135 lines
27 KiB
XML
135 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document id="78D8E03506E643156DEB047B87DF456F" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFA0FF9EBE8BFBD5FE5FFA41" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus lisei Braun & Braun 1977" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="82" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="82" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="8E81B81895B7B203B09334DA477F9472" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="484CB334F82F95F764D30E5F52C79AE9">
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<mods:title id="8BA970A899CF4069EA6DE759741553BD">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="375D40EA56B867807FBA44F2534F7EEC" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3FF7D93C234A6A0F7F697F0BBDC269E3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="747F602661B7789729860993CEA8E7D5">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="03EE4B7DA6F8FEF9C937C549C838B0DD" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="2B00AA537CD842DF3858DBADB0B07624">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A181DC670C28E3EDC76F6328434D4A31">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1B4066B6027E6090306BC6C8A8993DAC">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0043EFE09A1B43BF7351A417088547CB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="227AE9AFE40448A4F12B0E7A7D5AB49A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="CDA1B6A41BD4A56C8AB0E7535A6EDE98">
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<mods:date id="E6AA612227A7B5CA1A9AB1117007958A">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="C656CDE94C5379289753024FBC42F517" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="E600F0D8B84F160DAB809936E48A3175">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="666E84CE42F0F2487A837D05403A9E98">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="4C9E6121A49B9D682C76CA9CDF38B469" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="BA4BFBBDFB71F59687CB810CE67B195A">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="E0CBE7FEB07207353710FAFF5DC0D56A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="187BEEFC346A9CA6F5975A8F69F0CD6C" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="99260E3168530743CF4CE7D712EC991B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B14868A4DB4082B617ECB174E5B35F8F" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFA0FF9EBE8BFBD5FE5FFA41" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583656" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762911" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583656" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFA0FF9EBE8BFBD5FE5FFA41" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFA0FF9EBE8BFBD5FE5FFA41" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA0FF9DBE8BFBD5FE16FAD5" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFA0FF9DBE8BFBD5FD77FB0B" blockId="81.[151,647,1150,1177]" box="[151,647,1150,1177]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFA0FF9DBE8BFBD5FD77FB0B" bold="true" box="[151,647,1150,1177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA0FF9DBE8BFBD5FD77FB0B" authority="Braun & Braun, 1977" authorityName="Braun & Braun" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,647,1150,1177]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lisei">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBE8BFBD5FD77FB0B" bold="true" box="[151,647,1150,1177]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBE8BFBD5FE9FFB0B" bold="true" box="[151,367,1150,1177]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Physalaemus lisei</emphasis>
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Braun & Braun, 1977
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFA0FF9DBE8BFB69FE16FAD5" blockId="81.[151,1437,1217,2036]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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We found a single call
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<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFA0FF9DBFBCFB69FE20FB4E" box="[416,464,1218,1244]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">type</typeStatus>
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for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a long duration, slight PAM (no silence intervals between peaks) and irregular PFM. The bands have a general downward FM and a short upward FM segment at the end. Calls usually have nonlinear regimes such as deterministic chaos and subharmonics.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA0FF9EBEDBFAFAFE5FFA41" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFA0FF9EBEDBFAFAFE5FFA41" blockId="81.[151,1437,1217,2036]" lastBlockId="82.[151,1437,1320,1491]" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBEDBFAFAFDD7FAFE" bold="true" box="[199,551,1361,1388]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBF3EFAFAFE84FAFE" box="[290,372,1361,1388]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51</figureCitation>
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A–N and 52B).
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</emphasis>
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We examined 19 recordings, a total of 89 minutes, with
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBAB7FAF9FB35FAF9" box="[1195,1221,1362,1387]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">ca</emphasis>
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. 915 calls from
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<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFA0FF9DBB9CFAFAFF2CFA1D" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="male">50 males</specimenCount>
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. Only some of these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFA0FF9DBCFEFADEFCC7FA02" box="[738,823,1397,1424]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration varies from 0.967 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFA0FF9DBAD2FADDFAD1FA02" box="[1230,1313,1398,1424]" degrees="1.997" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" precision="55" value="-1.997">1.997 s</geoCoordinate>
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. The envelope of the call is variable; durations of call rise and fall are usually short and similar in duration, with a long sustain in between; the rise and fall shapes vary from logarithmic to almost linear or exponential. The sustain is flat (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBB73FA16FEE9FA6E" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51E, F, H, I</figureCitation>
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) or gradually ascending (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBC29FA4AFD4DFA6E" box="[565,701,1505,1532]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51C, G</figureCitation>
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). Some calls have a final part with higher amplitude (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBB0DFA4AFF52F9B2" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51C, G, I</figureCitation>
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). Shallow and short amplitude valleys can be present, mainly at the beginning and end of the call (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBAFEF9AEFAACF9B2" box="[1250,1372,1541,1568]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51C, I</figureCitation>
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). The amplitude peak is usually at the very end of the call duration. Depending on the slope of the sustain, the envelope varies from rectangular (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBFB4F9E6FDABF9FA" box="[424,603,1613,1640]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51E, F, H, I</figureCitation>
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) to triangular (pointed left;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBD91F9E6FBE3F9FA" box="[909,1043,1613,1640]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51C, G</figureCitation>
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). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 47 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call can have a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between peaks;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBFE4F93EFD6FF922" box="[504,671,1685,1712]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51E, G, H</figureCitation>
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). The rate of the PAM is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBDAFF93DFC24F93D" box="[947,980,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">ca.</emphasis>
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26 Hz, forming
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBA97F93DFB5DF93D" box="[1163,1197,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">ca.</emphasis>
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25 cycles throughout the call. The call has a harmonic series (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBC41F912FD35F946" box="[605,709,1721,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 52B</figureCitation>
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). The fundamental frequency is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBA2EF911FBA3F941" box="[1074,1107,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">ca.</emphasis>
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480 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in audiospectrograms. Six adjacent harmonics are emphasized (first seven except the fundamental). Usually, the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, several calls show nonlinear regimes such as subharmonics (f
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<subScript id="C0185513FFA0FF9DBD03F89CFCD7F8D7" attach="left" box="[799,807,1847,1861]" fontSize="6" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">0</subScript>
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1/2, f
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<subScript id="C0185513FFA0FF9DBD7EF89CFC9AF8D7" attach="right" box="[866,874,1847,1861]" fontSize="6" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">0</subScript>
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1/3, f
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<subScript id="C0185513FFA0FF9DBDB8F89CFC5CF8D7" attach="left" box="[932,940,1847,1861]" fontSize="6" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">0</subScript>
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1/4, or f
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<subScript id="C0185513FFA0FF9DBA19F89CFBFDF8D7" attach="left" box="[1029,1037,1847,1861]" fontSize="6" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">0</subScript>
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1/5), biphonation, and deterministic chaos (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBEFAF8E2FE5DF8F6" box="[230,429,1865,1892]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51D, J, K, M</figureCitation>
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). These phenomena can occur over the entire call. The dominant frequency varies from
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBB67F8E1FA65F8F1" box="[1403,1429,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFA0FF9DBE8BF8C5FEDCF815" box="[151,300,1901,1928]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2330" valueMax="2460">2330 to 2460</date>
|
||
Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBF79F8C6FE3EF81A" box="[357,462,1901,1928]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the fifth (except the second), but it is usually the fourth or fifth along the first half of the call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBD12F83AFC85F83E" box="[782,885,1937,1964]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 52B</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands. Although there is no shift in the dominant frequency, higher bands get more energy towards the end of the call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBEE4F872FE52F866" box="[248,418,2009,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51D, L, N</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most of the call energy is between 950 and 3350 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a slight general downward FM (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA3FF9EBFE5FA82FD50FAD6" box="[505,672,1320,1348]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 51D, L, N</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, calls have a very short and slight up-downward FM at their outset, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short upward FM at the end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA3FF9EBB28FAE6FF5FFA1E" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 51L, N</figureCitation>
|
||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls show clear PFM (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA3FF9EBC42FA3EFD15FA22" box="[606,741,1428,1456]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 51L, N</figureCitation>
|
||
). Calls are usually emitted in irregular sequences, with two or three calls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA3FF9EBF05FA12FE99FA41" box="[281,361,1464,1491]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 51</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |