313 lines
42 KiB
XML
313 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1643/h2020064" ID-ISSN="2766-1520" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7846753" checkinTime="1681927507274" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Dong, Caroline M., Johnston, Greg R., Stuart-Fox, Devi, Moussalli, Adnan, Rankin, Katrina J. & McLean, Claire A." docDate="2021" docId="BB4D87E0FFAE451EAF1321E9E5A2FC8F" docLanguage="en" docName="IchthyolHerpetol.109.1.43-54.pdf" docOrigin="Ichthyology & Herpetology 109 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/h2020064" docStyle="DocumentStyle:25DEBD253B07840CEE0E8BE8BE2C6752:IchthyolHerpetol.2021-.journal_article" docStyleId="25DEBD253B07840CEE0E8BE8BE2C6752" docStyleName="IchthyolHerpetol.2021-.journal_article" docTitle="Ctenophorus modestus" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="50" masterDocId="4774FF98FFAB4519AF742532E76FFFE9" masterDocTitle="Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="43" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1681927839707" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dong, Caroline M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Johnston, Greg R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Stuart-Fox, Devi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Moussalli, Adnan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rankin, Katrina J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>McLean, Claire A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Ichthyology & Herpetology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-03-25</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>109</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>43</mods:start>
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<mods:end>54</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/h2020064</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1643/h2020064</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">2766-1520</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7846753</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BB4D87E0FFAE451EAF1321E9E5A2FC8F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB4D87E0FFAE451EAF1321E9E5A2FC8F" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[103,505,1243,1266]" box="[103,505,1243,1266]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<heading bold="true" box="[103,505,1243,1266]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Ahl, 1926)" baseAuthorityName="Ahl" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[103,505,1243,1266]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,505,1243,1266]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,359,1243,1266]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Ctenophorus modestus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Ahl, E." box="[375,497,1243,1266]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="186 - 192" refId="ref9744" refString="Ahl, E. 1926. Neue eidechsen und amphibien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 67: 186 - 192." type="journal article" year="1926">Ahl, 1926</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[103,363,1273,1326]" box="[103,301,1273,1296]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Swift Rock Dragon</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[103,363,1303,1326]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[103,363,1273,1326]" box="[103,363,1303,1326]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<figureCitation box="[103,250,1303,1326]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="1.[103,131,828,848]" captionTargetBox="[103,1491,178,798]" captionTargetId="figure-0@1.[103,1491,178,798]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIG. 1. (A) The blue mainland male throat of C. decresii sensu stricto and (B) the blue reticulated with yellow throat found on Kangaroo Island. The four male throat morphs of Ctenophorus modestus: (D) orange, (E) yellow, (F) orange-yellow (yellow with an orange central patch), and (G) gray. Male dorsolateral patterning and coloration differ where (C) C. decresii sensu stricto has a more ‘‘pinched’’ or broken lateral stripe with a greater extent of bordering orange or yellow coloration, and (H) C. modestus has a relatively straight edged lateral stripe with cream and orange coloration terminating at the shoulder." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846755/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Figures 1D–H</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[261,324,1303,1326]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[103,131,1152,1172]" captionTargetBox="[103,1490,178,1123]" captionTargetId="figure-434@5.[103,1490,178,1123]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 4. Males (A, C) and females (B, D) of Ctenophorus decresii (A, B) from Palmer and Mengler’s Hill Lookout, respectively, and C. modestus (C, D) from Telowie Gorge, all from South Australia, Australia (photos: copyright Adam Elliott)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846763" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846763/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">4C–D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[336,363,1303,1326]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[142,170,1476,1496]" captionTargetBox="[142,813,178,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-257@6.[142,813,178,1447]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 5. (A) Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) photographs of the lectotype of Ctenophorus decresii (Duméril and Bibron, 1837; MNHN 6545). This specimen is an adult male collected from Kangaroo Island, South Australia, in January 1803 (photos: Nicolas Vidal, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle Paris). (B) Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) photographs of the lectotype of Ctenophorus modestus (Ahl, 1926; ZMB 54516). This specimen is a subadult male from ‘‘Australien’’ without an exact locality or reference to a collector or donor (photos: Frank Tillack, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846769/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">5B</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[103,773,1350,1464]" box="[103,600,1350,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[103,600,1350,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<treatmentCitation author="Ahl, E." box="[103,596,1350,1373]" page="188" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" year="1926">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Ahl, 1926: 187 - 188)" baseAuthorityName="Ahl" baseAuthorityPageNumber="187 - 188" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[103,596,1350,1373]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Amphibolurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
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<emphasis box="[103,351,1350,1372]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Amphibolurus modestus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Ahl, E." box="[367,588,1350,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="186 - 192" refId="ref9744" refString="Ahl, E. 1926. Neue eidechsen und amphibien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 67: 186 - 192." type="journal article" year="1926">Ahl, 1926: 187–188</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[103,773,1350,1464]" box="[103,741,1380,1403]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[103,741,1380,1403]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1885" box="[103,330,1380,1402]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Amphibolurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decresii">
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<emphasis box="[103,330,1380,1402]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Amphibolurus decresii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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‘northern race’ (
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<treatmentCitation author="Houston, T. F." box="[519,729,1380,1403]" page="52" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" year="1974">
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<bibRefCitation author="Houston, T. F." box="[519,729,1380,1403]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="49 - 60" refId="ref10525" refString="Houston, T. F. 1974. Revision of the Amphibolurus decresii complex (Lacertilia: Agamidae) of South Australia. Transactions of The Royal Society of South Australia 98: 49 - 60." type="journal article" year="1974">Houston, 1974: 52</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[103,773,1350,1464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[103,315,1411,1433]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decresii">
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<emphasis box="[103,315,1411,1433]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Ctenophorus decresii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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‘northern lineage’ (
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<treatmentCitation author="McLean, C. A. & A. Moussalli & S. Sass & D. Stuart-Fox" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB87BA6A19FFFFFF7AB2CEE0CDE46C" page="52" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" year="2013">
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||
<bibRefCitation author="McLean, C. A. & A. Moussalli & S. Sass & D. Stuart-Fox" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="51 - 63" refId="ref10798" refString="McLean, C. A., A. Moussalli, S. Sass, and D. Stuart-Fox. 2013. Taxonomic assessment of the Ctenophorus decresii complex (Reptilia: Agamidae) reveals a new species of dragon lizard from western New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum 65: 51 - 63." type="journal article" year="2013">McLean et al., 2013: 52</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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).
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[103,773,1495,1698]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,192,1495,1518]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Types.—</emphasis>
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The original description was based on
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<specimenCount box="[620,768,1496,1517]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="generic" typeStatus="syntypes">two syntypes</specimenCount>
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, both from ‘Australien’ and registered as ZMB30092 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Ahl, E." pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="186 - 192" refId="ref9744" refString="Ahl, E. 1926. Neue eidechsen und amphibien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 67: 186 - 192." type="journal article" year="1926">Ahl, 1926</bibRefCitation>
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). We designate the subadult male as
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<typeStatus box="[602,703,1556,1578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">lectotype</typeStatus>
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(now registered as ZMB 54516;
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<figureCitation box="[401,480,1586,1609]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[142,170,1476,1496]" captionTargetBox="[142,813,178,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-257@6.[142,813,178,1447]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 5. (A) Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) photographs of the lectotype of Ctenophorus decresii (Duméril and Bibron, 1837; MNHN 6545). This specimen is an adult male collected from Kangaroo Island, South Australia, in January 1803 (photos: Nicolas Vidal, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle Paris). (B) Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) photographs of the lectotype of Ctenophorus modestus (Ahl, 1926; ZMB 54516). This specimen is a subadult male from ‘‘Australien’’ without an exact locality or reference to a collector or donor (photos: Frank Tillack, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846769/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
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) and the adult female as
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<typeStatus box="[103,251,1616,1638]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">paralectotype</typeStatus>
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(ZMB 30092;
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<figureCitation box="[424,503,1616,1638]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[103,131,1283,1303]" captionTargetBox="[103,1492,178,1254]" captionTargetId="figure-336@3.[103,1492,178,1254]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIG. 3. (A) Map showing localities of examined museum specimens: Ctenophorus modestus (squares); C. decresii sensu stricto (circles); C. fionni (triangles); and C. vadnappa (plus [þ]). Specimens without GPS coordinates are excluded. (B–C) Linear discriminant analyses of (A) males and (B) females based on 23 variables: Ctenophorus modestus (squares); C. decresii (circles); C. fionni (triangles); and C. vadnappa (plus [þ]). 95% confidence ellipses are shown. The lectotypes (males) and paralectotypes (females) of C. modestus and C. decresii are indicated with arrows." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846759" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846759/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Fig. S3</figureCitation>
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; see Data Accessibility) because only the male exhibits the diagnostic coloration. No exact locality is available for these specimens.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[103,773,1730,2024]" lastBlockId="5.[820,1491,1243,2024]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis box="[103,475,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,236,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Diagnosis.—</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ahl" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[236,475,1730,1752]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">Ctenophorus modestus</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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is a member of the
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decresii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">C. decresii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group (
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<bibRefCitation author="Houston, T. F." box="[355,524,1761,1782]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="49 - 60" refId="ref10525" refString="Houston, T. F. 1974. Revision of the Amphibolurus decresii complex (Lacertilia: Agamidae) of South Australia. Transactions of The Royal Society of South Australia 98: 49 - 60." type="journal article" year="1974">Houston, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation author="Houston, T. F. & M. Hutchinson" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" refId="ref10562" refString="Houston, T. F., and M. Hutchinson. 1998. Dragon Lizards and Goannas of South Australia. Second edition. South Australian Museum, Adelaide." type="book" year="1998">Houston and Hutchinson, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Within the
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[380,483,1791,1813]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decresii">
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<emphasis box="[380,483,1791,1813]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">C. decresii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ahl" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[648,772,1791,1813]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
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<emphasis box="[648,772,1791,1813]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">C. modestus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distinguishable by the following combination of characters: snout scales smooth to longitudinally keeled; vertebral scales flat; a smooth-edged dark lateral stripe, sometimes interrupted to form a separate blotch posterior to the tympanum; and in males, throat coloration is polymorphic (orange, yellow, orange-yellow, or gray) with or without an overlay of gray reticulations and a small central black patch.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[820,969,1243,1266]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Description.—</emphasis>
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A moderately sized lizard reaching a maximum SVL of approximately
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<quantity box="[1073,1155,1274,1296]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="85.0">85 mm</quantity>
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and total length of
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<quantity box="[1388,1486,1274,1296]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="255.0">255 mm</quantity>
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. Head and body depressed. Tail long and tapered to a fine tip. Forelimbs moderately long, almost reaching groin when adpressed. Hindlimbs long and reaching or almost reaching snout when adpressed. Finger lengths: 4. 3. 5. 2. 1; toe lengths: 4. 3. 5. 2. 1. Characteristic of the genus, a distinct row of enlarged keeled scales extending from the nostril, below the eye to above the tympanum (
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<bibRefCitation author="Houston, T. F. & M. Hutchinson" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" refId="ref10562" refString="Houston, T. F., and M. Hutchinson. 1998. Dragon Lizards and Goannas of South Australia. Second edition. South Australian Museum, Adelaide." type="book" year="1998">Houston and Hutchinson, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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). Ear membranes exposed and scale-free. Scales on snout are smooth to longitudinally keeled. 13–18 supralabial scales; 13–18 infralabial scales; 4–6 scales between rostral and nasal; 4–6 scales between supralabial and nasal; 9– 13 internasal scales; 19–27 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe (
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<bibRefCitation author="McLean, C. A. & A. Moussalli & S. Sass & D. Stuart-Fox" box="[875,1114,1667,1690]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" pagination="51 - 63" refId="ref10798" refString="McLean, C. A., A. Moussalli, S. Sass, and D. Stuart-Fox. 2013. Taxonomic assessment of the Ctenophorus decresii complex (Reptilia: Agamidae) reveals a new species of dragon lizard from western New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum 65: 51 - 63." type="journal article" year="2013">McLean et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
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). Small clustered pale yellow to orange spines anterior to tympanum. Dorsal crest is small, no more than a series of keeled scales, becoming smaller posteriorly and not reaching base of tail. Nuchal crest low or absent. Scales on the dorsal surfaces of the limbs and tail are keeled. The gular fold is strongly developed and extends across the shoulders. 34–45 femoral and precloacal pores are arranged in a straight line along the thighs. Pores are present but smaller in females.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[820,1491,1243,2024]" lastBlockId="6.[859,1529,1435,2024]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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Adult male base color varies from gray-blue to brown, with pale blue flanks (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1005,1095,1971,1993]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="1.[103,131,828,848]" captionTargetBox="[103,1491,178,798]" captionTargetId="figure-0@1.[103,1491,178,798]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIG. 1. (A) The blue mainland male throat of C. decresii sensu stricto and (B) the blue reticulated with yellow throat found on Kangaroo Island. The four male throat morphs of Ctenophorus modestus: (D) orange, (E) yellow, (F) orange-yellow (yellow with an orange central patch), and (G) gray. Male dorsolateral patterning and coloration differ where (C) C. decresii sensu stricto has a more ‘‘pinched’’ or broken lateral stripe with a greater extent of bordering orange or yellow coloration, and (H) C. modestus has a relatively straight edged lateral stripe with cream and orange coloration terminating at the shoulder." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846755/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Figs. 1H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1107,1142,1971,1994]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[103,131,1152,1172]" captionTargetBox="[103,1490,178,1123]" captionTargetId="figure-434@5.[103,1490,178,1123]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 4. Males (A, C) and females (B, D) of Ctenophorus decresii (A, B) from Palmer and Mengler’s Hill Lookout, respectively, and C. modestus (C, D) from Telowie Gorge, all from South Australia, Australia (photos: copyright Adam Elliott)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846763" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846763/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsolateral surface of the head is brown, with orange around the eyes, nostrils, and along the upper jaw, and beneath the tympanum terminating at the neck. The extent of this coloration varies among individuals and depends on location. A broad black lateral stripe begins posterior to the eye, becoming thicker posterior to the tympanum and terminating at the groin. A thin cream, yellow, or orange stripe begins at the tympanum and terminates just posterior to the shoulder (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[614,707,1939,1961]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="1.[103,131,828,848]" captionTargetBox="[103,1491,178,798]" captionTargetId="figure-0@1.[103,1491,178,798]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIG. 1. (A) The blue mainland male throat of C. decresii sensu stricto and (B) the blue reticulated with yellow throat found on Kangaroo Island. The four male throat morphs of Ctenophorus modestus: (D) orange, (E) yellow, (F) orange-yellow (yellow with an orange central patch), and (G) gray. Male dorsolateral patterning and coloration differ where (C) C. decresii sensu stricto has a more ‘‘pinched’’ or broken lateral stripe with a greater extent of bordering orange or yellow coloration, and (H) C. modestus has a relatively straight edged lateral stripe with cream and orange coloration terminating at the shoulder." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846755/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Figs. 1H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[721,756,1939,1962]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[103,131,1152,1172]" captionTargetBox="[103,1490,178,1123]" captionTargetId="figure-434@5.[103,1490,178,1123]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 4. Males (A, C) and females (B, D) of Ctenophorus decresii (A, B) from Palmer and Mengler’s Hill Lookout, respectively, and C. modestus (C, D) from Telowie Gorge, all from South Australia, Australia (photos: copyright Adam Elliott)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846763" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846763/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the ventral surface, males are cream with orange flushes on the belly, hindlimbs, and the length of the tail during the breeding season. A dark chest patch tapers to a point midbody and sometimes extends along the undersides of the forelimbs. This dark patch may vary in intensity, from black to gray. Male throat coloration varies among individuals with distinct gray, orange, yellow, and orange-yellow morphs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Teasdale, L. C. & M. Stevens & D. Stuart-Fox" box="[961,1191,1592,1614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="1035 - 1046" refId="ref11565" refString="Teasdale, L. C., M. Stevens, and D. Stuart-Fox. 2013. Discrete colour polymorphism in the tawny dragon lizard (Ctenophorus decresii) and differences in signal conspicuousness among morphs. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 26: 1035 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2013">Teasdale et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1204,1318,1592,1615]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="1.[103,131,828,848]" captionTargetBox="[103,1491,178,798]" captionTargetId="figure-0@1.[103,1491,178,798]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIG. 1. (A) The blue mainland male throat of C. decresii sensu stricto and (B) the blue reticulated with yellow throat found on Kangaroo Island. The four male throat morphs of Ctenophorus modestus: (D) orange, (E) yellow, (F) orange-yellow (yellow with an orange central patch), and (G) gray. Male dorsolateral patterning and coloration differ where (C) C. decresii sensu stricto has a more ‘‘pinched’’ or broken lateral stripe with a greater extent of bordering orange or yellow coloration, and (H) C. modestus has a relatively straight edged lateral stripe with cream and orange coloration terminating at the shoulder." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846755/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Fig. 1D–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Base throat color sometimes overlain with gray reticulations or with a distinct black mark in the center of the throat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846765" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7846765" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846765/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" startId="6.[859,887,1137,1157]" targetBox="[859,1530,178,1108]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[859,1530,1136,1370]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[859,1194,1137,1157]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">FIG. 6. Geographic distribution of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ahl" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1205,1429,1136,1157]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1205,1429,1136,1157]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Ctenophorus modestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">(squares) and</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[905,1005,1163,1183]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decresii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[905,1005,1163,1183]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">C. decresii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
(circles) based on specimens in Australian Museums from the Atlas of Living Australia (data: https://doi.org/10.26197/ 5d91626857226); coordinates which were likely inaccurate (e.g., unsuitable habitat) were removed. Protected areas described in the Collaborative Australian Protected Areas Database (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="CAPAD" box="[1351,1485,1270,1290]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" refId="ref9828" refString="CAPAD. 2018. Collaborative Australian Protected Areas Database (CAPAD) 2018, Commonwealth of Australia 2019. https: // www. environment. gov. au / land / nrs / science / capad / 2018" type="journal volume" year="2018">CAPAD, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are shown as gray areas. The extent of occurrence is shown for
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ahl" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1414,1530,1296,1316]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1414,1530,1296,1316]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">C. modestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[859,1157,1319,1343]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
(49,102 km
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[970,979,1319,1333]" fontSize="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">2</superScript>
|
||
; orange lines) and
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1163,1259,1322,1343]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decresii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1163,1259,1322,1343]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">C. decresii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
(6,604 km
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1364,1373,1319,1333]" fontSize="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">2</superScript>
|
||
total [mainland: 5,772 km
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[950,959,1345,1359]" fontSize="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">2</superScript>
|
||
; Kangaroo Island: 832 km
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1212,1221,1345,1359]" fontSize="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">2</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
], blue lines).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846769" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7846769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846769/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" startId="6.[142,170,1476,1496]" targetBox="[142,813,178,1447]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[142,813,1476,1709]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">FIG. 5. (A) Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) photographs of the lectotype of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[166,366,1502,1522]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decresii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[166,366,1502,1522]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Ctenophorus decresii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dumeril, A. M. C. & G. Bibron" box="[377,628,1502,1523]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" refId="ref10115" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C., and G. Bibron. 1837. Erpetologie generale ou Histoire naturelle complete des reptiles 4. Paris." type="book" year="1837">Duméril and Bibron, 1837</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; MNHN 6545). This specimen is an adult male collected from Kangaroo Island, South Australia, in January 1803 (photos: Nicolas Vidal, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle Paris). (B) Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) photographs of the lectotype of
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ahl" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[468,692,1608,1629]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[468,692,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Ctenophorus modestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ahl, E." box="[708,808,1609,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" pagination="186 - 192" refId="ref9744" refString="Ahl, E. 1926. Neue eidechsen und amphibien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 67: 186 - 192." type="journal article" year="1926">Ahl, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; ZMB 54516). This specimen is a subadult male from ‘‘Australien’’ without an exact locality or reference to a collector or donor (photos: Frank Tillack, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[859,1529,1435,2024]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Adult females are cryptically colored, predominantly graybrown to orange-brown, densely patterned with darker and lighter speckling (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1077,1167,1750,1773]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[103,131,1152,1172]" captionTargetBox="[103,1490,178,1123]" captionTargetId="figure-434@5.[103,1490,178,1123]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 4. Males (A, C) and females (B, D) of Ctenophorus decresii (A, B) from Palmer and Mengler’s Hill Lookout, respectively, and C. modestus (C, D) from Telowie Gorge, all from South Australia, Australia (photos: copyright Adam Elliott)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846763" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846763/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and sometimes a thin, pale vertebral line. Similar to males, a black lateral stripe runs along the flanks, but sometimes less prominently than in males. White to cream on the ventral surface, with varying degrees of gray reticulations on the throat. Orange to yellow flushes on the belly and gular region during the breeding season. Juveniles resemble adult females in coloration and pattern. Color patterning remains visible in fresh spirit-preserved specimens but fades with time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="50" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[103,773,178,377]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,772,178,201]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Measurements (mm) and meristic characters of
|
||
<typeStatus box="[648,745,178,201]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Bilateral meristics as left [L] and right [R]) SVL, 52.9; TL, 95.6; AGL, 24.3; HL, 18.1; HW, 14.0; HD, 7.8; EYE, 3.8; SL, 6.6; JL, 8.3; NW, 5.3; HUML, 7.7; RADL, 8.5; HANL, 11.7; FINL, 5.6; FEML, 14.5; TIBL, 17.4; FOOT, 21.3; TOE, 11.5; SUPRA, 15L/16R; INFRA, 18L/19R; ROSNAS, 4–5L,5R; SUPRANAS, 4L/3–4R; INTERNAS, 12; SDL, 25L/25R; FP, 22L/20R.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="50" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[103,773,408,870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis box="[103,728,408,431]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,490,408,431]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Distribution and natural history.—</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ahl" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[490,728,408,430]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="modestus">Ctenophorus modestus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
inhabits rocky areas and outcrops, sheltering in rock crevices, similar to other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[474,581,466,488]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decresii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[474,581,466,488]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">C. decresii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gibbons, J. R. H." pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="29 - 40" refId="ref10262" refString="Gibbons, J. R. H. 1979. The hind leg pushup display of the Amphibolurus decresii species complex (Lacertilia: Agamidae). Copeia 1979: 29 - 40." type="journal article" year="1979">Gibbons, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species occurs throughout the Flinders and Olary Ranges in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[221,394,525,547]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">South Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[407,503,525,547]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[520,612,525,547]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="1.[103,131,1816,1836]" captionTargetBox="[103,1493,1044,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-100@1.[103,1493,1044,1787]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIG. 2. Genetic divergence between Ctenophorus modestus (northern Flinders Ranges [NFR], southern Flinders Ranges [SFR], Olary Ranges [OR]) and C. decresii (mainland south [MS] which encompasses the Mount Lofty Ranges and Fleurieu Peninsula, and Kangaroo Island [KI]) and specimens examined for morphological analyses. (A) Results of a Bayesian analysis of ancestry in the program STRUCTURE (K ¼ 2). Each vertical bar represents an individual and individuals are ordered by population and latitude (from north to south). The proportion of white and gray represents the proportion of C. modestus and C. decresii ancestry in each individual, respectively. (B) Two-dimensional principal coordinate plot (PCoA) showing pairwise genetic distances between individuals: Ctenophorus modestus (squares), C. decresii (circles). 95% confidence ellipses of each population are shown. Both A and B were constructed from a genomic SNP dataset of 1333 SNPs (n ¼ 148). (C) Map showing geographic locations of samples of C. modestus and C. decresii shown in A and B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846757/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Figs. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[626,658,525,546]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[103,131,1283,1303]" captionTargetBox="[103,1492,178,1254]" captionTargetId="figure-336@3.[103,1492,178,1254]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIG. 3. (A) Map showing localities of examined museum specimens: Ctenophorus modestus (squares); C. decresii sensu stricto (circles); C. fionni (triangles); and C. vadnappa (plus [þ]). Specimens without GPS coordinates are excluded. (B–C) Linear discriminant analyses of (A) males and (B) females based on 23 variables: Ctenophorus modestus (squares); C. decresii (circles); C. fionni (triangles); and C. vadnappa (plus [þ]). 95% confidence ellipses are shown. The lectotypes (males) and paralectotypes (females) of C. modestus and C. decresii are indicated with arrows." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846759" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846759/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[672,688,525,548]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[859,887,1137,1157]" captionTargetBox="[859,1530,178,1108]" captionTargetId="figure-351@6.[859,1530,178,1108]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 6. Geographic distribution of Ctenophorus modestus (squares) and C. decresii (circles) based on specimens in Australian Museums from the Atlas of Living Australia (data: https://doi.org/10.26197/ 5d91626857226); coordinates which were likely inaccurate (e.g., unsuitable habitat) were removed. Protected areas described in the Collaborative Australian Protected Areas Database (CAPAD, 2018) are shown as gray areas. The extent of occurrence is shown for C. modestus (49,102 km2; orange lines) and C. decresii (6,604 km2 total [mainland: 5,772 km2; Kangaroo Island: 832 km2], blue lines)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846765" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846765/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). These lizards occupy habitats ranging from well-watered to semi-arid, with sparse vegetation and are active in hot weather (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Houston, T. F." box="[111,294,613,634]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="49 - 60" refId="ref10525" refString="Houston, T. F. 1974. Revision of the Amphibolurus decresii complex (Lacertilia: Agamidae) of South Australia. Transactions of The Royal Society of South Australia 98: 49 - 60." type="journal article" year="1974">Houston, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gibbons, J. R. H." box="[316,497,613,636]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="29 - 40" refId="ref10262" refString="Gibbons, J. R. H. 1979. The hind leg pushup display of the Amphibolurus decresii species complex (Lacertilia: Agamidae). Copeia 1979: 29 - 40." type="journal article" year="1979">Gibbons, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adults occur almost exclusively on rocks, but juveniles may be found among surrounding vegetation up to 100 meters away (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Houston, T. F." pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="49 - 60" refId="ref10525" refString="Houston, T. F. 1974. Revision of the Amphibolurus decresii complex (Lacertilia: Agamidae) of South Australia. Transactions of The Royal Society of South Australia 98: 49 - 60." type="journal article" year="1974">Houston, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gibbons, J. R. H. & H. B. Lillywhite" box="[173,510,701,724]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="1573 - 1584" refId="ref10296" refString="Gibbons, J. R. H., and H. B. Lillywhite. 1981. Ecological segregation, color matching, and speciation in lizards of the Amphibolurus decresii species complex (Lacertilia: Agamidae). Ecology 62: 1573 - 1584." type="journal article" year="1981">Gibbons and Lillywhite, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adults perch conspicuously on elevated sites to bask and/or perform territorial and courtship displays (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gibbons, J. R. H." box="[380,550,759,782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="29 - 40" refId="ref10262" refString="Gibbons, J. R. H. 1979. The hind leg pushup display of the Amphibolurus decresii species complex (Lacertilia: Agamidae). Copeia 1979: 29 - 40." type="journal article" year="1979">Gibbons, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). If disturbed, they will run into a crevice or beneath a rock slab. Predators are predominantly birds but likely also include elapid snakes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gibbons, J. R. H. & H. B. Lillywhite" box="[110,445,848,870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="1573 - 1584" refId="ref10296" refString="Gibbons, J. R. H., and H. B. Lillywhite. 1981. Ecological segregation, color matching, and speciation in lizards of the Amphibolurus decresii species complex (Lacertilia: Agamidae). Ecology 62: 1573 - 1584." type="journal article" year="1981">Gibbons and Lillywhite, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stuart-Fox, D. M. & A. Moussalli & G. R. Johnston & I. P. F. Owens" box="[457,706,847,870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" pagination="1549 - 1559" refId="ref11511" refString="Stuart-Fox, D. M., A. Moussalli, G. R. Johnston, and I. P. F. Owens. 2004. Evolution of color variation in dragon lizards: quantitative tests of the role of crypsis and local adaptation. Evolution 58: 1549 - 1559." type="journal article" year="2004">Stuart-Fox et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |