236 lines
19 KiB
XML
236 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135" ID-GBIF-Dataset="60c96364-0fcd-4ccd-84af-123d176a6a52" ID-PMC="PMC5523382" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-680-105" ID-PubMed="28769718" ID-ZBK="657770F9FCFA4D72BB08AFAF7371B1BA" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-680-105" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 680" ModsDocTitle="Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species" checkinTime="1502744605313" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M. & Cerrano, Carlo" docDate="2017" docId="B5704444B0F0A3A50F3E462709D97992" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 680: 105-150" docOrigin="ZooKeys 680" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135" docTitle="Ircinia colossa Calcinai, Bastari, Bertolino & Pansini, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="3547C559-C615-420B-874F-6782568B7D40" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="120" masterDocId="8A0DFFF7FFB02806FFE0A3014E580F49" masterDocTitle="Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species" masterLastPageNumber="150" masterPageNumber="105" pageNumber="117" updateTime="1668164543412" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Calcinai, Barbara</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bastari, Azzurra</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bavestrello, Giorgio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bertolino, Marco</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Pansini, Maurizio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Makapedua, Daisy M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cerrano, Carlo</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>680</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>105</mods:start>
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<mods:end>150</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-680-105</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">657770F9FCFA4D72BB08AFAF7371B1BA</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">657770F9FCFA4D72BB08AFAF7371B1BA</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="132649459" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3547C559-C615-420B-874F-6782568B7D40" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B5704444B0F0A3A50F3E462709D97992" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="12" pageNumber="117">
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="117" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/3547C559-C615-420B-874F-6782568B7D40" authority="Calcinai, Bastari, Bertolino & Pansini" class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ircinia colossa" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="colossa">Ircinia colossa Calcinai, Bastari, Bertolino & Pansini</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="12" pageNumber="117">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figure 10
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="117" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">Holotype: MSNG 60141, PH-44, 15/01/2005, Timur (Bunaken Island), about 20 m depth. Paratype: MSNG 60142, BKA 25, 12/09/2014, Yellow coco (Bangka Island), about 20-25 m depth.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="118" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="118">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="118" start="start">Other</pageBreakToken>
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material.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="118">
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BU-590, 27/07/2004, Timur (Bunaken Island), 25 m depth. INDO-431, 13/05/2005, Jetty (Siladen), depth not stated,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="1.6274445">N01°37'38.8"</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="124.800224">E124°48'00.8"</geoCoordinate>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="118" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="118">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="118">
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Soft and elastic cup-shaped
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ircinia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="13" pageNumber="118" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Ircinia</taxonomicName>
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with a large, central cavity; conulose surface; heavily fasciculated fibres with foreign material.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="119" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="119">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="119" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="119">
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The sponge is columnar, reminding of a partially hollow cylinder, due to the presence of a wide central cavity (Fig. 10A). It may be as high as 80 cm, with a wall 1-2 cm thick. The holotype is a fragment approximately 4.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2 cm. The external colour is light brown with greenish tinges on the conules and on the rim of the cavity (Fig. 10A). The freshly collected sponge is beige inside (Fig. 10B). Alcohol-preserved specimens remain almost the same in colour. The sponge surface is strongly conulose, with rounded or slightly flattened conules 2-4 mm high (Fig. 10A, B). The oscula (3-5 mm in diameter) are present in the inner part of the central cavity. Consistence is soft and elastic, but the sponge is difficult to tear off.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="119">
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Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is formed by primary fibres cored by foreign spicules (Fig. 10C, D), 180-350
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter and heavily fasciculated (Fig. 10C). They are connected by secondary fibres 50-80
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter, sometimes cored by single spicules. The fibres form a reticulation of elongated meshes, 100-150
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in size, and cribrose plates (Fig. 10C). Very abundant thin filaments are mainly organised in tracts (Fig. 10E), but also dispersed in the mesohyl. They are 3-5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick and present an oval or rounded terminal knob (7.5-10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter) (Fig. 10F).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="14" pageNumber="119">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="119">
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Figure 10.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ircinia colossa" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="colossa">Ircinia colossa</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. A specimen BU-590 in situB portion of the holotype C fasciculated fibres D primary fibres with foreign spicules E filaments organised in tracts F filaments with a terminal knob in evidence.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="119" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="119">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="119">The name refers to the sturdy and large size of the sponge.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="119">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="119">
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The studied specimens are attributed, according to
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<bibRefCitation author="Cook, SDC" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="PNAS" pageId="17" pageNumber="122" title="A guide to the classification of sponges. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow" url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_95" year="2002">Cook and Bergquist 2002</bibRefCitation>
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, to the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ircinia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Ircinia</taxonomicName>
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for the strong fasciculation of fibres, with foreign material inside and the presence of filaments. There are more than 40 species of massive, encrusting, digitate or branching
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ircinia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Ircinia</taxonomicName>
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in the Indo-Pacific area (
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<bibRefCitation author="van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic, New York" pageId="18" pageNumber="123" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera" year="2016">van Soest et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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), which differ from
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ircinia colossa" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="colossa">Ircinia colossa</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. in morphology, fibre thickness and quantity of external debris in the skeleton.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="119">
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Only two species of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ircinia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Ircinia</taxonomicName>
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, living between 10 and 40 m depth in the temperate water of South-East Australia, show a central cavity:
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<taxonomicName lsidName="I. caliculata" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="caliculata">I. caliculata</taxonomicName>
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(Lendenfeld, 1888) and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="I. rubra" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="rubra">I. rubra</taxonomicName>
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(Lendenfeld, 1889).
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ircinia caliculata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="caliculata">Ircinia caliculata</taxonomicName>
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differs from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="I. colossa" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="colossa">I. colossa</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. in the general morphology, colour, and organisation of the fibres. It has the rim of the cup bent outwards; the internal part of the cavity with small conules 2-3 mm high. The external part of the sponge presents digitate processes about 10 mm thick. The colour is dark-red brownish. It has fasciculated fibres full of sand grains.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ircinia rubra" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="rubra">Ircinia rubra</taxonomicName>
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differs from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="I. colossa" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="colossa">I. colossa</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. in the general shape and fibre size. It is a small, conical, pedunculate sponge with a central cavity. All the fibres are full of debris and foreign spicules and the secondary fibres, 100
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter, are thicker than those of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ircinia colossa" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="colossa">Ircinia colossa</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="14" pageNumber="119">
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We also examined species belonging to the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Sarcotragus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sarcotragus" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Sarcotragus</taxonomicName>
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; none of them fits with the characters of the new species.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Sarcotragus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sarcotragus aliger" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aliger">Sarcotragus aliger</taxonomicName>
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(Burton, 1928) is clavate, cylindrical with an apical osculum and fibres 80
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter, while
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. australis" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="australis">S. australis</taxonomicName>
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(Lendenfeld, 1888) is a massive red sponge.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Sarcotragus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sarcotragus coreanus" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="coreanus">Sarcotragus coreanus</taxonomicName>
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(Sim & Lee, 2002) is massive to encrusting, beige in colour;
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. gapaensis" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="gapaensis">S. gapaensis</taxonomicName>
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Sim & Lee, 2000 is subspherical, dark brown to black, with big primary fibres 280-530
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Sarcotragus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sarcotragus maraensis" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="maraensis">Sarcotragus maraensis</taxonomicName>
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Sim & Lee, 2000 is globular with sharp conules 2-8 mm high and an ivory and purple colour.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Sarcotragus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sarcotragus myrobalanus" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="myrobalanus">Sarcotragus myrobalanus</taxonomicName>
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(Lamarck, 1814) is an ovoid sponge with a long peduncle, brown-reddish in colour;
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. tuberculatus" pageId="14" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="tuberculatus">S. tuberculatus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Poléjaeff">Polejaeff</normalizedToken>
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, 1884) has fibres
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<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="120" start="start">that</pageBreakToken>
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often do not ramify and its surface, greyish in colour, is covered by rounded tubercles; filaments are roundish and 55
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="120">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ircinia colossa" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="15" pageNumber="120" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="colossa">Ircinia colossa</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is frequent in the Bunaken Park and the nearby Bangka Island (North Sulawesi); the paratype was found with other relatively large specimens (50 cm high or more) near a hot vent flowing from a sandy bottom (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bertolino, M" journalOrPublisher="The European Zoological Journal" pageId="16" pageNumber="121" pagination="128 - 135" title="Hydrothermal waters enriched in silica promote the development of a sponge community in North Sulawesi (Indonesia)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/11250003.2016.1278475" volume="84" year="2017">Bertolino et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="120">
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This species is probably present also throughout northern Australia and Papua New Guinea (J. Hooper, pers. comm.). Molecular analysis, compared against sequences made by
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<bibRefCitation author="Poeppe, J" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="18" pageNumber="123" title="COI barcoding reveals new clades and radiation patterns of Indo-Pacific sponges of the family Irciniidae (Demospongiae: Dictyoceratida)" url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009950" volume="5" year="2011">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pöppe">Poeppe</normalizedToken>
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et al. (2011)
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</bibRefCitation>
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for
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ircinia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="15" pageNumber="120" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Ircinia</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="15" pageNumber="120" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Psammocinia</taxonomicName>
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species from northern Australia, would be very useful to confirm if
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ircinia colossa" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="15" pageNumber="120" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="colossa">Ircinia colossa</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. alba" pageId="15" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="alba">P. alba</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. are also present in Australia.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |