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<document id="CB20FDAF945934C7A37BD18B8BAFE527" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio &amp; Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FCF0FB9F" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus maximus Feio, Pombal &amp; Caramaschi 1999" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="71" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="71" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="86D374305E572F7C08AE1B6B98EBFC42">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F189F053832EBB7C041290AD0BB1620D">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C4D6C30050AADC2D9B2A8C08B7C493F2">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0FA411A29BB557272035D4BDD039C7C0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="47F5FC6382CB4E286C713DA6E6157EEC">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FBA001165C69C5F5DFE115C42DE751B4">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E649004AD1AD39A823AB2621ED97C749">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="04D7BE438043CDF5F88B9D82DA363881">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="064B37A51944F13F5673DE76C6E2F24C">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="E73B37EDCE15CB8576A9D79404437A9E" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="167DF98A6BF7509B36794E52EDA007C9" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9B9407E56A21787E54F830F032CACAB1" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FCF0FB9F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583632" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762925" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583632" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FCF0FB9F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FCF0FB9F" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FC3FFEF3" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FC91FF21" blockId="70.[151,865,153,180]" box="[151,865,153,180]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<heading id="076BE03AFFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FC91FF21" bold="true" box="[151,865,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FC91FF21" authority="Feio, Pombal &amp; Caramaschi, 1999" authorityName="Feio, Pombal &amp; Caramaschi" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,865,153,180]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FC91FF21" bold="true" box="[151,865,153,180]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FE5DFF21" bold="true" box="[151,429,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Physalaemus maximus</emphasis>
Feio, Pombal &amp; Caramaschi, 1999
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB7FF8ABE8BFF70FC3FFEF3" blockId="70.[151,1437,219,1037]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
We found a single call
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB7FF8ABF8FFF70FE33FF67" box="[403,451,219,245]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">type</typeStatus>
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a subtle PAM, with no silence intervals. It has a long duration and a very low fundamental frequency with subtle PFM throughout the call. The bands have a slight general upward FM and a downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB7FF8ABEDBFEC1FCF0FB9F" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="description">
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB7FF8ABEDBFEC1FCF0FB9F" blockId="70.[151,1437,219,1037]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABEDBFEC1FDD9FE17" bold="true" box="[199,553,362,389]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
Call A (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABF3DFEC1FE84FE17" box="[289,372,362,389]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1943,1968]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1067,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1058,1918]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613074/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
A–D and 33G).
</emphasis>
We examined seven recordings, a total of five minutes, with
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABAC2FEC7FB08FE17" box="[1246,1272,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">ca</emphasis>
. 90 calls from
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFB7FF8ABE8BFE24FF0DFE3B" box="[151,253,399,425]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="male">11 males</specimenCount>
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFB7FF8ABCE2FE24FCA3FE3B" box="[766,851,399,425]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Call duration varies from 1.887 to
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFB7FF8ABAF9FE24FAC8FE3B" box="[1253,1336,399,425]" degrees="2.446" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" precision="55" value="-2.446">2.446 s</geoCoordinate>
. The call rise is longer than call fall or both are similar in duration. Call rise and fall have exponential, linear or logarithmic shape. There is a long sustain. It is usually almost flat but slightly irregular (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABDF7FE7CFBA4FE63" box="[1003,1108,471,497]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1943,1968]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1067,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1058,1918]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613074/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 39A</figureCitation>
). However, in some calls, the beginning of this segment has low amplitude, which gradually increases towards the end of the call (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABAE1FE50FAAEFD87" box="[1277,1374,507,533]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1943,1968]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1067,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1058,1918]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613074/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig 39C</figureCitation>
). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first two thirds the call duration. The amplitude of the call is usually at three fifths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic, rectangular (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABA1AFDE8FB9CFDCF" box="[1030,1132,579,605]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1943,1968]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1067,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1058,1918]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613074/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 39A</figureCitation>
) to triangular (pointed left;
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABE8BFDCCFF0AFD13" box="[151,250,615,641]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1943,1968]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1067,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1058,1918]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613074/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 39C</figureCitation>
) depending on the steepness of the sustain and position of the amplitude peak of the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call can have a slight PAM (silence intervals absent between peaks). The rate of the PAM is
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABDA4FD1BFC2AFD5B" box="[952,986,688,713]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">ca.</emphasis>
10 Hz, forming
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABA8BFD1BFB49FD5B" box="[1175,1209,688,713]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">ca.</emphasis>
22 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The call has a harmonic series (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABCCBFD78FCB0FD7F" box="[727,832,723,749]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 33G</figureCitation>
). The fundamental frequency is
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABABBFD7FFB38FD7F" box="[1191,1224,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">ca.</emphasis>
170 Hz. This band and the next harmonic are absent in audiospectrograms. There are usually
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABDF0FD53FBFEFC83" box="[1004,1038,760,785]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">ca.</emphasis>
seven emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABB20FCB7FAA6FCA7" box="[1340,1366,796,821]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">ca</emphasis>
.
<date id="28227196FFB7FF8ABB78FCB0FF1EFCCB" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1000" valueMax="1030">1000 to 1030</date>
Hz (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABF34FC94FE61FCCB" box="[296,401,831,857]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1943,1968]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1067,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1058,1918]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613074/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 39B</figureCitation>
). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the ninth, but it is usually the sixth (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABB73FC94FF3CFCEF" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 33G</figureCitation>
). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 850 and 1550 Hz (five harmonics). The call has a general FM slightly upward and a short downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABB19FC00FA60FC57" box="[1285,1424,939,965]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1943,1968]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1067,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1058,1918]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613074/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 39B, D</figureCitation>
). Additionally, there can be a slight PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent of PAM or can be directly proportional and synchronic to some parts of the PAM.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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