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<document id="73EE85390DFF708ADF834CEEB9AEE6B3" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio &amp; Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FAF7FB26" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus soaresi Izecksohn 1965" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="70" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="70" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7A477DE42ACEC9CDE26CB6EFDF7A6A27">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E2092BFAD983FF8B502EA48B42286607" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="53C536AA1C68AB838675776A85DFCDAE">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F41B56A27481C46A0C8D663B2DFCB2A2">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0E770B3C69848E431D6A0DEB70698D65">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E79EA603360EA207944786183BA0A6AF">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="53433E51B43B7E1312D81224D25BDE07">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6C0A83960DBD29C688A7EBF047ADE80C">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="3370C6D76CC22934C94FB8A40F7EC1A1">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="10A6560A319C9453D4E8A76E82387912" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="43BBFD6B319F0EDAB4B24F39E8CCBF9D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="609EA3B7C9FB5A44B6DE9DA16BCEB7B9" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FAF7FB26" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583630" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762920" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583630" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FAF7FB26" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FAF7FB26" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB4FF89BE8BFE89FA9AFE7A" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FD91FEAE" blockId="69.[151,609,290,317]" box="[151,609,290,317]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<heading id="076BE03AFFB4FF89BE8BFE89FD91FEAE" bold="true" box="[151,609,290,317]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FD91FEAE" authority="Izecksohn, 1965" authorityName="Izecksohn" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,609,290,317]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soaresi">
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FD91FEAE" bold="true" box="[151,609,290,317]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FE63FEAE" bold="true" box="[151,403,290,317]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Physalaemus soaresi</emphasis>
Izecksohn, 1965
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB4FF89BE8BFECFFA9AFE7A" blockId="69.[151,1437,355,1204]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
We found a single call
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB4FF89BF8FFECFFE33FEEC" box="[403,451,356,382]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">type</typeStatus>
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with long duration, PFM, and a slight PAM, with no silence intervals. Bands have a general upward FM and a downward FM at the end, yielding arc-shaped bands in audiospectrogram when considering the entire call. Subharmonics, shifts of the fundamental frequency and deterministic chaos are common at the beginning and end of the calls.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB4FF89BEDBFE5AFAF7FB26" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="description">
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB4FF89BEDBFE5AFAF7FB26" blockId="69.[151,1437,355,1204]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BEDBFE5AFDD0FD9E" bold="true" box="[199,544,497,524]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
Call A (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BF3EFE5AFE86FD9E" box="[290,374,497,524]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
A–J and 33F).
</emphasis>
We examined three recordings, a total of five minutes, with 40 calls from five males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFB4FF89BCF2FDBDFCB5FDA2" box="[750,837,534,560]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Call duration varies from 1.597 to
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFB4FF89BAF9FDBDFAC9FDA3" box="[1253,1337,534,561]" degrees="1.748" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" precision="55" value="-1.748">1.748 s</geoCoordinate>
. In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and fall are not clear. Usually, call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (logarithmic). In some calls, the rise is longer than fall. There is a long sustain. It is usually regular, with a convex shape, but it can be almost flat (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BC4DFD2AFD27FD09" box="[593,727,641,667]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38A, C</figureCitation>
), or have irregular AM segments, yielding amplitude peaks and valleys over the segment (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BFA2FD0EFD94FD2D" box="[446,612,677,703]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38D, E, F</figureCitation>
). The amplitude peak is usually at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies between elliptic (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BCB2FD62FCC4FD71" box="[686,820,713,739]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38A, C</figureCitation>
), rectangular (Fig. E, F), or triangular (pointed left;
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BB6CFD62FF3BFC94" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38D</figureCitation>
), depending on the shape and steepness of the sustain. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between peaks;
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BEF9FC9FFEB7FCDC" box="[229,327,820,846]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38F</figureCitation>
). The rate of the PAM is
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BC46FC9EFD8CFCDC" box="[602,636,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">ca.</emphasis>
16 Hz, forming
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BD2EFC9EFCA4FCDC" box="[818,852,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">ca.</emphasis>
22 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The call has a harmonic series (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BF75FCFCFE3CFCE0" box="[361,460,855,882]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 33F</figureCitation>
). The fundamental frequency is
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BD2EFCF3FCA4FCE3" box="[818,852,856,881]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">ca.</emphasis>
600 Hz. This band and the next harmonic are absent in the audiospectrogram. There are usually
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BC9DFCD7FD52FC07" box="[641,674,892,917]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">ca.</emphasis>
six emphasized harmonics. Generally, the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, subharmonics (f
<subScript id="C0185513FFB4FF89BDA6FC1AFC32FC2D" attach="left" box="[954,962,945,959]" fontSize="6" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">0</subScript>
1/2), jumps of the fundamental frequency, and deterministic chaos are common at the beginning and end of the call (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BDC0FC68FB4AFC4F" box="[988,1210,963,989]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38B, G, H, I, J</figureCitation>
). The dominant frequency varies from
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BF6FFC4CFE7DFB92" box="[371,397,999,1024]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">ca</emphasis>
. 2450 to 3060 Hz. The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the seventh, but it is usually the fourth or fifth (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BF8BFBA1FE0BFBB6" box="[407,507,1034,1060]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 33F</figureCitation>
). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BEBCFB85FEF4FBDA" box="[160,260,1070,1096]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 33F</figureCitation>
). Most of the call energy is between 2250 and 3750 Hz (three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM and a short downward FM at the end, yielding an arc-shaped bands in audiospectrogram when considering the entire call (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BF0AFBDEFE01FB02" box="[278,497,1141,1168]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38B, G, H, I, J</figureCitation>
). Additionally, there is clear PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent from the PAM or can be directly proportional and synchronic to some parts of the PAM (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BA65FB32FB39FB26" box="[1145,1225,1177,1204]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
A–J).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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