179 lines
39 KiB
XML
179 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="8FA93DCA47E9C04BC52BF69FC9369D06" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFC0FFFFBE8BFA2EFAE9FED1" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus angrensis Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva 2006" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="50" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="2B4B352F57F4A824EEB07B43F226496D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="21BD0210C5D77662B144D7F578EE2E58">
|
||
<mods:title id="358869D414FE21CAA705C3819152A6A3">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="AEFC2154A731837D3183C0F075348DEE" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="831BDE2210D3ECC175422FF98EC0AF2D">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="6490CEC805B850615CB6A6760BCD983A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="F7EE32290B2DB01ABA556BC0BDD0A9CD">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="2E16413C5BA9FCE8FCB081C666C72970" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="66D534514DDAA6264CD623D82F3F03BA">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="76E402A21E1BD803A6B1F9C786F3514A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="FDE0F51C738D4A9B4E71706E8999358E">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="2EA4905C2D36FCE97EAAE76FFC795D12">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="F69FDC17E09D88DF515979E06AE4E782" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="C7C0C3B811BBAE2AF303A1B322A09D63">
|
||
<mods:title id="65549FA16FD4195D3632382ABCFCF633">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="FD7F8DA7E964B82429AC3C2A8C3FA207">
|
||
<mods:date id="47EE8014B63D85A4A89E9BE65A67E8D6">2020</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="6B606662ED830662E3C863B1ED6D8AE1" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="C12A5115779EDA8BF4F1F33BF97B7D86">2020-01-20</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="3F72FE3C060FDEF5C9E38489761783F5" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="0D8FAFDB33958E3C9A5C90AAF0F56FC0">4725</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="CA428641C0477C2399985F533098B7F7" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="4E90993FA1143F5641EE974CAABC9B04">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="3965216F20438B4371D387B75C788927" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="9B4BE50CF7BE8040C620C9FD8F7E3BA4">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="1D19B0D0F45EE0CAAFC51E72859286A2">106</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="E6C3476442F19833F5B0C1EB72CB8079">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="63822494498EBEE9B3A0CF27865E7EB3" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D638428036CC7889671BF6CEFB0BE701" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="906123CBCFCE65892CEC4CDB2AA71F32" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E4766B7C3ECD1D054CA06AC95EBFE6C6" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="A568BBB472FDF55ABFC04E22E708E293" type="Zenodo-Dep">3612996</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="07FD611B3DCF44C824C5A9B2EA7346BE" type="ZooBank">B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="D435E640FFC0FFFFBE8BFA2EFAE9FED1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583592" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762935" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583592" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFC0FFFFBE8BFA2EFAE9FED1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC0FFFFBE8BFA2EFAE9FED1" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC0FFFDBE8BFA2EFAFFF9BD" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC0FFFDBE8BFA2EFC3DFA0D" blockId="49.[151,973,1413,1440]" box="[151,973,1413,1440]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<heading id="076BE03AFFC0FFFDBE8BFA2EFC3DFA0D" bold="true" box="[151,973,1413,1440]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC0FFFDBE8BFA2EFC3DFA0D" authority="Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva, 2006" authorityName="Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,973,1413,1440]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angrensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBE8BFA2EFC3DFA0D" bold="true" box="[151,973,1413,1440]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBE8BFA2EFE43FA0D" bold="true" box="[151,435,1413,1440]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Physalaemus angrensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFC0FFFDBFA6FA2EFC3DFA0D" author="Weber, L. N. & Gonzaga, L. P. & Carvalho-E-Silva, S. P." box="[442,973,1413,1439]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="677 - 684" refId="ref78327" refString="Weber, L. N., Gonzaga, L. P. & Carvalho-E-Silva, S. P. (2006) " 2005 " A new species of Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 from the lowland Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 63 (4), 677 - 684." type="journal article" year="2006">Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC0FFFDBE8BFA66FAFFF9BD" blockId="49.[151,1437,1485,2015]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call A is composed of pulses whereas Call B has no PAM. Moreover, call B has a stronger general upward FM. Call B can have irregular FM segments and jumps of the fundamental frequency (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBA30F9BDFBBAF9BD" box="[1068,1098,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
absent in call A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC0FFFFBEDBF993FAE9FED1" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC0FFFEBEDBF993FC07FE65" blockId="49.[151,1437,1485,2015]" lastBlockId="50.[151,1437,153,503]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBEDBF993FDD2F9C1" bold="true" box="[199,546,1592,1619]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Call A (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBF3CF993FE81F9C1" box="[288,369,1592,1619]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
A–H and 13F).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
We examined nine recordings, a total of 32 minutes, with
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBAB3F991FB39F9C1" box="[1199,1225,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 800 calls from
|
||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFC0FFFDBB9CF992FF2CF9E5" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="male">19 males</specimenCount>
|
||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC0FFFDBCF2F9F6FCB5F9E5" box="[750,837,1629,1655]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Call duration varies from 0.431 to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC0FFFDBAF9F9F7FAC9F9E5" box="[1253,1337,1628,1655]" degrees="0.605" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="55" value="-0.605">0.605 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and fall are not clear (for example in calls with elliptic envelopes; see below;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBEF0F90EFEA4F92D" box="[236,340,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 19D</figureCitation>
|
||
). In calls where the limits are perceptible, the call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape, both have a logarithmic or linear shape, and there is a long sustain, which can have shallow valleys and short slopes (concave and convex shapes, respectively;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBC9AF946FD1FF895" box="[646,751,1773,1799]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBD78F8BAFC3CF8B9" box="[868,972,1809,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 19D</figureCitation>
|
||
) to rectangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBA96F8BAFB02F8B9" box="[1162,1266,1809,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
|
||
) depending on how emphasized or regular is the sustain. More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 37 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (there are silence intervals present between pulses;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBB2FF8F2FEDFF805" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 19A, B, D, E, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The rate of the PAM is
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBC5CF8D5FD91F805" box="[576,609,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
58 Hz, yielding
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBD04F8D5FCCAF805" box="[792,826,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
30 pulses throughout the call. Except for the last pulse, the pulse rise is longer than the fall and the amplitude peak is around two thirds of the pulse duration. The last pulse has the opposite envelope with amplitude peak at the beginning (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBD65F86EFC2FF84D" box="[889,991,1989,2015]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 19E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The first pulses can have much lower amplitude than the others. The last pulse is the longest. There are short silence intervals between pulses, which can be absent between the first and last pulses (pulses are juxtaposed to neighboring pulses;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBA61FF16FA60FF45" box="[1149,1424,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19A, B, D, E, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Intervals are usually eightfold longer than the pulse durations. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBAB0FF4AFAFFFF69" box="[1196,1295,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,181,1720]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 13. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nanus (A), P. spiniger (B), P. crombiei (C), P. signifer (D), P. bokermanni (E), P. angrensis (F), P. atlanticus (G), P. moreirae (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. nanus; A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 13F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fundamental frequency is at
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBF89FEADFE46FE8D" box="[405,438,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
410 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBB67FE81FA65FED1" box="[1403,1429,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFC3FFFEBE8BFEE7FEDDFEF5" box="[151,301,332,359]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1590" valueMax="1780">1590 to 1780</date>
|
||
Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBF7AFEE6FE3DFEF5" box="[358,461,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fifth, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between
|
||
<date id="28227196FFC3FFFEBEE7FE3EFE51FE3D" box="[251,417,405,431]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1200" valueMax="1900">1200 and 1900</date>
|
||
Hz (three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBA2CFE3EFB49FE3D" box="[1072,1209,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19B, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is usually directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBAD5FE12FAA0FE41" box="[1225,1360,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19E, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Calls are usually emitted in short sequences with up to ten calls each (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBD7AFE76FC1AFE65" box="[870,1002,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="08E307DEFFC3FFFEBE8BFA48FD27F91E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" startId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" targetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" targetPageId="50">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC3FFFEBE8BFA48FD27F91E" blockId="50.[151,1437,1507,1676]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBE8BFA48FEEFFA6E" bold="true" box="[151,287,1507,1532]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
|
||
Calls A and B of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC3FFFEBFCEFA4FFD4FFA69" authorityName="Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[466,703,1508,1532]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angrensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBFCEFA4FFD4FFA69" box="[466,703,1508,1532]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Physalaemus angrensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC3FFFFBEDBF912FAE9FED1" blockId="50.[151,1437,1721,2037]" lastBlockId="51.[151,1436,153,323]" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBEDBF912FDE5F946" bold="true" box="[199,533,1721,1748]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Call B (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBF3CF912FE9FF946" box="[288,367,1721,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
I–L and 16D).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
We examined three recordings, a total of 18 minutes, with
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBABFF910FB4DF946" box="[1187,1213,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 150 calls from five males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC3FFFEBCF0F975FCB2F96A" box="[748,834,1758,1784]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Call duration varies from 0.309 to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC3FFFEBAFCF976FAC4F96B" box="[1248,1332,1757,1785]" degrees="0.353" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="55" value="-0.353">0.353 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (logarithmic-shaped). There is a sustain, which has shallow valleys, usually at its beginning and end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBC0CF88DFD61F8D3" box="[528,657,1830,1857]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFC3FFFEBC59F88DFD9CF8D2" box="[581,620,1830,1856]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2019-01">19I</date>
|
||
, K
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The amplitude peak of the call is at around the end of the first four fifths of the call duration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBFD9F8E1FDB8F8F7" box="[453,584,1866,1893]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFC3FFFEBFE7F8E1FDD2F8F6" box="[507,546,1866,1892]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2019-01">19I</date>
|
||
, K
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The envelope varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed left;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBB12F8E1FA60F8F7" box="[1294,1424,1866,1893]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFC3FFFEBB5FF8E1FA9AF8F6" box="[1347,1386,1866,1892]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2019-01">19I</date>
|
||
, K
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 32 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBC78F839FD3DF83F" box="[612,717,1938,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1574,1599]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,460,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[192,1395,453,1549]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 16. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls B of five Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call B of: P. crombiei (A), P. signifer (B), P. bokermanni (C), P. angrensis (D), and P. moreirae (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613028/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 16D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBA2AF838FBA8F83E" box="[1078,1112,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
320 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBD3DF870FCCBF866" box="[801,827,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFC3FFFEBD57F871FC10F866" box="[843,992,2010,2037]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1080" valueMax="1310">1080 to 1310</date>
|
||
Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBA05F871FB89F866" box="[1049,1145,2010,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19J</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the seventh harmonic, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 900 and 1400 Hz (two harmonics). The call has a general upward FM with short downward FM at the end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBA5CFF4AFB4DFF69" box="[1088,1213,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 19J, L</figureCitation>
|
||
). The sustain has an up-downward FM (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBF6EFEAEFE01FE8D" box="[370,497,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 19J, L</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is clear PFM in some parts of the call. Additionally, several calls have parts with irregular up and downward FM, usually, inversely proportional to the AM directions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBA8CFE82FB2FFED1" box="[1168,1247,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
I–L).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |