127 lines
24 KiB
XML
127 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="936AFC123E41BA426459BB268090FDFC" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCF8FB81" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus feioi Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi 2010" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="72" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="72" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="495B9EC056C8E630DA92F89381F31A83" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BDAEC266D0DD3610D732327C975509E8">
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<mods:title id="95F4C0345B126B58A65F7B06F7C1F0B9">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="FC45440A3239067F247F11099CAFEDF8" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5B90601719062987E8537AD8635841DF">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="DC7106078832D32BE0A074D472403E0F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1C078FE84F0FB7B7841D5FA3DF010AF3">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D0607FC8BBDD700D6C5C65EC5D07446C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4D2DB7FD0A4FF7E9038E031FFE36226C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C4FB9DB6708B046D93AA53125EABC32D">
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<mods:date id="07E05314CC597570A427E3B082211B01">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6A2925CF408F90D05FE066B1944BE978">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="04BDEAF9D4D5BA779F8B399BD2F727E1" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="D8C77BDE69B848D391C474E6161F9463">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="A8F1681D6DF1C4D300E712B87B015735">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4513913DC00A35EDD9BD732C7A460E99" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E25FE7089EC6F10300815D07D8ECCA4A" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CC51859135A1D504765FFCDCACFF5732" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCF8FB81" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583634" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762922" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583634" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCF8FB81" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCF8FB81" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FAA6FED1" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCDDFF21" blockId="71.[151,813,153,180]" box="[151,813,153,180]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCDDFF21" bold="true" box="[151,813,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCDDFF21" authority="Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010" authorityName="Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,813,153,180]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="feioi">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCDDFF21" bold="true" box="[151,813,153,180]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FE84FF21" bold="true" box="[151,372,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Physalaemus feioi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFB6FF8BBF67FF32FCDDFF21" author="Cassini, C. S. & Cruz, C. A. G. & Caramaschi, U." box="[379,813,153,179]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref73137" refString="Cassini, C. S., Cruz, C. A. G. & Caramaschi, U. (2010) Taxonomic review of Physalaemus olfersii (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856) with revalidation of Physalaemus lateristriga (Steindachner, 1864) and description of two new related species (Anura: Leiuperidae). Zootaxa, 2491 (1), 1 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2491.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB6FF8BBE8BFF4FFAA6FED1" blockId="71.[151,1437,227,1044]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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We found a single call
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<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB6FF8BBF93FF4FFE4EFF6E" box="[399,446,228,252]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">type</typeStatus>
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for the species, referred to as call A. The call has long duration and is composed of a single harmonic note with a sequence of pulses with interpulse silence intervals. The bands have a general upward FM and a downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB6FF8BBEDBFEE6FCF8FB81" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB6FF8BBEDBFEE6FCF8FB81" blockId="71.[151,1437,227,1044]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBEDBFEE6FDD3FEFA" bold="true" box="[199,547,333,360]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBF02FEE6FE80FEFA" box="[286,368,333,360]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
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A–H and 33H).
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</emphasis>
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We examined seven recordings, a total of eight minutes, with 52 calls from nine males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFB6FF8BBCF6FEDAFCB0FE19" box="[746,832,369,395]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration varies from 3.854 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFB6FF8BBAC1FEDAFAC1FE1E" box="[1245,1329,369,396]" degrees="4.920" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" precision="55" value="-4.92">4.920 s</geoCoordinate>
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. Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. There is a long sustain. This segment is usually regular and almost flat but some calls have sustains with a convex shape (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBD63FE12FBFAFE46" box="[895,1034,441,468]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40A, D</figureCitation>
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). The amplitude peak is often at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope of the call is rectangular (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBA75FE76FB03FE6A" box="[1129,1267,477,504]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40A, D</figureCitation>
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). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 45 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (there are silence intervals between pulses;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBCD4FD8EFCA4FDD2" box="[712,852,549,576]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40A, D</figureCitation>
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). The rate of the PAM is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBA6AFD8DFB68FDAD" box="[1142,1176,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca.</emphasis>
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15 Hz, forming
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBB4BFD8DFA88FDAD" box="[1367,1400,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca.</emphasis>
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55 pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is longer than fall, with amplitude peak of the pulse at
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBAA3FDE1FB10FDF1" box="[1215,1248,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca.</emphasis>
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two thirds of the pulse duration (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBF54FDC6FE40FD15" box="[328,432,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40C</figureCitation>
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). The amplitude peak of the last pulse is at the beginning or middle of the pulse. Interval durations are similar to pulse duration (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBC46FD3AFD33FD39" box="[602,707,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40C</figureCitation>
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). The last pulse is usually the longest (
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBA9DFD39FB52FD39" box="[1153,1186,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca.</emphasis>
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1.5 times longer than the other pulses;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBF46FD1EFE30FD5D" box="[346,448,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40E</figureCitation>
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). In some calls, the last pulse is the shortest (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBDD9FD1EFBC0FD5D" box="[965,1072,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40A</figureCitation>
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). The call has a harmonic series (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBEBCFD72FEF8FD61" box="[160,264,729,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 33H</figureCitation>
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). The fundamental frequency is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBC6DFD71FD63FD61" box="[625,659,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca.</emphasis>
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330 Hz. The first five harmonics are usually absent in the audiospectrogram. There are
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBF6CFD55FE61FC85" box="[368,401,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca.</emphasis>
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four adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBD04FC89FCC2FCA9" box="[792,818,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca</emphasis>
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.
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<date id="28227196FFB6FF8BBD5CFC8AFC24FCA9" box="[832,980,801,828]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" value="2340" valueMax="2470">2340 to 2470</date>
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Hz. The dominant harmonic varies from the sixth to the 15
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<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFB6FF8BBF41FCEFFE9AFCC0" attach="none" box="[349,362,836,850]" fontSize="6" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">th</superScript>
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, but it is usually the seventh (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBCA8FCEEFCECFCCD" box="[692,796,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 33H</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between
|
||
<date id="28227196FFB6FF8BBD4EFCC2FC0AFC16" box="[850,1018,873,900]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" value="2100" valueMax="2950">2100 and 2950</date>
|
||
Hz (three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM and a short downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBFD0FC1AFDA7FC59" box="[460,599,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40B, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is a slight PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM,
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBFF5FC7DFDFCFC7D" box="[489,524,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
up-downward FM in each pulse (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBD9EFC7EFBB6FC62" box="[898,1094,981,1008]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40A, B, C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, there is another PFM, which is perceptible within the pulses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBC8FFC52FD0CFB81" box="[659,764,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |