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<document id="55D7C7F1EA9D26486A6116AB09F0278F" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio &amp; Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FD3FF8D0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus marmoratus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="78" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="78" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="3E82C2A5644FC0CD34EB7740AA64FDD8">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="065CA99948550166C38B9B59995E7128">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3EA66111BEECC925637DD731551DE908">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="599EC5D4E301FEC898C7459080986725">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="795DD2D3BE88796E8D3CB5FED16E2A04">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="156478514E6DD3ECA5F0D95A64B22639">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F6D57A7E5AD5B95375DA86CFAF7D1D3D">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="AF17FAB2139FCE6B96B60ABF9A849787">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="AAEC3FEBD4442AC12FCF0571A2A34966">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="5A0FB060DB42878E36FEE34AA44D8712" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FD3FF8D0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583646" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762928" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583646" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FD3FF8D0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FD3FF8D0" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBCFF81BE8BFC40FB52FBE3" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FCCAFB97" blockId="77.[151,826,1003,1030]" box="[151,826,1003,1030]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<heading id="076BE03AFFBCFF81BE8BFC40FCCAFB97" bold="true" box="[151,826,1003,1030]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FCCAFB97" authority="(Reinhardt &amp; Lutken, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Reinhardt &amp; Lutken" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[151,826,1003,1030]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FCCAFB97" bold="true" box="[151,826,1003,1030]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FE22FB94" bold="true" box="[151,466,1003,1030]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Physalaemus marmoratus</emphasis>
(Reinhardt &amp; Lütken, 1862)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBCFF81BE8BFB9FFB52FBE3" blockId="77.[151,1437,1075,1858]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
We found a single call
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFBCFF81BF85FB9FFE39FBDC" box="[409,457,1076,1102]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">type</typeStatus>
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third of the call.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBCFF81BEDBFBD1FD3FF8D0" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="description">
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBCFF81BEDBFBD1FD3FF8D0" blockId="77.[151,1437,1075,1858]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBCFF81BEDBFBD1FDEEFB07" bold="true" box="[199,542,1146,1173]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
Call A (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BF3DFBD1FE84FB07" box="[289,372,1146,1173]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
A–J and 42F).
</emphasis>
We examined 15 recordings, a total of 31 minutes, with
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBCFF81BABCFBD7FB4AFB07" box="[1184,1210,1148,1173]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">ca</emphasis>
. 1100 calls from
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFBCFF81BB9CFBD0FF2CFB2B" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="male">44 males</specimenCount>
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFBCFF81BCFEFB34FCC7FB2B" box="[738,823,1183,1209]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Call duration varies from 0.614 to
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFBCFF81BAD2FB34FAD1FB28" box="[1230,1313,1183,1210]" degrees="0.938" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" precision="55" value="-0.938">0.938 s</geoCoordinate>
. The envelope of the call is highly variable (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BC0CFB68FD87FB4F" box="[528,631,1219,1245]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47A</figureCitation>
, C–F). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. The ratio between durations of call rise and fall, and their shapes, are highly variable. The sustain is usually irregular, composed of shallow valleys and small peaks (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BD78FAA0FC3AFAB7" box="[868,970,1291,1317]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47A</figureCitation>
, C–F). In some calls the rise remains with very low amplitude until the limit with the sustain, where the amplitude increases abruptly (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BA90FA84FB03FADB" box="[1164,1267,1327,1353]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47D</figureCitation>
). In other calls, the call fall has this same pattern, with an abruptly amplitude decrease after the sustain and thenceforth with low and constant amplitude until the end of the call (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BC94FADCFD00FA03" box="[648,752,1399,1425]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47C</figureCitation>
). The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first third of the call duration. The envelope of the calls varies from rectangular (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BDC0FA30FBAAFA24" box="[988,1114,1435,1462]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47E, F</figureCitation>
) to triangular (pointed left or right;
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BEC6FA14FEAFFA4B" box="[218,351,1471,1497]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47D, A</figureCitation>
, respectively). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 29 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BCCDF9ACFCC4F9B3" box="[721,820,1543,1569]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 42F</figureCitation>
). The fundamental frequency is
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBCFF81BA85F9A3FB4BF9B3" box="[1177,1211,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">ca.</emphasis>
510 Hz and the first six harmonics are generally emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency is
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBCFF81BFDBF9FBFE19F9FB" box="[455,489,1616,1641]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">ca.</emphasis>
500 Hz (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BC52F9E4FD43F9FB" box="[590,691,1615,1641]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47B</figureCitation>
). The first is dominant harmonic (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BA37F9E4FB7EF9FB" box="[1067,1166,1615,1641]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 42F</figureCitation>
). There is a clear shift in relative energy between bands; although there is no shift in dominant frequency, the higher bands get more energy toward the end of the call (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BFDFF93CFDE5F923" box="[451,533,1687,1713]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
G–J). Most of the call energy is between 400 and 2100 Hz (three to five harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BC61F910FD13F947" box="[637,739,1723,1749]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47B</figureCitation>
, G–J). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and short downward FM at the end (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BEE4F8A8FEAEF88F" box="[248,350,1795,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47B</figureCitation>
, G–J). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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