129 lines
23 KiB
XML
129 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="DFEED9128A442BCAD16C99C47BC2BEEB" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFB6FF84BE8BF8ADFAFAFC85" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus orophilus Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi 2010" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="72" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="72" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="6D7FE0CC287A6A3CD0001D1D4E2B4BD0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4BD7D587615B2733FCA1C79F900B65EB">
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<mods:title id="056CA8592237BB3F5A56D35E87BE44A2">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C60894E94266AC8221A93EB1E5FCA71F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="DC910DE66A1C6115F0270B4E40676D82">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0EF96CE2EFDCAF6377C2E106BCA58D9F">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="AF306A6E2D24A0987FFFF0E2CD5E4BE5" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="CC109A21CCD2B45C0CF56E75059C7A8A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6FD63716DE4FE02B58B8126593AB6694">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F0D494773A5FCA1007D22B336D9BA65B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="ABB9164A30334A90553DC72F0BF529A2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="229A51B133C073E379AFB2DEB4004F54">
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<mods:date id="A24B70717DD42E772784928BEB1602E5">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="62604F2D1C97512CE80F89D15BCAC1A1" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="4EC7FA00A35E2A94A8EF05A2F6A06644">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F88626D9F4443D5919CBACF07E9F99B4">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="3BC84F12E1283D11F3BEFB4296904281" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="32F8153A66BEEBDF740280F62148FA18">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="7A6652CC4D461368C134C0D48D95B29C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="9B24DDFB7693E63B5AD774373885123C" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AD79E5E2CB982F76393FAC6843C29036" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BEB05AAFBDD6A21310C9E9C435C4F7F3" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFB6FF84BE8BF8ADFAFAFC85" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583636" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583636" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFB6FF84BE8BF8ADFAFAFC85" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB6FF84BE8BF8ADFAFAFC85" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB6FF8BBE8BF8ADFD53F847" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB6FF8BBE8BF8ADFC9BF8B3" blockId="71.[151,875,1798,1825]" box="[151,875,1798,1825]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFB6FF8BBE8BF8ADFC9BF8B3" bold="true" box="[151,875,1798,1825]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB6FF8BBE8BF8ADFC9BF8B3" authority="Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010" authorityName="Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,875,1798,1825]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orophilus">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBE8BF8ADFC9BF8B3" bold="true" box="[151,875,1798,1825]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBE8BF8ADFE42F8B3" bold="true" box="[151,434,1798,1825]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Physalaemus orophilus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFB6FF8BBFA5F8ACFC9BF8B3" author="Cassini, C. S. & Cruz, C. A. G. & Caramaschi, U." box="[441,875,1799,1825]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref73137" refString="Cassini, C. S., Cruz, C. A. G. & Caramaschi, U. (2010) Taxonomic review of Physalaemus olfersii (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856) with revalidation of Physalaemus lateristriga (Steindachner, 1864) and description of two new related species (Anura: Leiuperidae). Zootaxa, 2491 (1), 1 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2491.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB6FF8BBE8BF8E4FD53F847" blockId="71.[151,1436,1871,2041]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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We found a single call
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<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB6FF8BBF82F8E4FE3EF8FB" box="[414,462,1871,1897]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">type</typeStatus>
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for the species, referred to as call A. The call has long duration and is composed of a single harmonic note with a sequence of pulses with interpulse silence intervals. The bands have a general upward FM but with a subtle downward FM at the end, yielding slightly arc-shaped bands in the audiospectrogram of some calls when considering the entire call duration.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB6FF84BEDBF875FAFAFC85" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB6FF84BEDBF875FAFAFC85" blockId="71.[151,1436,1871,2041]" lastBlockId="72.[151,1437,152,791]" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBEDBF875FDD9F86B" bold="true" box="[199,553,2014,2041]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBF3EF875FE84F86B" box="[290,372,2014,2041]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
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A–H and 42A).
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</emphasis>
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We examined 10 recordings, a total of 26 minutes, with
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBAB0F874FB36F86A" box="[1196,1222,2015,2040]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca</emphasis>
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. 270 calls from
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<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFB6FF84BB9CF874FF2CFF21" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="male">16 males</specimenCount>
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. Only some of these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFB9FF84BCF6FF32FCB0FF21" box="[746,832,153,179]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration varies from 3.724 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFB9FF84BAC1FF33FAC1FF21" box="[1245,1329,152,179]" degrees="5.432" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="55" value="-5.432">5.432 s</geoCoordinate>
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. Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. There is a long sustain. This segment is usually regular and almost flat (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BF57FF4AFE23FF69" box="[331,467,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41A, D</figureCitation>
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), but convex in some calls (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BD14FF4AFC9DFF69" box="[776,877,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41E</figureCitation>
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). The amplitude peak of these calls is at the end of the first two thirds of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from elliptic (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BA4DFEAEFB44FE8D" box="[1105,1204,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41E</figureCitation>
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) to rectangular (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BB73FEAEFF1DFED1" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41A, D</figureCitation>
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). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 43 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (silence intervals are present between peaks;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BDA7FEE6FBF9FEF5" box="[955,1033,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
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A–H). The rate of the PAM is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BB45FEE5FA8BFEF5" box="[1369,1403,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
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11 Hz, forming
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BF3BFED9FEB8FE19" box="[295,328,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
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57 pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is longer than fall, with amplitude peak of the pulse at
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BE8BFE3DFF49FE3D" box="[151,185,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
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two thirds of the pulse duration. The amplitude peak of the last pulse is at the beginning or middle of the pulse (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BEBCFE12FEF8FE41" box="[160,264,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41C</figureCitation>
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). Duration of silence intervals is similar to pulse duration. The last pulse is usually the longest (
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BB53FE11FA81FE41" box="[1359,1393,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
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1.5 times longer than the other pulses). In some calls, the last pulse is the shortest. The call has a harmonic series (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BB73FE76FF3CFD89" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 42A</figureCitation>
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). The fundamental frequency is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BC24FDA9FDAAFD89" box="[568,602,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
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290 Hz. The first five harmonics are usually absent in audiospectrograms (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BEBCFD8EFEF5FDAD" box="[160,261,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41B</figureCitation>
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). There are
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BF9AFD8DFE57FDAD" box="[390,423,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
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four adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BD02FDE1FCC8FDF1" box="[798,824,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca</emphasis>
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.
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<date id="28227196FFB9FF84BD5BFDE2FC2BFDF1" box="[839,987,585,611]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="2630" valueMax="2910">2630 to 2910</date>
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Hz (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BA0FFDE2FB8BFDF1" box="[1043,1147,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41B</figureCitation>
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). The dominant harmonic varies from the seven to the 29
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<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFB9FF84BFF5FDC7FE06FDE8" attach="none" box="[489,502,620,634]" fontSize="6" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">th</superScript>
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, but it is usually the ninth (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BD03FDC6FC77FD15" box="[799,903,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 42A</figureCitation>
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). There is no shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 2500 and 3350 Hz (three harmonics;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BAE1FD3AFAAFFD39" box="[1277,1375,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41F</figureCitation>
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). The call has a slight general upward FM and a short downward FM at the end, leading to arc-shaped bands in audiospectrograms when considering the entire call (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BC64FD72FCD4FD61" box="[632,804,729,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41B, G, H</figureCitation>
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). Additionally, there can be a slight PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM,
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BD69FD55FC68FC85" box="[885,920,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">i.e.</emphasis>
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up-downward FM in each pulse.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document> |