123 lines
25 KiB
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123 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="20D18B33D4F98BF4593D2F088A7D8A12" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4CFB36" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus ephippifer" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="66" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="66" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="F1F4F3E30B805B5BBD76782D94C38F87" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3C8E2DB97BFED3FC172D1DF27F8F704E">
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<mods:title id="E57AC604A1E34A5E2E613C6EAAF337E5">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B2A1D3C5B21B2B8F188D7B3A0828A688" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="75FF02CA2CF89A87FD218C8151365588">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E63BEBF1CF4AEB2645AF2B93529F58B6">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="2E5F02E8C199F803067A2571EBF7EE70" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3A3567502A018AD189148D7A48808EA9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B682E628983CDFFABA8229018B5100C8">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6E0AAB60BA48D6371C05828622F97271">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="62EE7F105B0B57E0B9C24807350E21C9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="BF63911ED7F41DE2186DBF56D9156D94">
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<mods:date id="158E6EEF6C43DA6EA541054B4E897841">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="367DAB7327C942A05F69DB077072A352">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="5E050252F40FD5F142E878F13254A5C7" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="0800DB011B899450CE529064738D5646">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="FC358FEF43811DB11DC26C6C7C9ED379" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="28612C4D52B2E3E9E7FC2063ADBCC62B">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="3EDB81A683999F722706506E08D55087">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0673A08E0081F846B42E1FF509D03D86" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7C4E1857EE65E6E48F2721C8ED50EE80" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="671BAE5CC24C7E20C2928C62725F034E" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4CFB36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583626" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762916" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583626" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4CFB36" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4CFB36" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FAA6FEF5" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FD32FF21" blockId="65.[151,706,153,180]" box="[151,706,153,180]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FD32FF21" bold="true" box="[151,706,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FD32FF21" authority="(Steindachner, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[151,706,153,180]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ephippifer">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FD32FF21" bold="true" box="[151,706,153,180]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4AFF26" bold="true" box="[151,442,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Physalaemus ephippifer</emphasis>
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(Steindachner, 1864)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB0FF8DBE8BFF49FAA6FEF5" blockId="65.[151,1437,225,1188]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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We found a single call
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<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB0FF8DBF8FFF49FE33FF6E" box="[403,451,226,252]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
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for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a triangular envelope that resembles an arrow-like shape. There is usually a slight PAM (without silence intervals) in the final three fourths of the call duration. The call has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third or first half of the call duration. Subharmonics are always present in the first half of the call.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB0FF8DBEDBFEDAFE4CFB36" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB0FF8DBEDBFEDAFE4CFB36" blockId="65.[151,1437,225,1188]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBEDBFEDAFDEFFE1E" bold="true" box="[199,543,369,396]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBF3CFEDAFE82FE1E" box="[288,370,369,396]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
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A–F and 33B).
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</emphasis>
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We examined two recordings, a total of one minute, with
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBAB6FED9FB34FE19" box="[1194,1220,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">ca</emphasis>
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. 130 calls from six males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFB0FF8DBCF0FE3EFCB2FE3D" box="[748,834,405,431]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration varies from 0.466 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFB0FF8DBAFCFE3EFAC4FE22" box="[1248,1332,405,432]" degrees="0.523" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" precision="55" value="-0.523">0.523 s</geoCoordinate>
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. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential). The sustain is composed of a long and deep valley (
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBB6FFE11FA66FE41" box="[1395,1430,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">i.e.</emphasis>
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, with a concave shape;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBF89FE76FDEDFE65" box="[405,541,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34A, C</figureCitation>
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). The envelope varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed right). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular shape of some calls resembles an arrow (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBA08FDAAFB8BFD89" box="[1044,1147,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34A</figureCitation>
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). The amplitude peak is at the end of the first fourth of the call duration. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have an intermediate PAM only in the final three fourths of the call duration (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBD42FDC6FC36FD15" box="[862,966,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34A</figureCitation>
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). The rate of the PAM is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBAFDFDC5FAF3FD15" box="[1249,1283,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">ca.</emphasis>
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26 Hz, forming
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBEDFFD39FF15FD39" box="[195,229,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">ca.</emphasis>
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eight cycles throughout part of the call where the PAM is present. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBDC8FD1EFBCBFD5D" box="[980,1083,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 33B</figureCitation>
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). The fundamental frequency is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBE8BFD71FF49FD61" box="[151,185,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">ca.</emphasis>
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590 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f
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<subScript id="C0185513FFB0FF8DBCDEFCA4FD3AFC8F" attach="left" box="[706,714,783,797]" fontSize="6" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">0</subScript>
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1/2) are present in
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBD82FD55FC4FFC85" box="[926,959,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">ca.</emphasis>
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the first third or half of all calls examined (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBEBCFC8AFEB7FCAE" box="[160,327,801,828]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34B, E, F</figureCitation>
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). The dominant frequency varies from
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBD19FC89FCEFFCA9" box="[773,799,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">ca</emphasis>
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. 820 to 2630 Hz. The dominant harmonics are the first, third, fourth, fifth or sixth (usually the first or sixth;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBCF7FCEEFCA0FCCD" box="[747,848,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 33B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBD40FCEEFC7FFCCD" box="[860,911,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">34B</figureCitation>
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). At the beginning of the call the subharmonic 1.5 is the dominant band (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBFA3FCC2FDB4FC16" box="[447,580,873,900]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34B, F</figureCitation>
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). There is a clear shift in the relative energy among the bands in the second half of the call; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth, and ending at the sixth; thenceforth, it dominant frequency gets lower, moving to the fourth or third harmonic (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBF0DFC7EFE86FC7D" box="[273,374,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 33B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBF9EFC7EFE45FC7D" box="[386,437,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">34B</figureCitation>
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). Most of the call energy is between 550 and 2750 Hz (three to five harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBFF9FC52FD9BFB86" box="[485,619,1017,1044]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34B, E</figureCitation>
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). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first third or half of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward FM at the end (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBB2EFBB6FF5CFBCE" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34B, E</figureCitation>
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). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Calls have a PFM throughout the second half of the call, which is inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBF3BFB22FE5EFB36" box="[295,430,1161,1188]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34A, B</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |