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<document id="A67BC58A50AADFD1CA1175BCB98B2115" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e128892" ID-ZooBank="E93DEB3D-DFFF-4BE5-8B06-E79DB3F271F7" ID-publisher-id="128892" URI-arpha="DF4E93BC-A26A-533B-8550-E2CCEA536E95" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/E93DEB3D-DFFF-4BE5-8B06-E79DB3F271F7" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1723736995227" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Yang, Nan, Cui, Yingying, Xu, Ziqiang, Xu, Yanqi, Ren, Dong &amp; Béthoux, Olivier" docDate="2024" docId="B65A0FCE273A557AA82F39946C68C2DA" docLanguage="en" docName="Fossil Record 27(2): 247-258" docOrigin="Fossil Record 27 (2)" docSource="https://fr.pensoft.net/article/128892/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Parelmoidae Handlirsch 1906" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="258" masterDocId="DF4E93BCA26A533B8550E2CCEA536E95" masterDocTitle="The first Permian Diaphanopterodea (Insecta, Megasecopteromorpha) from China" masterLastPageNumber="258" masterPageNumber="247" pageNumber="247" updateTime="1723737367422" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="2942BDA388A93716E52263A6C2B3CBD5">The first Permian Diaphanopterodea (Insecta, Megasecopteromorpha) from China</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6E76C02B1575F6B338DC64BA4F3DE0C3">Yang, Nan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D3AF9F11B601E7DCDF7251CC3759FDD4">College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D4415F7489C74E08E35C19F23724BBEC">Cui, Yingying</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="9D14BD3124657FF2E2C9245373A487EC" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2544-2821</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="CF9EF97A93A535BBB401352D4B128DAC">College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A216D575805DE01CC9CA8EE2053BF2EA">Xu, Ziqiang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AB094CCE706D5F9CECD6C67DFA4BE626">College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DA3F555A7384C90EB639B5959288EAC9">Xu, Yanqi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8C6177EEE7BB869DA5A2DAF227F3D9A6">Ren, Dong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A8D11E37F5A7C8182510B956A7877B89">College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1A3640A1697805B51CC66B914B629EC8">Béthoux, Olivier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5AF5E72117F53D38B6819BA4D76ACD1B">CR 2 P (Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie – Paris), MNHN – CNRS – Sorbonne Université, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="B65A0FCE273A557AA82F39946C68C2DA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13327729" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13327729" ID-arpha="B65A0FCE-273A-557A-A82F-39946C68C2DA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B65A0FCE273A557AA82F39946C68C2DA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B65A0FCE273A557AA82F39946C68C2DA">
<subSubSection id="A8D94D0907E2FE9BB9B0B7E54548C7FB" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="EF4DAC08A2BA04068765ED64DC46EA1E">
<heading id="D142FBCB0A7DADC02CBFB5BECCF1AE91" reason="label">Order</heading>
<taxonomicName id="38A953A930C3B9BD3551960189DFE756" ID-CoL="34G" authority="Handlirsch, 1906" authorityName="Handlirsch" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">
Diaphanopterodea
<bibRefCitation id="0B4C1865D476C4188E5AC8652C877034" author="Handlirsch A" editor="Handlirsch A" journalOrPublisher="Verlag Von Wilhelm Engelmann" pagination="1-640" refId="B10" refString="Handlirsch A (1906) Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen, parts I - IV. In: Handlirsch A (Ed.) Ein Handbuch fur Palaontologen und Zoologen. Verlag Von Wilhelm Engelmann, 1 - 640." title="Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen, parts I - IV." volumeTitle="Ein Handbuch für Paläontologen und Zoologen." year="1906">Handlirsch, 1906</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="SECID0E1NAC" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="B45FCF347BFC863110DFACC68A18ED25">
<heading id="383918357AB94D4F15DCABC5FF798FC6" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="69094FEA345675F7EEF1E3A855C8C74C">
Commonly among Megasecopteromorpha, and more particularly in
<taxonomicName id="26D27C0CF972FEF1FA7B060178863A74" authority=", MA" authorityName="MA" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diaphanopterodea, MA</taxonomicName>
shows some degree of connection with
<collectionCode id="6442DC211A535647950EF7BC94A28398">RP</collectionCode>
. It ranges from a connection via a strong cross-vein, shortly after the origin of
<collectionCode id="FB844050558C3E8A78CD207B56AF597D" country="Spain" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15682" name="Real Jardín Botánico" type="Herbarium">MA</collectionCode>
, to a full fusion with
<collectionCode id="BDB4739714D3975C94D1C731A3CA7F6F" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
, then continuing along
<collectionCode id="FC6C10D130054E49967B95AB0B8CCB15">RP</collectionCode>
, from which
<collectionCode id="4DB47CD628C4BC55D5934B05D5E5FFCD" country="Spain" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15682" name="Real Jardín Botánico" type="Herbarium">MA</collectionCode>
diverges at some stage. Because
<taxonomicName id="E1F20AD2215902D5BEB4044DCBFE1E11" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diaphanopterodea</taxonomicName>
also exhibit oblique cross-veins, it can sometimes be difficult to determine whether an oblique structure occurring between
<collectionCode id="1159559970D430BEBE0B77313B74D3E2">RP</collectionCode>
and
<collectionCode id="E38DFC79811F80B1A1D3E93896CE358B" country="0" name="Mohonk Preserve, Inc.">MP</collectionCode>
is the genuine
<collectionCode id="3988705CB14F58A967869382A1376E52" country="Spain" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15682" name="Real Jardín Botánico" type="Herbarium">MA</collectionCode>
or a cross-vein. Unlike previous authors (
<bibRefCitation id="B18E1502DADEEC65E3DD9B5536610F54" DOI="10.1155/1963/59263" author="Carpenter" firstAuthor="Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pagination="240-256" refId="B8" refString="Carpenter FM (1963) Studies on Carboniferous Insects from Commentry, France: Part V. The genus Diaphanoptera and the order Diaphanopterodea. Psyche 70: 240–256. https://doi.org/10.1155/1963/59263" title="Studies on Carboniferous Insects from Commentry, France: Part V. The genus Diaphanoptera and the order Diaphanopterodea." volume="70" year="1963">Carpenter 1963</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="433680497722FC504ED3B2E452E9FF21" author="Carpenter" firstAuthor="Carpenter" refId="B9" refString="Carpenter FM (1992) Superclass Hexapoda. In: Kaesler RL (Ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas, Boulder, [xxii +] 655 pp." year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="DB18158EBB46DC87DE91300B75FDE121" DOI="10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077%3C1016:RODSAN%3E2.0.CO;2" author="Bethoux and Nel" firstAuthor="Bethoux" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pagination="1016-1020" refId="B3" refString="Béthoux O, Nel A (2003) Revision of Diaphanoptera species and new diagnosis of Diaphanopteridae (Insecta: Palaeoptera: Diaphanopterodea). Journal of Paleontology 77: 1016–1020. https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360 (2003) 077 % 3 C 1016: RODSAN % 3 E 2.0. CO; 2" title="Revision of Diaphanoptera species and new diagnosis of Diaphanopteridae (Insecta: Palaeoptera: Diaphanopterodea)." volume="77" year="2003">Béthoux and Nel 2003</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="CE72908D2AEAB6E0EAAB78F07CC3FBB8" DOI="10.1163/1876312X-48022160" author="Prokop J &amp; Kukalová-Peck J" firstAuthor="Prokop" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics Evolution" pagination="493-511" refId="B17" refString="Prokop J, Kukalová-Peck J (2017) New insects from the earliest Permian of Carrizo Arroyo (New Mexico, USA) bridging the gap between the Carboniferous and Permian entomofaunas. Insect Systematics Evolution 48: 493–511. https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-48022160" title="New insects from the earliest Permian of Carrizo Arroyo (New Mexico, USA) bridging the gap between the Carboniferous and Permian entomofaunas." volume="48" year="2017">Prokop and Kukalová-Peck (2017)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that a full fusion of
<collectionCode id="ACA46819A5A59295DF130117984694AC" country="Spain" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15682" name="Real Jardín Botánico" type="Herbarium">MA</collectionCode>
with
<collectionCode id="EC91015B15173EF05C590BF95E7B6D10" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="4ADE45ACAF26B0DA2A22A97C0F2379F4">RP</collectionCode>
occurred in
<taxonomicName id="7F8013D948E38F53A6019B3F38A7FA85" authority="Brongniart, 1893" authorityName="Brongniart" authorityYear="1893" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Diaphanoptera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2D6022E3D803E01B642CB9E546BAAC54" italics="true">Diaphanoptera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F65FC91707931371883155FA12B55017" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.65984" author="Brongniart C" refId="B5" refString="Brongniart C (1893) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des insectes fossiles des temps primaires precedees d'une etude sur la nervation des ailes des insectes. Bulletin de la Societe d'Industrie Minerale de Saint-Etienne (3) 7: 124 - 615. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65984" year="1893">Brongniart, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, the type-genus of the family from which the names of the order derives. These authors based their interpretation on vein elevation as observed in the specimen
<collectionCode id="BE6186E3B1AE9FF7F278F94CB1DC151C" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" type="">MNHN</collectionCode>
. F.
<collectionCode id="EB3930B434F18860633155FB717DD0EE" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
51214,
<typeStatus id="BF86DE65F7E0BEFEF1B9ECB2C3462D48" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="A5746E56123F715E31432DA5A9D543E6" authority="Brongniart, 1893" authorityName="Brongniart" authorityYear="1893" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Diaphanoptera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="munieri">
<emphasis id="F12D6B871D0BB135D9769D1BF9120EA2" italics="true">Diaphanoptera munieri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A3D6E8B12E61C980394B698CE15841D3" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.65984" author="Brongniart C" refId="B5" refString="Brongniart C (1893) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des insectes fossiles des temps primaires precedees d'une etude sur la nervation des ailes des insectes. Bulletin de la Societe d'Industrie Minerale de Saint-Etienne (3) 7: 124 - 615. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65984" year="1893">Brongniart, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. However, our observation reveals that rock compression this particular specimen experienced (like several other Commentry specimens) makes it impossible to derive a solid inference on the elevation of elements attributable to
<collectionCode id="B74C924428D9898244512CF253F7C4E1" country="Spain" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15682" name="Real Jardín Botánico" type="Herbarium">MA</collectionCode>
. In contrast, the specimen
<collectionCode id="625D34B8BA3679FBB30EE7C90744C469" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" type="">MNHN</collectionCode>
. F.
<collectionCode id="F0DA32896019371E3665B3475A38FDD9" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
51196 [considered conspecific to the specimen
<collectionCode id="CAE7F95410CF8C6DA9D4A6831B3FB30D" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" type="">MNHN</collectionCode>
. F.
<collectionCode id="5F139215311D8D7FCED15AC58130A3FC" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
51214 by
<bibRefCitation id="BFEBE6AD3017418FD0705E2D03BBBBA5" DOI="10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077%3C1016:RODSAN%3E2.0.CO;2" author="Béthoux O &amp; Nel A" firstAuthor="Bethoux" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pagination="1016-1020" refId="B3" refString="Béthoux O, Nel A (2003) Revision of Diaphanoptera species and new diagnosis of Diaphanopteridae (Insecta: Palaeoptera: Diaphanopterodea). Journal of Paleontology 77: 1016–1020. https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360 (2003) 077 % 3 C 1016: RODSAN % 3 E 2.0. CO; 2" title="Revision of Diaphanoptera species and new diagnosis of Diaphanopteridae (Insecta: Palaeoptera: Diaphanopterodea)." volume="77" year="2003">Béthoux and Nel (2003)</bibRefCitation>
] is better preserved in that respect. Our observation revealed that the structure regarded as the base of
<collectionCode id="8C38FDC65D1D30650300176116001EF8" country="Spain" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15682" name="Real Jardín Botánico" type="Herbarium">MA</collectionCode>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D48333BB76E446AB4500DC4C776FCECA" DOI="10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077%3C1016:RODSAN%3E2.0.CO;2" author="Béthoux O &amp; Nel A" firstAuthor="Bethoux" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pagination="1016-1020" refId="B3" refString="Béthoux O, Nel A (2003) Revision of Diaphanoptera species and new diagnosis of Diaphanopteridae (Insecta: Palaeoptera: Diaphanopterodea). Journal of Paleontology 77: 1016–1020. https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360 (2003) 077 % 3 C 1016: RODSAN % 3 E 2.0. CO; 2" title="Revision of Diaphanoptera species and new diagnosis of Diaphanopteridae (Insecta: Palaeoptera: Diaphanopterodea)." volume="77" year="2003">Béthoux and Nel (2003)</bibRefCitation>
and as a cross-vein by
<bibRefCitation id="4E5E202AAA98CFDAAF8558FF300DCE75" DOI="10.1163/1876312X-48022160" author="Prokop J &amp; Kukalová-Peck J" firstAuthor="Prokop" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics Evolution" pagination="493-511" refId="B17" refString="Prokop J, Kukalová-Peck J (2017) New insects from the earliest Permian of Carrizo Arroyo (New Mexico, USA) bridging the gap between the Carboniferous and Permian entomofaunas. Insect Systematics Evolution 48: 493–511. https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-48022160" title="New insects from the earliest Permian of Carrizo Arroyo (New Mexico, USA) bridging the gap between the Carboniferous and Permian entomofaunas." volume="48" year="2017">Prokop and Kukalová-Peck (2017)</bibRefCitation>
is indeed concave, while
<collectionCode id="7A350E42666CBD983A96D87031543A29" country="Spain" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15682" name="Real Jardín Botánico" type="Herbarium">MA</collectionCode>
is convex distal to the point where it diverges from
<collectionCode id="15E312A9794C240B31676F1E4AA5E203">RP</collectionCode>
. This difference in elevation underlies the argument by
<bibRefCitation id="B5DA96EC5E1FF7251631B61937C0B29F" DOI="10.1163/1876312X-48022160" author="Prokop J &amp; Kukalová-Peck J" firstAuthor="Prokop" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics Evolution" pagination="493-511" refId="B17" refString="Prokop J, Kukalová-Peck J (2017) New insects from the earliest Permian of Carrizo Arroyo (New Mexico, USA) bridging the gap between the Carboniferous and Permian entomofaunas. Insect Systematics Evolution 48: 493–511. https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-48022160" title="New insects from the earliest Permian of Carrizo Arroyo (New Mexico, USA) bridging the gap between the Carboniferous and Permian entomofaunas." volume="48" year="2017">Prokop and Kukalová-Peck (2017)</bibRefCitation>
. However, an elevation shift, applying to both
<collectionCode id="FA179E77FE9C2DFDADFA3E16B12C4665" country="Spain" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15682" name="Real Jardín Botánico" type="Herbarium">MA</collectionCode>
and CuA, is a general feature of the broader taxon Rostropalaeoptera (
<bibRefCitation id="EA0BFA25A09A3907FFF40E4B05829741" author="Bethoux" firstAuthor="Bethoux" journalOrPublisher="Alavesia" pagination="219-232" refId="B1" refString="Béthoux O (2008) Groundplan, nomenclature, homology, phylogeny, and the question of the insect wing venation pattern. Alavesia 2: 219–232." title="Groundplan, nomenclature, homology, phylogeny, and the question of the insect wing venation pattern." volume="2" year="2008">Béthoux 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Most decisively, in
<taxonomicName id="DEFB19907A8A274909C245A7BBCD00F7" class="Insecta" family="Eukulojidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeodictyoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eukulojidae</taxonomicName>
, whose wings lack cross-venation, the then undisputable bases of
<collectionCode id="E328BC42B2E12613972018FF0FB67C4E" country="Spain" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15682" name="Real Jardín Botánico" type="Herbarium">MA</collectionCode>
and CuA are both concave for a short distance before turning convex, after having approached
<collectionCode id="DF4A78B700C0F9E57DF2C84248AB85A4">RP</collectionCode>
and M, respectively (
<bibRefCitation id="A15BAC8663E868CA752EDC9B662284EE" author="Bethoux" firstAuthor="Bethoux" journalOrPublisher="Alavesia" pagination="219-232" refId="B1" refString="Béthoux O (2008) Groundplan, nomenclature, homology, phylogeny, and the question of the insect wing venation pattern. Alavesia 2: 219–232." title="Groundplan, nomenclature, homology, phylogeny, and the question of the insect wing venation pattern." volume="2" year="2008">Béthoux 2008</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 3). The assumption that
<collectionCode id="78D5D3568785DCDC115CF0828C6D8B85" country="Spain" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15682" name="Real Jardín Botánico" type="Herbarium">MA</collectionCode>
is fused very early with
<collectionCode id="6B82E0E662915517D30AF6156D5A2D47" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="467B710B42AF8378B443ADB3AAC94607">RP</collectionCode>
in
<taxonomicName id="C434115488110404C2BA9CE67134FD29" authorityName="Brongniart" authorityYear="1893" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Diaphanoptera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FED250596DBF1FB9BAF2E4A144B75899" italics="true">Diaphanoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is therefore unsubstantiated.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6797DBD39501DA17A99B057AE19B73EE" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e128892.figure3" ID-arpha="84387671-D4CF-5C98-811D-B01582F0950B" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1114490" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="564CD4AC60D2D186AF5EA9030E1B2A28">
<label id="CAEF136478612F8E9CCCB151AF7C75CC">Figure 3.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CA618FC3F2445E72CA191AAC1D2BE1DF">
Wing venation of
<taxonomicName id="D1E5CBFDAE4912A22CFE33E857361CEF" authority="Tillyard, 1937" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Elmoidae" genus="Elmoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trisecta">
<emphasis id="71D9B25DF8CDFC820633F4659106117D" italics="true">Elmoa trisecta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E5427CD084B575DB729A4A8EFBCBCDF0" DOI="10.2475/ajs.s5-33.194.81" author="Tillyard RJ" refId="B26" refString="Tillyard RJ (1937) Kansas Permian Insects. Part 17. The order Megasecoptera and additions to the Palaeodictyoptera, Odonata, Protoperlaria, Copeognatha and Neuroptera. American Journal of Science (5) 33: 81 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 5 - 33.194. 81" year="1937">Tillyard, 1937</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="18438B7A58093766A12EFC5F6FDE0F34" authority="Tillyard, 1937" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Elmoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Elmoidae
<bibRefCitation id="7C2B96AC03047DB5400862B4BC19AA07" DOI="10.2475/ajs.s5-33.194.81" author="Tillyard RJ" refId="B26" refString="Tillyard RJ (1937) Kansas Permian Insects. Part 17. The order Megasecoptera and additions to the Palaeodictyoptera, Odonata, Protoperlaria, Copeognatha and Neuroptera. American Journal of Science (5) 33: 81 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 5 - 33.194. 81" year="1937">Tillyard, 1937</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
<emphasis id="357C21B9E0383D664B918A0D2F6361AF" bold="true">A.</emphasis>
Specimen
<named-content id="15EAE24AF4C617B73ECBF522115960FE" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-comparative-zoology" xlink_title="Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZ</named-content>
4590, drawing of left forewing and photograph (negative imprint, reversed, light-mirrored).
<emphasis id="B47CEC1F05C2F82A4FDAC38530802060" bold="true">B.</emphasis>
Specimen
<named-content id="DB443B151895653CC23F46FF70B64B9F" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-comparative-zoology" xlink_title="Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZ</named-content>
4593, drawing of right forewing and photograph (negative imprint, light-mirrored).
<emphasis id="F9E73E739ADA498BAE951BE092298412" bold="true">C.</emphasis>
Specimen
<named-content id="96903F555EBEE306B23637A541187186" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-comparative-zoology" xlink_title="Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZ</named-content>
4606, drawing of right forewing and photograph (negative imprint, flipped horizontally).
<emphasis id="E3F1BADECA8AD5E1B52BA7513E34DF28" bold="true">D.</emphasis>
Specimen
<named-content id="6D9D156ACF6DE5C3BF78E89F3A745232" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-comparative-zoology" xlink_title="Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZ</named-content>
4592, drawing of right forewing (positive imprint).
<emphasis id="1CB172336EBF63C5F2A2F4DA6FA95933" bold="true">E.</emphasis>
Specimen
<named-content id="93964E15AD660E920F4EA3FC096FB696" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-comparative-zoology" xlink_title="Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZ</named-content>
4591, drawing of wings and photograph (positive imprint).
<emphasis id="094DCA8999C51C4712A8156E275AE02C" bold="true">F.</emphasis>
Specimen
<named-content id="0FACA56EE245011313D26ECB505796D3" content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink_href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-comparative-zoology" xlink_title="Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZ</named-content>
4594, drawing of left forewing and photograph (positive imprint). Abbreviations: LFW, left forewing; LHW, left hind wing; RFW, right forewing; RHW, right hind wing. All photographs, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, © President and Fellows of Harvard College, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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