined eight recordings, a total of 12 minutes, with
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC1FFFCBAD2F8F6FB18F8E4" box="[1230,1256,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">ca</emphasis>
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. 650 calls from nine males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC1FFFCBD3CF82BFC86F809" box="[800,886,1920,1947]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration varies from 0.177 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC1FFFCBB0DF82AFA95F809" box="[1297,1381,1921,1947]" degrees="0.197" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="55" value="-0.197">0.197 s</geoCoordinate>
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. The call rise is linear or logarithmic-shaped and longer than the fall, which is usually abrupt and logarithmic-shaped; the amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC1FFFCBA58F863FB5CF871" box="[1092,1196,1992,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 18A</figureCitation>
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). The envelope of the call is elliptic or triangular (pointed left;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBC42FF32FD16FF21" box="[606,742,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18A, C</figureCitation>
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). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 41 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBE8BFF4AFF16FF69" box="[151,230,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
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A–D). The rate of the PAM is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBC27FF49FDADFF69" box="[571,605,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
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35 Hz, forming
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBD0BFF49FCC9FF69" box="[791,825,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
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six pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is abrupt and much shorter than the fall; the amplitude peak is at the beginning of the pulse (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBA5DFEAEFB58FE8D" box="[1089,1192,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18C</figureCitation>
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). The first one or two pulses have much lower amplitude than the others (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBCC6FE82FCB3FED1" box="[730,835,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18A</figureCitation>
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). Often, the second and the last pulses are the longest (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBEBCFEE6FED5FEF5" box="[160,293,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18A, B</figureCitation>
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). Silence intervals are present between pulses,
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBD31FEE5FCBFFEF5" box="[813,847,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
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fivefold longer than pulse duration. The first interval is usually much shorter than the others (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBC41FEDAFD5DFE19" box="[605,685,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
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A–D). The call has a harmonic series (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBA7FFEDAFB39FE19" box="[1123,1225,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,181,1720]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 13. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nanus (A), P. spiniger (B), P. crombiei (C), P. signifer (D), P. bokermanni (E), P. angrensis (F), P. atlanticus (G), P. moreirae (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. nanus; A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 13E</figureCitation>
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). The fundamental frequency is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBF31FE3DFEBFFE3D" box="[301,335,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
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780 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The short duration of the pulses makes the bands broad with narrow intervals (
|
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBDC7FE12FB95FE41" box="[987,1125,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some pulses can have not very clear harmonics, with considerably deterministic chaos due to the irregularity of the wave periods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBB2DFE76FF5FFD89" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). There are jumps of the fundamental frequency between pulses in some calls. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBECAFD8DFF00FDAD" box="[214,240,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 2840 to 3660 Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBFD3FD8EFDC6FDAD" box="[463,566,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the 10
|
||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFC0FFFDBACDFD8FFB2EFDA0" attach="none" box="[1233,1246,548,562]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">th</superScript>
|
||
, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 2600 and 3900 Hz (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBC76FDC5FD7CFD15" box="[618,652,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
three harmonics). Usually, there is no clear general FM throughout the call, however, in some calls the first two pulses have their energy concentrated in lower frequency bands, making the general FM of the call upward (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBC38FD1EFD79FD5D" box="[548,649,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC0FFFDBEDBFD73FD83FAC5" blockId="49.[151,1437,152,1367]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBEDBFD73FDD9FD61" bold="true" box="[199,553,728,755]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Call B (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBF3FFD73FE85FD61" box="[291,373,728,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
E–H and 16C).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
We examined three recordings, a total of six minutes, with 35 calls from three males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC0FFFDBCC2FD56FCC3FC85" box="[734,819,765,791]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Call duration varies from 0.947 to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC0FFFDBADAFD56FAE6FC85" box="[1222,1302,765,791]" degrees="1.868" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="55" value="-1.868">1.868 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
and the call has two different notes. Duration of the second note is
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBD1FFC89FCD4FCA9" box="[771,804,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC0FFFDBD30FC8AFC94FCA9" box="[812,868,801,827]" degrees="1.0" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="5555" value="-1.0">1.0 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. The amplitude, temporal and spectral traits of the first note resemble those of call A, although in call B the first note often has more abrupt rise and fall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBB35FCEEFA60FCCD" box="[1321,1424,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Usually, there is a silence interval between the notes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBCE8FCC2FC87FC11" box="[756,887,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, in some calls, this interval is perceptible only as a decrease in amplitude. The rise of the second note is logarithmic-shaped and shorter than fall, which is gradual, almost linear; the amplitude peak of the note is at the end of the first tenth of the note duration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBB37FC1AFA7FFC59" box="[1323,1423,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Due to the very short rise and the long and gradual fall, the envelope of the component B is triangular (pointed right;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBE8BFC52FF0CFB81" box="[151,252,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18E</figureCitation>
|
||
). More than 50 % of the energy of the compound call is concentrated in
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBA28FC51FBA5FB81" box="[1076,1109,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
34 % of the duration around the amplitude peak. Both notes have a strong PAM (there are silence intervals present between pulses;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBB16FBB6FAA8FBA5" box="[1290,1368,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
E–H). The rate of the PAM is similar to that of the call A,
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBCCCFBE9FD02FBC9" box="[720,754,1090,1115]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
30 Hz, yielding 28 pulses throughout the call. The rate of the PAM is less regular in the second note than in the first one. The pulse rise is abrupt and much shorter than the fall; the amplitude peak is at the beginning of the pulse (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBCC3FB22FCB8FB31" box="[735,840,1161,1187]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some pulses can be twofold longer than the others. At the beginning of the second note the ratio between the silence interpulse-interval and pulse duration is similar to that in component A. The interval becomes longer (pulse duration remains the same) towards the end of the call (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBB6FFB79FA66FB79" box="[1395,1430,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
, pulse-PAM rate decreases), mainly after the first fourth of the second-note duration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBA55FB5EFB20FA9D" box="[1097,1232,1269,1295]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18E, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spectral traits of the second note are similar to those of call A (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBC8FFAB2FCE5FAA1" box="[659,789,1305,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18F, H</figureCitation>
|
||
; see some quantitative differences in
|
||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC0FFFDBAAAFAB2FAFCFAA1" box="[1206,1292,1305,1331]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). There is no general FM in component B (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBFFEFA96FD96FAC5" box="[482,614,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18F, H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |