151 lines
25 KiB
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151 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="AA73DADCC7366C8BDD178B564B1E9DB2" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFA3FF98BE8BF98EFCBAFE3D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus evangelistai Bokermann 1967" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="84" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="83" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="C26D930C9CC2D8BE8E5D5BC6189F51B4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3CDA1B56CC8F43B4BA0AAA50CA29041B">
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<mods:title id="F016DBA5282087CA92207835B9E1BB7F">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="071385AF28836B2B36D2E48B1ADF3EAC" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="83514518F1062896CA705C391FDBD166">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="60570CA87BC8C9EBE51C272B1250252E">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="B2EF42A1DD2951303145A13905958EF1" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D27A11473659D7012C7501C07ECD629A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A179339EA491565729AC2FB6B6B4FE12">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="540343CCEA235F8218DC9D0C34B2D5F1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5CCC2551C15B049F6A93C114BFAE8315">
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<mods:title id="84789B19E1515E1287AF2A8CE6DE9EBD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="43450DB801C6A1255A0E5C45BDF4E498">
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<mods:date id="6876796BC5A822FA2263ED8103E89778">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="CA63CAC1FF2E498A4FC98C37DCBA3414" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="AE44E032785EBC10CC4054E6740984A5">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="1740D6F460EDD222DB909270E92B4856" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="C05A47979FAD755CAFDE01973BA6BE89">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="9E1D574D20EE83B14453B8293E07A437" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="C61F8ADE3E7BA2D9E3AD1BF68C61F7ED">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="D8F1373BDABFC32AD87649531392BA21">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0E09D01957BEFFA3BE028D5F1CD34458" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2AC5FE0BB7152782B5B51FB5A729EADD" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="71AACFE847846B99D7415071084B3DFD" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFA3FF98BE8BF98EFCBAFE3D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583658" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762913" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583658" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFA3FF98BE8BF98EFCBAFE3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFA3FF98BE8BF98EFCBAFE3D" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA3FF9EBE8BF98EFB21F95D" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFA3FF9EBE8BF98EFD43F9AD" blockId="82.[151,691,1573,1600]" box="[151,691,1573,1600]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFA3FF9EBE8BF98EFD43F9AD" bold="true" box="[151,691,1573,1600]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA3FF9EBE8BF98EFD43F9AD" authority="Bokermann, 1967" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,691,1573,1600]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evangelistai">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA3FF9EBE8BF98EFD43F9AD" bold="true" box="[151,691,1573,1600]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA3FF9EBE8BF98EFE3DF9D2" bold="true" box="[151,461,1573,1600]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Physalaemus evangelistai</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFA3FF9EBFC9F98DFD43F9AD" author="Bokermann, W. C. A." box="[469,691,1573,1600]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="135 - 143" refId="ref72550" refString="Bokermann, W. C. A. (1967) Tres novas especies de Physalaemus do sudeste brasileiro (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 27 (2), 135 - 143." type="journal article" year="1967">Bokermann, 1967</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFA3FF9EBE8BF9C5FB21F95D" blockId="82.[151,1436,1645,1744]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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We found a single call
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<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFA3FF9EBF8DF9C5FE31F91A" box="[401,449,1646,1672]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">type</typeStatus>
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for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, with a general downward FM and an up-downward FM segment in the first sixth of the call duration. Calls usually have intermediate PAM (with no silence intervals between peaks) and PFM throughout their duration.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="08E307DEFFA2FF9FBE8BFABFFEF2F997" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" startId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" targetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" targetPageId="83">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFA2FF9FBE8BFABFFEF2F997" blockId="83.[151,1437,1300,1541]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBE8BFABFFED3FABF" bold="true" box="[151,291,1300,1325]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">FIGURE 52.</emphasis>
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Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBA20FABDFBBDFABF" box="[1084,1101,1302,1325]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">w</emphasis>
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of calls A of four
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA2FF9FBB0BFABEFA6DFABF" baseAuthorityName="Hepp & Pombal" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[1303,1437,1301,1325]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBB0BFABEFA6DFABF" box="[1303,1437,1301,1325]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Physalaemus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species. Each graph shows a single call A of
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA2FF9FBC7FFA91FD3AFAC3" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[611,714,1337,1361]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBC7FFA91FD3AFAC3" box="[611,714,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">P. gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(A),
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA2FF9FBD1EFA91FCB6FAC3" authorityName="Braun & Braun" authorityYear="1977" box="[770,838,1337,1361]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lisei">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBD1EFA91FCB6FAC3" box="[770,838,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">P. lisei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(B),
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA2FF9FBD60FA91FBE0FAC3" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1967" box="[892,1040,1337,1361]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evangelistai">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBD60FA91FBE0FAC3" box="[892,1040,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">P. evangelistai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(C),
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA2FF9FBA5AFA91FB58FAC3" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1967" box="[1094,1192,1337,1361]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barrioi">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBA5AFA91FB58FAC3" box="[1094,1192,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">P. barrioi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(D),
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA2FF9FBAFCFA91FA9EFAC3" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1967" box="[1248,1390,1337,1361]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jordanensis">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBAFCFA91FA9EFAC3" box="[1248,1390,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">P. jordanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBC2EFA29FDB3FA0B" box="[562,579,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">w</emphasis>
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; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency /
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBEB8FA0DFF45FA2F" box="[164,181,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">w</emphasis>
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reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBA43FA61FB80FA73" box="[1119,1136,1482,1505]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">w</emphasis>
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reciprocal) and the dominant frequency.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA2FF98BEDBF999FCBAFE3D" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFA2FF98BEDBF999FCBAFE3D" blockId="83.[151,1437,1586,2046]" lastBlockId="84.[151,1437,152,431]" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBEDBF999FDEEF9DF" bold="true" box="[199,542,1586,1613]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA2FF9FBF03F999FE80F9DF" box="[287,368,1586,1613]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
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A–F and 52C).
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</emphasis>
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We examined eight recordings, a total of 27 minutes, with
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBAADF99FFB3BF9DF" box="[1201,1227,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">ca</emphasis>
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. 340 calls from
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<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFA2FF9FBB9CF998FF2CF9E3" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="male">20 males</specimenCount>
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. Only some of these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFA2FF9FBCF6F9FCFCB0F9E3" box="[746,832,1623,1649]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration varies from 0.976 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFA2FF9FBAC1F9FDFAC1F9E0" box="[1245,1329,1622,1650]" degrees="1.358" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" precision="55" value="-1.358">1.358 s</geoCoordinate>
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. Call rise duration is very short and similar to call fall duration; the call rise and fall shapes vary from logarithmic to almost linear or exponential. The sustain is flat or gradually ascending (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA2FF9FBD75F934FC02F92B" box="[873,1010,1694,1721]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 53D, C</figureCitation>
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). There is a long shallow valley at the beginning of the sustain (Fig. A, C, D). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope varies from rectangular (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA2FF9FBCAFF94CFCC9F890" box="[691,825,1766,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 53A, D</figureCitation>
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) to triangular (pointed left;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA2FF9FBA6CF94CFB25F893" box="[1136,1237,1766,1793]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 53C</figureCitation>
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). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls show an intermediate PAM only in the final two fourths of the call duration. This PAM yields emphasized cycles (with no silence intervals between peaks;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA2FF9FBFAFF8F8FDCBF8FF" box="[435,571,1874,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 53A, C</figureCitation>
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). The rate of the PAM is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBD44F8FFFC89F8FF" box="[856,889,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">ca.</emphasis>
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9 Hz, forming
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBA3BF8FFFBB9F8FF" box="[1063,1097,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">ca.</emphasis>
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10 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA2FF9FBEBCF830FEF6F827" box="[160,262,1946,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 52C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fundamental frequency at
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBC76F837FD7BF827" box="[618,651,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
540 Hz and approximately the first six harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBB56F86BFA9BF84B" box="[1354,1387,1984,2009]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
670 to 2910 Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA2FF9FBF3BF848FE7FF86F" box="[295,399,2018,2045]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 53B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to sixth (except the second), but it is usually the first or fourth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BF71FF32FE26FF21" box="[365,470,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 52C</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency increases towards the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fourth and fifth, and ending at the sixth; thenceforth, it decreases, ending at the third (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BCC1FF4AFCB3FF69" box="[733,835,224,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 52C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BD4CFF4BFC6FFF69" box="[848,927,224,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">53E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most of the call energy is between 550 and 3100 Hz (three to four harmonics). The call has a general downward FM, with a short up-downward FM at the first sixth of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BEE4FEE6FE6BFEF5" box="[248,411,332,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 53B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls have a PFM during the entire call independent of the PAM. Other calls have PFM inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |