1089 lines
125 KiB
XML
1089 lines
125 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.32.6020" ID-PMC="PMC3881349" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-32-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="3902FFED3903734CFF9C2C4BBB2CFFED" ID-PubMed="24399903" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576195" ModsDocID="1314-2003-32-1" checkinTime="1451251792328" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Provance, Mitchell C. & Sanders, Andrew C." docDate="2013" docId="8E2051B7EC475F74BF49C3DAF46028FE" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 32: 1-26" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 32" docPubDate="2013-12-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.32.6020" docTitle="Calystegia felix Provance & A. C. Sanders 2013, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="3902FFED3903734CFF9C2C4BBB2CFFED" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="3902FFED3903734CFF9C2C4BBB2CFFED" masterDocTitle="Lucky morning glory, Calystegia felix (Convolvulaceae): a new species from Southern California, with notes on the historical ecology of the Chino cienega belt" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1668140997221" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Lucky morning glory, Calystegia felix (Convolvulaceae): a new species from Southern California, with notes on the historical ecology of the Chino cienega belt</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Provance, Mitchell C.</mods:namePart>
|
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<mods:affiliation>UCR herbarium, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521 - 0124, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
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</mods:name>
|
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Sanders, Andrew C.</mods:namePart>
|
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<mods:affiliation>UCR herbarium, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521 - 0124, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2013-12-18</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>32</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>26</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.32.6020</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.32.6020</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-32-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">3902FFED3903734CFF9C2C4BBB2CFFED</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576195</mods:identifier>
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||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182228856" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8E2051B7EC475F74BF49C3DAF46028FE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E2051B7EC475F74BF49C3DAF46028FE" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="8E2051B7-EC47-5F74-BF49-C3DAF46028FE" authority="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Calystegia felix" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix" status="sp. nov.">Calystegia felix Provance & A.C. Sanders</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Calystegia felix Provance & A. C. Sanders, sp. nov. The holotype, A. C. Sanders & M. C. and T. A. Provance 40174 (UCR [UCR- 246125]). The flowering branchlets are from a single ramet (Photo M. C. Provance, 2011)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10531" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="subacaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calystegia subacaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hook. & Arn. subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">episcopalis</emphasis>
|
||
Brummitt, by its clambering to strongly climbing stems (versus decumbent to trailing stems in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="subacaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calystegia subacaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">episcopalis</emphasis>
|
||
), larger leaves, 45-122 mm long, 30-96 mm wide mm long, subtending the peduncle (versus 23-28 mm long, 16-34 mm wide in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="subacaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calystegia subacaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">episcopalis</emphasis>
|
||
), with short, rounded, barely divergent to parallel basal lobes, or sometimes nearly without basal lobes, and essentially truncate (versus the basal lobes somewhat rounded to narrowly lanceolate and strongly divergent in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="subacaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calystegia subacaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">episcopalis</emphasis>
|
||
); Differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calystegia occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gray) Brummitt subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
by its narrowly oblong, 2.5-5 mm wide sepals (versus oblong to oblong-ovate, 6-9 mm wide sepals in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calystegia occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
), narrower corolla tube (basally) 4-5.9 mm wide measured at the most proximal visible point (versus 6-9 mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calystegia occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
), an ovary that is glabrous on inside walls (versus a silky hairy vestiture inside of the ovary in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calystegia occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
), and larger, 45-122 mm long, 30-96 mm wide, oblong-ovate to broadly ovate leaves subtending the peduncles (versus smaller leaves subtending the peduncle, 32-51 mm long, 33-66 mm wide, narrowly triangular to broadly ovate), and short, rounded, barely divergent to parallel basal lobes, or leaves that are nearly truncate at the base (versus leaves with divergent basal lobes of varying length that are 2-lobed to bipartite).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10531" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Provance & A.C. Sanders, sp. nov. The holotype,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A.C. Sanders & M.C. and T.A. Provance 40174</emphasis>
|
||
(UCR [UCR-246125]). The flowering branchlets are from a single ramet (Photo M. C. Provance, 2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="type">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
USA. California: San Bernardino County, City of Chino, SE of intersection of Edison Ave. and Oaks Ave., edge of Chaffey College Chino Campus, public right-of-way along powerlines.
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="59.822" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="33.997032">33°59.822'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="117" direction="west" minutes="40.518" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-117.6753">117°40.518'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 206 m, 19 May 2012,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A.C. Sanders, M.C. Provance, & T.A. Provance 40174</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype: UCR! [UCR-246125]; isotypes: ARIZ!, CAS!, K!, MO!, NDG!, NY!, RSA!, SBBG!, SD!).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Semi-herbaceous perennial vines, senescing in October, though with some stems and leaves persisting through winter. Aerial stems 1-3 m long, from shallow, creeping rhizomes and stolons (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Calystegia felix stolons and creeping rootstock. The narrow emergent leaves of this specimen may be atypical; the relatively long petioles are normal (Photo M. C. Provance, 2012)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10532" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), climbing and twining, or clambering across shrubs, branching frequently, terete, with nonobvious longitudinal ridges, slender, tough and wiry, glabrous to sparsely hairy, in life dull grayish pink to light green with a rosy cast. Leaves alternate, membranaceous to chartaceus, glabrous to sparsely hairy, bicolored when mature green above, paler below, relatively flat and not fold
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">ing</pageBreakToken>
|
||
along the midrib, but sometimes the basal half of the lamina slightly involute, and often having the basal lobes abruptly turned upward. Petioles on climbing stems 0.3-0.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
length of lamina, e.g. about 14-61 mm long, but often longer relative to lamina length on emergent leaves; lamina of climbing stems 45-115(-122) mm long, 30-80(-96) mm wide, oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, but narrowly oblong on the sterile branchlets and on stems distal to the flowering axils, base cordate, with short, rounded, parallel or barely diverging basal lobes, sometimes essentially without basal lobes and nearly truncate, apex obtusely rounded, sometimes subacute, minutely apiculate; emergent leaves from rhizomes and on trailing stems variable in shape, but usually broadly oblong to oval or orbicular, sagittate, with short lobes, or lobeless and rounded to the petiole, apex broadly rounded; lamina venation obscurely pinnate, but with 2-4 lateral veins from the base. Inflorescences axillary, flowers usually solitary, rarely 2-3(-4)-flowered; pedicels 1-30 mm long, peduncles 18-63 mm long; bracts 2, attached (1-)2-3(-4) mm below the calyx, ascending, subopposite, 5-14 mm long, 1-2.5(-3.5) mm wide, narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, obtusely pointed,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
flat, with a raised midvein, glabrous to scantly puberulent. Flowers perfect; sepals 5,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">entire</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, graduated, narrowly oblong to lanceovate, green with a rosy blush, short-ciliate, inner sepals 11-15 mm long, 3.5-4 mm wide, the lower portion tightly appressed to mature fruit, outer sepals 8-11 mm long, 2.5-5 mm wide, apices
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
acutely rounded, mucronulate; corolla funnelform, 27-45 mm long, base of visible tube 4-5.9 mm wide, white (sometimes appearing light yellow in herbarium specimens), with 5 externally pigmented interplicae (midpetaline bands or longitudinal stripes), these very light-yellow, more rarely reddish-purple (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Calystegia felix in bloom at the type locality, in a planter bed in Chino. This plant, discovered in 2011, is the only one we have seen that produces corollas with reddish-purple midpetaline stripes. Also, note the blushed sepals (Photo M. C. Provance, 2011)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10533" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), glabrous externally, or rarely, conspicuously hairy adjacent to pleats in the basal third of the corolla, the hairs yellowish, lobes 5, very short, each with a concentrated area of minute hairs along the margin; stamens 5, equal; filaments 18-21 mm long, fused to the corolla tube
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
7-9 mm of that length, glandular hairy along the proximal margins; anthers 4-4.5 mm long, white, barely reaching the base of the stigmas; pistil glabrous both internally an externally; style 16-21 mm long, glabrous, or with a few glandular hairs near the base; stigmas 2, cylindrical,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
3 mm long, asymmetric, with one axially oriented, and the other ascending; nectary crenate-coronoid. Pollen white to cream, with circular perforations discernible at 60 X. Fruit dry capsule, indehiscent to tardily dehiscent from tip to base, globose, 9-10 mm in diameter, glabrous or obscurely minutely pubescent apically. Seeds 1-4 per capsule, ca. 4 mm in height and 3.5-4 mm in width,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
angular-ovoid, and depending on the number of developing seeds, nearly black to dark brown and tan-speckled, hilar region purplish, finely granular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10532" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stolons and creeping rootstock. The narrow emergent leaves of this specimen may be atypical; the relatively long petioles are normal (Photo M. C. Provance, 2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10533" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in bloom at the type locality, in a planter bed in Chino. This plant, discovered in 2011, is the only one we have seen that produces corollas with reddish-purple midpetaline stripes. Also, note the blushed sepals (Photo M. C. Provance, 2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endemic to the inland basins of the Los Angeles, San Gabriel, and Santa Ana river watersheds in Southern California, at between 40 and 208 meters elevation. The species has not been seen in Los Angeles County since 1902. Six occurrences are known, all of them in the City of Chino, in San Bernardino County (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Map of historical and recently discovered Calystegia felix occurrences in the Chino Basin. The circled E marks the plant discovered in 2011; normal circles are 2013 occurrences, the largest a cluster of three populations. The broken circle is the approximate location of Johnston's collection in 1917. The perimeter of the Chino artesian belt and " moist land " prior to 1904 is delineated by the thick black line. The street map was adapted from the City of Chino draft general plan EIR, July, 2010, and the artesian belt is based on Mendenhall (1907)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10534" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The occurrences have a spatial separation ranging from 0.3-2 km. The easternmost occurrence is just west of Euclid Avenue, close to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chino’s">Chino's</normalizedToken>
|
||
border with Ontario and Eastvale. The westernmost occurrences are on alluvial terraces above Chino Creek, coming within several meters of the City of Chino Hills.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10534" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Map of historical and recently discovered
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurrences in the Chino Basin. The circled E marks the plant discovered in 2011; normal circles are 2013 occurrences, the largest a cluster of three populations. The broken circle is the approximate location of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Johnston’s">Johnston's</normalizedToken>
|
||
collection in 1917. The perimeter of the Chino artesian belt and "moist land" prior to 1904 is delineated by the thick black line. The street map was adapted from the City of Chino draft general plan EIR, July, 2010, and the artesian belt is based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mendenhall, WC" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B25" refString="Mendenhall, WC, 1907. US Geological Survey map showing the artesian areas and hydrographic contours in the valley of Southern California. Water Supply Paper No. 219. Plate 3. US Geological Survey, Washington: Department of the Interior. 1:250,000. Made available by the Department of Geography,
University of Alabama: http://alabamamaps.ua.edu/index.html." title="US Geological Survey map showing the artesian areas and hydrographic contours in the valley of Southern California. Water Supply Paper No. 219. Plate 3. US Geological Survey, Washington: Department of the Interior. 1: 250,000. Made available by the Department of Geography,
University of Alabama: http: // alabamamaps. ua. edu / index. html" year="1907">Mendenhall (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="phenology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Phenology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Flowering begins in late March, and is heavy until early August, with flowering thereafter decreasing through late September. In 2011 and early 2012, inflorescences on the only plants known at that time had solitary flowers. During mid-May of 2012, inflorescences at that site were observed to be two or three-flowered, and rarely solitary. It is not certain whether flower number increased as the season progressed, or if flowers during the later visit were originating on vines of a different genet. Only solitary flowers were seen at the sites discovered in 2013. Ripe seeds have been collected from early June until late October. Fruit with small holes indicative of seed predation by bruchid beetles have been found (Provance, pers. obs.). Small, senesced, nodding, sterile, apetalous flowers, mostly near ground level, have recently been noticed on some plants. We observed similar flowers on herbarium specimens of a few other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Calystegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is unknown if these flowers are apetalous developmentally, or if the corollas were lost to insect predation. More in-depth study of this condition is needed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="additional specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">Additional</pageBreakToken>
|
||
specimens examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">USA. California. San Bernardino County</emphasis>
|
||
: Chino Creek south of Ontario, climbing in trees, 500 ft., 30 May 1917 (fl),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">I.M. Johnston 1274</emphasis>
|
||
(RSA, POM, UC); City of Chino,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="59.823" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="33.99705">33°59.823'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, -
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="117" direction="west" minutes="40.537" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-117.67561">117°40.537'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 206 m, SCE right-of-way, just northeast of Chaffey College, southeast corner of the intersection of Edison Rd. & Oaks Ave., 11 May 2011,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M.C. Provance 17214</emphasis>
|
||
(UCR); same location, 14 May 2011,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M.C. Provance 17351</emphasis>
|
||
(UCR, UC, DAV, NDG); same location, 25 Mar 2012,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M.C., J.M., & T.A. Provance 17430</emphasis>
|
||
(UCR, WIS); West Chino, east
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Chino Creek,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="59.17" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="33.986168">33°59.17'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="117" direction="west" minutes="42.38" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-117.70634">117°42.38'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
300 m), 190 m, planter bed in public parking area, 31 May 2013,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M.C. Provance 17525</emphasis>
|
||
(UCR, to be distributed); West Chino, east of Chino Creek,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="34" direction="north" minutes="00.18" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="34.003">34°00.18'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, -
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="117" direction="west" minutes="43.31" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-117.72183">117°43.31'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
300 m), 208 m, planter bed in public parking area, 3 June 2013,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M.C. Provance 17526</emphasis>
|
||
(UCR, to be distributed); West Chino, Highway 71 - Grand Avenue ramp,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="59.44" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="33.990665">33°59.44'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, -
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="117" direction="west" minutes="43.30" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-117.721664">117°43.30'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
300 m), 205 m, Highway 71 and an adjacent planter bed in a public parking area, 11
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">June</pageBreakToken>
|
||
2013,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M.C. Provance 17527</emphasis>
|
||
(UCR, to be distributed); West Chino,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="59.63" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="33.99383">33°59.63'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, -
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="117" direction="west" minutes="43.18" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-117.719666">117°43.18'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
300 m), 200 m, planter bed in a public parking area, 11 June 2013,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M.C. Provance 17528</emphasis>
|
||
(UCR, to be distributed); East Chino, planter bed along public sidewalk near southeast corner of Buckeye Street and Fern Avenue,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="59.65" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="33.994167">33°59.65'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, -
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="117" direction="west" minutes="39.24" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-117.654">117°39.24'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
300 m), 206 m, 11 June 2013,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M.C. Provance 17529</emphasis>
|
||
(UCR, to be distributed); City of Chino, SE corner of Edison Ave. and Oaks Ave., near entrance to Chaffey college campus, ca. 2.5 mi N of Chino Creek (Prado Basin), irrigated landscaped area adjacent to ruderal grasslands, 17 May 2011,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">J.M. Wood et al. 4092</emphasis>
|
||
(K not seen, RSA not seen).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Los Angeles County:</emphasis>
|
||
Rivera [historic town, later part of Pico Rivera, misspelled
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Riveria”">"Riveria"</normalizedToken>
|
||
on
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Davidson’s">Davidson's</normalizedToken>
|
||
herbarium label, and misspelled
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Riviera”">"Riviera"</normalizedToken>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Davidson, A" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="B10" refString="Davidson, A, Moxley, GL, 1923. Flora of Southern California. Times-Mirror Press, Los Angeles, CA. 283-285." title="Flora of Southern California. Times-Mirror Press, Los Angeles, CA. 283 - 285." year="1923">Davidson and Moxley 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], "Common in most grounds [moist grounds-a phrase Davidson often used on herbarium labels]" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Davidson, A" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="B9" refString="Davidson, A, 1909. New botanical records for Los Angeles. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 8: 8." title="New botanical records for Los Angeles. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 8: 8." year="1909">Davidson 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), "Very common on stream banks [either the Rio Hondo, or a small unnamed stream running through McCampbell and Downey Road, c. 0.5 km west of Rivera] at Riviera [Rivera] and on the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Rivers in that vicinity" (Davidson & Moxley 1923), 1 May 1902,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. Davidson 1892</emphasis>
|
||
(RSA [RSA-394817]); Near University Station [historic train station in S. Los Angeles at 43rd St. and Vermont Ave. (Grace 2007)], Los Angeles, 1899,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. Davidson 2144</emphasis>
|
||
(RSA [RSA-394819] [mixed collection with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Calystegia sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Taxonomy</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Although arguments to maintain
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Calystegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been weakened by recent molecular studies, we describe this new species as such, pending molecular phylogenetic studies that sample more thoroughly across both
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Calystegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Convolvulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although their flowers are not similar, it is noteworthy that few vegetative characters seem to separate
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the weed
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="arvensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Convolvulus arvensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. The only vegetative feature we currently know that can reliably be used to tell these taxa apart is the cross section of the stem, which is angular in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="arvensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Convolvulus arvensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and terete with weak longitudinal ridges in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There may be differences in leaf venation, but that will require additional study. Unfortunately,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="arvensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Convolvulus arvensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is abundant throughout the Chino area, and occurs at several of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
While a definitive treatment of the entire
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Calystegia sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex has not been published, the best defining features of this group are the large bracts which immediately subtend, and often enclose the calyx, and have conspicuously netted venation. It is a taxonomically difficult complex that may include over twenty
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Calystegia sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subtaxa, some additional closely related species, and their subtaxa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stace, CA" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B33" refString="Stace, CA, 1961. Some studies in Calystegia: compatibility and hybridization in C. sepium and C. silvatica. Watsonia 5: 88-105. Available from the Botanical Society of the British Isles: http://archive.bsbi.org.uk/watsonia_5.html." title="Some studies in Calystegia: compatibility and hybridization in C. sepium and C. silvatica. Watsonia 5: 88 - 105. Available from the Botanical Society of the British Isles: http: // archive. bsbi. org. uk / watsonia _ 5. html" year="1961">Stace 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="388 - 401" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00987.x" refId="B3" refString="Brown, JM, Brummitt, RK, Spencer, M, Carine, MA, 2009. Disentangling the bindweeds: hybridization and taxonomic diversity in British Calystegia (Convolvulaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 160: 388 - 401, 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00987.x" title="Disentangling the bindweeds: hybridization and taxonomic diversity in British Calystegia (Convolvulaceae)." url="10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00987.x" volume="160" year="2009">Brown et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). So defined, all of the original material for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Greene" authorityYear="1887" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="binghamiae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Convolvulus binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the lectotype at UC (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brummitt, RK" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="25 - 27" publicationUrl="10.3120/0024-9637-59.1.25" refId="B6" refString="Brummitt, RK, White, SD, Wood, JM, 2012. Status of Bingham's morning-glory in the light of its rediscovery. Madrono 59: 25 - 27, 10.3120/0024-9637-59.1.25" title="Status of Bingham's morning-glory in the light of its rediscovery." url="10.3120/0024-9637-59.1.25" volume="59" year="2012">Brummitt et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is clearly referable to this complex. The epithet
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
is sometimes applied to specimens from Southern California with clasping bracts that only partly cover the sepals, and have leaves with barely divergent basal lobes, but that are otherwise inseparable from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Calystegia sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All of the original material of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Greene" authorityYear="1887" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="binghamiae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Convolvulus binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is from a salt marsh that once occurred in Santa Barbara. The lectotype has only one flower (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Lectotype of Convolvulus binghamiae Greene, Santa Barbara, July, 1886, R. F. Bingham s. n. (UC 335392), with one small bract, and a broad-based corolla." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10535" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), which has a bract that may be the smallest found on any of the original material. Nonetheless, the corolla has a broad base, as seen in all members of the
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">sepium</emphasis>
|
||
complex. Moreover, leaves from the same sheet (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Lectotype of Convolvulus binghamiae Greene, Santa Barbara, July, 1886, R. F. Bingham s. n. (UC 335392), with one small bract, and a broad-based corolla." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10535" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. The leaves shown here from R. F. Bingham s. n. (UC 335392) are consistent with many specimens of Calystegia sepium." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10536" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) are consistent with many specimens attributable to the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Calystegia sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex. The bracts among the original material range
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">from</pageBreakToken>
|
||
7 to 13.8 mm long and 3.1 to 9.1 mm wide, and in their fully developed state are broadly lanceolate to broadly ovate. Inflorescence bracts in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a similar range in length, but are much narrower at 1 to 3.5 mm in width, and usually lack a conspicuous network of veins. Most bracts in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Greene" authorityYear="1887" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="binghamiae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Convolvulus binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
original material are in every sense typical of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Calystegia sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex. Interestingly, some of the largest bracts are associated with flower buds: in one case (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Original material of Convolvulus binghamiae Greene, Santa Barbara, 1886, E. L. Greene s. n. (NDG [NDG- 66275]). Flower buds with large clasping bracts typical of the Calystegia sepium complex are noteworthy (a), as is the solitary flower (b) with a broad calyx, broad corolla tube, and a smallish, but otherwise typical clasping bract for the Calystegia sepium complex (Image courtesy of Barbara Hellenthal at the Notre Dame Herbarium)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10537" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
), some of the bracts of the flower buds are larger than the bracts of the open flower on the same sheet. Finally, the corolla tubes (measured at the base of the sepal lobes) in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brummitt" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Greene" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="binghamiae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Calystegia binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
original material are over 8 mm wide. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the lower tube of the corolla is narrow, ranging from 4 mm to about 6 mm in width.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly not part of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Calystegia sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex, and represents a new, unrelated, and previously undescribed taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10535" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Lectotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Greene" authorityYear="1887" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="binghamiae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Convolvulus binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Greene, Santa Barbara, July, 1886,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R.F. Bingham s.n</emphasis>
|
||
. (UC335392), with one small bract, and a broad-based corolla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10536" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
The leaves shown here from
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R.F. Bingham s.n</emphasis>
|
||
. (UC335392) are consistent with many specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Calystegia sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10537" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Original material of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Greene" authorityYear="1887" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="binghamiae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Convolvulus binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Greene, Santa Barbara, 1886,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E.L. Greene s.n</emphasis>
|
||
. (NDG [NDG-66275]). Flower buds with large clasping bracts typical of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Calystegia sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex are noteworthy (a), as is the solitary flower (b) with a broad calyx, broad corolla tube, and a smallish, but otherwise typical clasping bract for the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Calystegia sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (Image courtesy of Barbara Hellenthal at the Notre Dame Herbarium).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were included in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Greene" authorityYear="1887" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="binghamiae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Convolvulus binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Davidson in his list of new records for Los Angeles (1909) and by Davidson & Moxley in their flora of Southern California (1923). When Jepson made the combination
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Convolvulus sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
(Greene) Jepson, he was very particular in his application of the name, stating, "Santa Barbara; a distinct localized variety, rarely collected". Under
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Convolvulus sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pubescens</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jepson, WL" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="B20" refString="Jepson, WL, 1939. Convolvulaceae. In: A Flora of California, volume 3, part 2. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch, San Francisco. 116-128." title="Convolvulaceae. In: A Flora of California, volume 3, part 2. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch, San Francisco. 116 - 128." year="1939">Jepson (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cites a Chino specimen (
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Condit" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Condit</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s.n.) that we have seen, and which is equivalent to material typically ascribed to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Calystegia sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">limnophila</emphasis>
|
||
in Southern California (and elsewhere). While it is possible that Jepson had
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">seen</pageBreakToken>
|
||
a collection of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at some point, it is not obvious where he would have placed such a collection in his 1939 treatment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">In</pageBreakToken>
|
||
1945,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Abrams, L" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="B1" refString="Abrams, L, 1951. Family 126 Convolvulaceae. In: Illustrated flora of the Pacific States, volume 3. Geraniaceae to Scrophulariaceae. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 380-389." title="Family 126 Convolvulaceae. In: Illustrated flora of the Pacific States, volume 3. Geraniaceae to Scrophulariaceae. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 380 - 389." year="1951">Abrams</bibRefCitation>
|
||
annotated one sheet of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Johnston’s">Johnston's</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collection at RSA as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Greene" authorityYear="1887" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="binghamiae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Convolvulus binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, probably while preparing his Illustrated Flora (1951). The illustration of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Greene" authorityYear="1887" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="binghamiae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Convolvulus binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this flora seems to be
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is incongruent with his treatment, since the geographic distribution given by Abrams for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Greene" authorityYear="1887" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="binghamiae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Convolvulus binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
excludes all extant and historic occurrences of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brummitt, RK" editor="Hickman, JC" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press. Berkeley, CA" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="517 - 521" refId="B4" refString="Brummitt, RK, 1993. Calystegia. In: Hickman, JC, Ed., The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA: 517 - 521" title="Calystegia." volumeTitle="The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California." year="1993">Brummitt (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
applied
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Calystegia sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
(Greene) Brummitt, to plants of the northern and central South Coast between sea level and 20 meters elevation, which excludes collections from Chino. In
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brummitt, RK" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="25 - 27" publicationUrl="10.3120/0024-9637-59.1.25" refId="B6" refString="Brummitt, RK, White, SD, Wood, JM, 2012. Status of Bingham's morning-glory in the light of its rediscovery. Madrono 59: 25 - 27, 10.3120/0024-9637-59.1.25" title="Status of Bingham's morning-glory in the light of its rediscovery." url="10.3120/0024-9637-59.1.25" volume="59" year="2012">Brummitt et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="author’s">author's</normalizedToken>
|
||
recognize the similarity of material we refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the illustration in Abrams flora, noting, "A good illustration of the latter may be seen in Abrams (e.g., Fig. 3855, 1951)". However, they propose that the drawing represents a phenotypic variant of their proposed
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brummitt" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Greene" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="binghamiae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Calystegia binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brummitt) Brummitt. The misidentified collections at RSA and the illustration in Abrams of what was actually an undescribed species seems to have influenced the search image of at least some local botanists attempting to rediscover
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Calystegia sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">binghamiae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Philip A. Munz annotated a Johnston collection at RSA as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Greene" authorityYear="1898" baseAuthorityName="Greene" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="purpuratus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Convolvulus purpuratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Greene in 1931, thus clearly including
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Greene" authorityYear="1898" baseAuthorityName="Greene" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="purpuratus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Convolvulus purpuratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">.</pageBreakToken>
|
||
In his Southern California Manual (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Munz, PA" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B27" refString="Munz, PA, 1935. Convolvulus. In: A Manual of Southern California Botany. Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA, 386-388." title="Convolvulus. In: A Manual of Southern California Botany. Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA, 386 - 388." year="1935">Munz 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) he listed Chino as a locality for this species. Among many differences,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="purpurata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia purpurata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Greene) Brummitt subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">purpurata</emphasis>
|
||
can be readily separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its equal, evenly inserted sepals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The number of flowers per inflorescence, corolla pigmentation, external corolla vestiture, and the vestiture of leaves and stems vary in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Whether this variation is influenced more by genetics or environmental factors remains to be studied. Heterophylly is profound in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and generally manifests as narrower lamina on sterile twining stems, instead of the larger ovate to oblong-ovate leaves of reproductively active stems. There seems to be a tendency towards rounder leaves with longer petioles on emergent stems and sometimes trailing stems.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to other species in the genus with small, somewhat remote bracts, and graduated sepals. Several morphological characters are used to compare four of those species with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. A comparison of floral and vegetative structures in Calystegia felix with four similar species of Calystegia." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/AE15CDB66C3FDE67101E4FD97C674114" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" tableUuid="AE15CDB66C3FDE67101E4FD97C674114">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Leaf parameters alone are often insufficient for the identification of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but fortunately, several other characters in addition to leaf shape, differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
At first glance,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
looks most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gray) Brummitt subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
, since both taxa have a similar clambering or climbing habit, similar bracts inserted approximately the same distance below the calyx, and potentially produce multiple flowers in inflorescences. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its narrower sepals, narrower corolla tube, internally glabrous ovary, and larger oblong-ovate to broadly ovate leaves. The leaves subtending peduncles of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have short, rounded, barely diverging to parallel basal lobes. Sometimes,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaves are nearly truncate at the base. This easily differentiates
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has lamina basal lobes that are of varying length, but divergent, and usually 2-lobed or bipartite.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also looks like
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="subacaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia subacaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hook. & Arn subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">episcopalis</emphasis>
|
||
Brummitt. Both taxa have slender, but tough and wiry stems, corolla tubes that narrow toward the base, narrow sepals, and an ovary that is glabrous both internally and externally. It differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="subacaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia subacaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">episcopalis</emphasis>
|
||
by its strong climbing habit, and much larger leaves that differ considerably in basal lobe morphology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The similarities between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="subacaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia subacaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">episcopalis</emphasis>
|
||
tend to be less readily apparent than the similarities between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp. occidentalis. However, the characters shared seem not to be widespread in the genus. For example, while ovaries of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sometimes have a small number of minute hairs toward the apex, they are essentially glabrous externally. They are also glabrous internally. Though we have had only one specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="subacaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia subacaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">episcopalis</emphasis>
|
||
upon which we have been able to conduct detailed flower dissections (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">F. Bowcutt 2163</emphasis>
|
||
[UCR]), we are especially intrigued by the ovaries of this collection, which are glabrous both internally and externally. We have seen this combination of characters only in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and similarities such as these might indicate that the two taxa are more closely related than their superficial appearances suggest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ecology</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The six known occurrences are associated with somewhat poorly drained alkali silt loam (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SoilWeb," journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B32" refString="SoilWeb, , 2013. An Online Soil Survey Browser. http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/drupal/node/902." title="An Online Soil Survey Browser. http: // casoilresource. lawr. ucdavis. edu / drupal / node / 902" year="2013">SoilWeb 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), on a floodplain with an average slope of just over 1% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, Publishing Company" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="B21" refString="Lewis, Publishing Company, 1890. An illustrated history of Southern California. Lewis Publishing Company, Chicago, IL. http://archive.org/stream/illustratedhistofsc00lewipage/n5/mode/2up." title="An illustrated history of Southern California. Lewis Publishing Company, Chicago, IL. http: // archive. org / stream / illustratedhistofsc 00 lewi page / n 5 / mode / 2 up" year="1890">Lewis Publishing Company 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SoilWeb," journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B32" refString="SoilWeb, , 2013. An Online Soil Survey Browser. http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/drupal/node/902." title="An Online Soil Survey Browser. http: // casoilresource. lawr. ucdavis. edu / drupal / node / 902" year="2013">SoilWeb 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The local soils have developed
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">primarily</pageBreakToken>
|
||
from the accumulated granitic alluvium that was washed out of the San Gabriel Mountains during episodic flood events (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hilgard, EW" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="103 - 159" refId="B18" refString="Hilgard, EW, 1902. Report of irrigation investigations for 1901. Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin 119: 103 - 159" title="Report of irrigation investigations for 1901." volume="119" year="1902">Hilgard 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Historically, there were a number of springs near the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurrences, and the springs of the plains and basins and their accompanying vegetation, typically marshland and wet meadows, were known as
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ciénegas">cienegas</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schuyler, JD" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B30" refString="Schuyler, JD, 1880. Appendix A. Report on Irrigation Works and Practice in Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties. Report of the State Engineer to the Legislature of the State of California. Part 4. J. D. Young, Supt. State Printing, Sacramento." title="Appendix A. Report on Irrigation Works and Practice in Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties. Report of the State Engineer to the Legislature of the State of California. Part 4. J. D. Young, Supt. State Printing, Sacramento." year="1880">Schuyler 1880</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mendenhall, WC" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B26" refString="Mendenhall, WC, 1908. Ground waters and irrigation enterprises in the foothill belt, Southern California. USGS Water Supply Paper Number 219. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC." title="Ground waters and irrigation enterprises in the foothill belt, Southern California. USGS Water Supply Paper Number 219. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC." year="1908">Mendenhall 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Southern California the use of the word
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ciénega">cienega</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
always implied the presence of a spring, unlike in some other parts of the American Southwest (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hendrickson, DA" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="B15" refString="Hendrickson, DA, Minckley, WL, 1985. Cienegas - vanishing climax communities of the American Southwest. Desert Plants 6: 131-175. http://www.rmrs.nau.edu/awa/ripthreatbib/hendrickson_minckley_cienegas.pdf." title="Cienegas - vanishing climax communities of the American Southwest. Desert Plants 6: 131 - 175. http: // www. rmrs. nau. edu / awa / ripthreatbib / hendrickson _ minckley _ cienegas. pdf" year="1985">Hendrickson and Minckley 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the earliest known general description of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ciénegas">cienegas</normalizedToken>
|
||
in the Chino Basin,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schuyler, JD" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B30" refString="Schuyler, JD, 1880. Appendix A. Report on Irrigation Works and Practice in Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties. Report of the State Engineer to the Legislature of the State of California. Part 4. J. D. Young, Supt. State Printing, Sacramento." title="Appendix A. Report on Irrigation Works and Practice in Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties. Report of the State Engineer to the Legislature of the State of California. Part 4. J. D. Young, Supt. State Printing, Sacramento." year="1880">Schuyler (1880)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
emphasized that
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ciénega">cienega</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was the only word commonly used to indicate its springs and associated habitat. In the Chino Basin, there were two (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hall, WH" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="B13" refString="Hall, WH, 1888a. California State Engineering Department. Detail irrigation map. Riverside Sheet. Available at the David Rumsey map collection: http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~207649~3003404:California-State-Engineering-Depart." title="California State Engineering Department. Detail irrigation map. Riverside Sheet. Available at the David Rumsey map collection: http: // www. davidrumsey. com / luna / servlet / detail / RUMSEY ~ 8 ~ 1 ~ 207649 ~ 3003404: California-State-Engineering-Depart" year="1888 a">Hall 1888a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hall, WH" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="B14" refString="Hall, WH, 1888b. Irrigation in California [Southern]. Part 2. Report of the State Engineer of California on the irrigation and the irrigation question. J. D. Young [etc.] supt. state printing Sacramento, CA." title="Irrigation in California [Southern]. Part 2. Report of the State Engineer of California on the irrigation and the irrigation question. J. D. Young [etc.] supt. state printing Sacramento, CA." year="1888 b">1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or three (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tait, CE" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B35" refString="Tait, CE, 1911. The use of underground water for irrigation at Pomona, Calif. US Dept of Agriculture Experiment Station. Bulletin 236. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC." title="The use of underground water for irrigation at Pomona, Calif. US Dept of Agriculture Experiment Station. Bulletin 236. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC." year="1911">Tait 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) main groups of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ciénegas">cienegas</normalizedToken>
|
||
located a very short distance west to southwest, south, and southeast of Chino (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tait, CE" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B35" refString="Tait, CE, 1911. The use of underground water for irrigation at Pomona, Calif. US Dept of Agriculture Experiment Station. Bulletin 236. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC." title="The use of underground water for irrigation at Pomona, Calif. US Dept of Agriculture Experiment Station. Bulletin 236. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC." year="1911">Tait 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The perimeter of the Chino Artesian Spring Belt was roughly triangular, and its location in the current landscape is easily derived from the early maps. The east and west vertices were near the Chino Creek and Mill Creek emergences respectively. A third vertex would be near the south side of Prado Basin. These boundaries coincide well with the historical limits of "moist land" as mapped earlier by H. B.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martin, HB" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B23" refString="Martin, HB, 1887-1889. Map of subdivision of part of Rancho Santa Ana del Chino, San Bernardino County, California. Britton & Rey, San Francisco. Made available by the Huntington Digital Library: http://hdl.huntington.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15150coll4/id/5206." title="Map of subdivision of part of Rancho Santa Ana del Chino, San Bernardino County, California. Britton & Rey, San Francisco. Made available by the Huntington Digital Library: http: // hdl. huntington. org / cdm / ref / collection / p 15150 coll 4 / id / 5206" year="1887 - 1889">Martin (1887-1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mendenhall, WC" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B26" refString="Mendenhall, WC, 1908. Ground waters and irrigation enterprises in the foothill belt, Southern California. USGS Water Supply Paper Number 219. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC." title="Ground waters and irrigation enterprises in the foothill belt, Southern California. USGS Water Supply Paper Number 219. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC." year="1908">Mendenhall (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
estimated the area of the artesian belt and associated moist soil as 23 sq. miles prior to 1904. Various aspects of the hydrology and geology of the Chino Basin
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ciénegas">cienegas</normalizedToken>
|
||
have been summarized (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Truman, BC" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B37" refString="Truman, BC, 1874. Semi-tropical California: Its climate, healthfulness, productiveness, and scenery. A.L. Bancroft & Co., San Francisco." title="Semi-tropical California: Its climate, healthfulness, productiveness, and scenery. A. L. Bancroft & Co., San Francisco." year="1874">Truman 1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schuyler, JD" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B30" refString="Schuyler, JD, 1880. Appendix A. Report on Irrigation Works and Practice in Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties. Report of the State Engineer to the Legislature of the State of California. Part 4. J. D. Young, Supt. State Printing, Sacramento." title="Appendix A. Report on Irrigation Works and Practice in Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties. Report of the State Engineer to the Legislature of the State of California. Part 4. J. D. Young, Supt. State Printing, Sacramento." year="1880">Schuyler 1880</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hall, WH" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="B14" refString="Hall, WH, 1888b. Irrigation in California [Southern]. Part 2. Report of the State Engineer of California on the irrigation and the irrigation question. J. D. Young [etc.] supt. state printing Sacramento, CA." title="Irrigation in California [Southern]. Part 2. Report of the State Engineer of California on the irrigation and the irrigation question. J. D. Young [etc.] supt. state printing Sacramento, CA." year="1888 b">Hall 1888b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, Publishing Company" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="B21" refString="Lewis, Publishing Company, 1890. An illustrated history of Southern California. Lewis Publishing Company, Chicago, IL. http://archive.org/stream/illustratedhistofsc00lewipage/n5/mode/2up." title="An illustrated history of Southern California. Lewis Publishing Company, Chicago, IL. http: // archive. org / stream / illustratedhistofsc 00 lewi page / n 5 / mode / 2 up" year="1890">Lewis Publishing Company 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shinn, CH" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B31" refString="Shinn, CH, 1898. The Southern California Culture Sub-station. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 363-391." title="The Southern California Culture Sub-station. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 363 - 391." year="1898">Shinn 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mendenhall, WC" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B24" refString="Mendenhall, WC, 1905. The Hydrology of the San Bernardino Valley. USGS Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper Number 142. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 47-48." title="The Hydrology of the San Bernardino Valley. USGS Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper Number 142. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 47 - 48." year="1905">Mendenhall 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mendenhall, WC" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B25" refString="Mendenhall, WC, 1907. US Geological Survey map showing the artesian areas and hydrographic contours in the valley of Southern California. Water Supply Paper No. 219. Plate 3. US Geological Survey, Washington: Department of the Interior. 1:250,000. Made available by the Department of Geography,
University of Alabama: http://alabamamaps.ua.edu/index.html." title="US Geological Survey map showing the artesian areas and hydrographic contours in the valley of Southern California. Water Supply Paper No. 219. Plate 3. US Geological Survey, Washington: Department of the Interior. 1: 250,000. Made available by the Department of Geography,
University of Alabama: http: // alabamamaps. ua. edu / index. html" year="1907">1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mendenhall, WC" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B26" refString="Mendenhall, WC, 1908. Ground waters and irrigation enterprises in the foothill belt, Southern California. USGS Water Supply Paper Number 219. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC." title="Ground waters and irrigation enterprises in the foothill belt, Southern California. USGS Water Supply Paper Number 219. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC." year="1908">1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hilgard, EW" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="B19" refString="Hilgard, EW, Loughridge, RH, 1906. Nature, value, and utilization of alkali lands, and tolerance of alkali by cultures. Agricultural Experiment Station, revised reprint of bulletins nos. 128 and 133 (Dec. 1905). State Printing Office, Sacramento, CA." title="Nature, value, and utilization of alkali lands, and tolerance of alkali by cultures. Agricultural Experiment Station, revised reprint of bulletins nos. 128 and 133 (Dec. 1905). State Printing Office, Sacramento, CA." year="1906">Hilgard and Loughridge 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1908,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Troxell, HC" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B36" refString="Troxell, HC, 1957. Water resources of Southern California with special reference to the drought of 1944-51. Geological survey water-supply paper 1366. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC." title="Water resources of Southern California with special reference to the drought of 1944 - 51. Geological survey water-supply paper 1366. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC." year="1957">Troxell 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Historically, the water table in the vicinity of the artesian spring belt was 6-35 feet below ground (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, Publishing Company" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="B21" refString="Lewis, Publishing Company, 1890. An illustrated history of Southern California. Lewis Publishing Company, Chicago, IL. http://archive.org/stream/illustratedhistofsc00lewipage/n5/mode/2up." title="An illustrated history of Southern California. Lewis Publishing Company, Chicago, IL. http: // archive. org / stream / illustratedhistofsc 00 lewi page / n 5 / mode / 2 up" year="1890">Lewis Publishing Company 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) The soils within the spring belt, which are largely alkali silt loams, retained moisture throughout much of the year, and as a consequence were extraordinarily important to Southern California agriculture (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peffer, WA" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B29" refString="Peffer, WA, 1894. Chino sugar factory (letter to Senator WA Peffer from R. Gird). Agricultural depression: causes and remedies. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 145-154." title="Chino sugar factory (letter to Senator WA Peffer from R. Gird). Agricultural depression: causes and remedies. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 145 - 154." year="1894">Peffer 1894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shinn, CH" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B31" refString="Shinn, CH, 1898. The Southern California Culture Sub-station. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 363-391." title="The Southern California Culture Sub-station. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 363 - 391." year="1898">Shinn 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nelson, JW" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B28" refString="Nelson, JW, 1917. Soil survey of the Riverside area, California. USGS. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 74." title="Soil survey of the Riverside area, California. USGS. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 74." year="1917">Nelson 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Based on soil maps, four of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurrences are on Chino silt loam. Both of the occurrences that are not on Chino Silt Loam, one on Grangeville fine sandy loam, the other on Hilmar loamy fine sand, are less than 30 feet from Chino silt loam according to soil maps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SoilWeb," journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B32" refString="SoilWeb, , 2013. An Online Soil Survey Browser. http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/drupal/node/902." title="An Online Soil Survey Browser. http: // casoilresource. lawr. ucdavis. edu / drupal / node / 902" year="2013">SoilWeb 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurrences seem to be strongly associated with Chino silt loam; an analysis of soil at occupied sites has not been performed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
On Edison Rd.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was discovered in a sidewalk tree basin on Chino silt loam. In that area, the soil is pale gray, with occasional small patches of fluffy salt crust. Disturbed alkali playa habitat was observed nearby, with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Heliotropium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="curassivicum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heliotropium curassivicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Heliotropium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="europaeum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heliotropium europaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.H.Persoon" authorityYear="1805" class="Actinopteri" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dactylon">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cynodon dactylon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Pers.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Chenopodiaceae" genus="Chenopodium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Centrospermae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="berlandieri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chenopodium berlandieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Moq.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Malvella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="leprosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Malvella leprosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Ortega) Krapov.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="arvensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Convolvulus arvensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L., and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Centrospermae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="palmeri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Amaranthus palmeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
S. Watson. Also nearby was a sparsely vegetated earth-bottom ditch with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Conyza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Conyza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strictum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lepidium strictum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(S. Watson) Rattan, and old fields with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Secale" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Graminales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="cereale">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Secale cereale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a diverse group of weedy native and introduced forbs. Native plant species documented within 400 m of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calystegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
site include:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Centrospermae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="palmeri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Amaranthus palmeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ambrosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="psilostachya">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ambrosia psilostachya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
DC.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J.G.C.Lehmann" authorityYear="1831" class="Eudicots" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Amsinckia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Boraginales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Amsinckia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Chenopodiaceae" genus="Atriplex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Centrospermae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="serenana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Atriplex serenana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Abrams,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Baccharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salicifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Baccharis salicifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Ruiz and Pav.) Pers.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Chenopodiaceae" genus="Chenopodium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Centrospermae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="berlandieri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chenopodium berlandieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtiflorae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="brachycarpum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Epilobium brachycarpum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
C. Presl.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtiflorae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="ciliatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Epilobium ciliatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Raf.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Oleales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="velutina">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fraxinus velutina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="start">Torr</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. A. Anderberg" authorityYear="1991" baseAuthorityName="DC." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pseudognaphalium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="californicum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pseudognaphalium californicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(DC.) Anderb.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Heliotropium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="curassivicum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heliotropium curassivicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monothalamea" family="Lagynidae" genus="Heterotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="" order="Allogromiida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heterotheca grandiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Nutt.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Malacothrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Malacothrix saxatilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Malvella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="leprosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Malvella leprosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mill.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Although seeds and rhizomes can be moved around in many ways, we contend that invoking accidental transport of stem fragments or seed by humans is not the most parsimonious explanation for the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the City of Chino, since the species is known nowhere else. While we have no direct proof, we think the recently discovered
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations represent plants that have emerged from latent, long-lived seed banks or roots following a return to "moist soil" conditions (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Calystegia felix climbing upward through urban landscaping in the City of Chino (Photo M. C. Provance, 2013)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10538" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Emergent Calystegia felix on crusted, moist, Chino silt loam, amongst urban landscaping. It is unknown if large groups of emergent plants such as these represent one to just a few clones, or many genotypes (Photo M. C. Provance, 2013)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10539" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">, 9</figureCitation>
|
||
), similar to those in the historical record. Buried seeds of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sepium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Calystegia sepium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have retained high levels of viability after 39 years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bond, W" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="B2" refString="Bond, W, Davies, G, Turner, R, 2007. The biology and non-chemical control of hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br.). DEFRA Organic Weed Management Project OF0315 http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/organicweeds/downloads/calystegia sepium.pdf." title="The biology and non-chemical control of hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br.). DEFRA Organic Weed Management Project OF 0315 http: // www. gardenorganic. org. uk / organicweeds / downloads / calystegia sepium. pdf" year="2007">Bond et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have similar longevity. If changes in soil moisture regimes are occurring (i.e.becoming wetter), horticultural practices within the urban environment are likely the cause. We have not investigated soil moisture in Chino experimentally, but we observed an apparent moisture gradient. The success we have had locating new occurrences of this rare plant in developed areas contrasts sharply with our failure to locate occurrences in undeveloped visually drier areas. While we are not sure of the significance at this point, it seems noteworthy that each of the sites currently supporting
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were, based on aerial images (Google Earth V.2.1.6014b), completely stripped of their vegetation at some point between 4 and 11 years ago).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10538" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
climbing upward through urban landscaping in the City of Chino (Photo M. C. Provance, 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10539" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Emergent
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on crusted, moist, Chino silt loam, amongst urban landscaping. It is unknown if large groups of emergent plants such as these represent one to just a few clones, or many genotypes (Photo M. C. Provance, 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Historical information and early herbarium collections suggest that the Chino Basin originally had vegetation of wet meadow and alkali meadows dominated by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saururaceae" genus="Anemopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Piperales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Anemopsis californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Nutt.) Hook. & Arn., with perennial grasses, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Elymus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Graminales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="triticoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Elymus triticoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Buckley,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Sporobolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Graminales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="airoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sporobolus airoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Torr.) Torr., and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Distichlis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spicata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distichlis spicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Greene, and herbs such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trifolium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="willdenovii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Trifolium willdenovii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Spreng.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trifolium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wormskioldii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Trifolium wormskioldii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Lehm., and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="annuus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Helianthus annuus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. In addition, there were small bodies of open water, alkali and freshwater marshes, alkali scrub, alkali grassland, alkali playa, moist stream banks, and willow thickets. There were also phreatophytic woodland communities of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Salicales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Populus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Platanaceae" genus="Platanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="racemosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Platanus racemosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Nutt. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Truman, BC" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B37" refString="Truman, BC, 1874. Semi-tropical California: Its climate, healthfulness, productiveness, and scenery. A.L. Bancroft & Co., San Francisco." title="Semi-tropical California: Its climate, healthfulness, productiveness, and scenery. A. L. Bancroft & Co., San Francisco." year="1874">Truman 1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The spring-belt wetlands were collectively referred to as
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“ciénega-lands”">"cienega-lands"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hilgard, EW" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="B16" refString="Hilgard, EW, 1889. Reports of examinations of waters, water supply, and related subjects in and during the years of 1886-89. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 33." title="Reports of examinations of waters, water supply, and related subjects in and during the years of 1886 - 89. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 33." year="1889">Hilgard 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Common sunflower (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Helianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="annuus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Helianthus annuus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is frequently mentioned in the early literature as a common species on alkali soils in the Chino Basin, and was considered indigenous (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Davy, JB" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="B11" refString="Davy, JB, 1898. Natural vegetation of alkali lands. The Southern California culture sub-station. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 63-76." title="Natural vegetation of alkali lands. The Southern California culture sub-station. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 63 - 76." year="1898">Davy 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The topography just north of the Santa Ana River was reportedly hummocky (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nelson, JW" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B28" refString="Nelson, JW, 1917. Soil survey of the Riverside area, California. USGS. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 74." title="Soil survey of the Riverside area, California. USGS. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 74." year="1917">Nelson 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and may have been supportive of vernal pools. Most fine-scale relief in the basin has probably been lost to disking and grazing cattle, but the north part of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ciénega">cienega</normalizedToken>
|
||
belt was reportedly rather smooth.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mendenhall, WC" journalOrPublisher="Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="B24" refString="Mendenhall, WC, 1905. The Hydrology of the San Bernardino Valley. USGS Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper Number 142. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 47-48." title="The Hydrology of the San Bernardino Valley. USGS Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper Number 142. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 47 - 48." year="1905">Mendenhall (1905)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
commented:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">"The lands just above this</emphasis>
|
||
[above the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ciénega-lands">cienega-lands</normalizedToken>
|
||
]
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">are flat and often ill drained. The waters rising and evaporating here, under the influence of the effective southern sun, leave behind them their salt content, and thus alkali lands may result"</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Thus, much of the landscape represented a mosaic of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ciénega">cienega</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ciénega-creek">cienega-creek</normalizedToken>
|
||
associated palustrine communities. The historical natural vegetation of the City of Chino cannot easily be envisioned because of past and current development. For example, a satellite of the University of California Agricultural Experiment Station called the "Ten Acre Tract" used to be in Chino and experiments related to growing crops on
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">alkali</pageBreakToken>
|
||
soil were conducted there. This property was described as being dominated by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saururaceae" genus="Anemopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Piperales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anemopsis californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hilgard & Loughridge 1896), which indicates that it was likely alkali marsh. The Ten Acre Tract is now occupied by industrial buildings and offices. However, taxa highly indicative of alkaline marsh and alkaline meadow have persisted in unusual places. For instance, we documented a number of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saururaceae" genus="Anemopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Piperales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anemopsis californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
persisting in plantings of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Hedera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="helix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hedera helix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
along a sidewalk in northeast Chino near the Ontario border, just within the mapped historical limits of moist ground. The following
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="16" start="start">year</pageBreakToken>
|
||
we found
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Provance & A. C. Sanders" authorityYear="2013" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Calystegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
growing in a sidewalk planter across the street from the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saururaceae" genus="Anemopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Piperales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anemopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
site, in similar urban landscaping. We think other remnants of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ciénega">cienega</normalizedToken>
|
||
flora may persist in Chino.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Conservation" lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Conservation</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Calystegia felix</emphasis>
|
||
is endemic to Southern California, extirpated in Los Angeles County, and now likely confined to the Chino Basin in San Bernardino County. It is doubtless at high risk of soon becoming extinct in the wild. This is due to
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="16" pageNumber="17" start="start">hydrological</pageBreakToken>
|
||
changes in the Chino Basin, including the paving of streams, lowering of the water table, and loss of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ciénega">cienega</normalizedToken>
|
||
habitat, including vegetation associated with marshes, meadows, grasslands and alkaline playas; and encroaching commercial, industrial, residential developments, and public works projects. Large areas of habitat have already been transformed. Six extant occurrences are now known, with an estimated 200 ramets emerging in 2013 at a single location near Chino Creek. However, those plants likely represent clones, as do the about 50 ramets at the other sites. Based on there being few known populations, a limited overall distribution, and a small number of individuals in existence, we suggest a conservation status of Critically Endangered (CR). Upon discovering the plants along Edison Road, it was obvious they were in imminent danger of being destroyed by impending grading and trenching for the burial of high-voltage power lines. We initially thought that these plants represented a single clone, but two ramet-specific flower color morphs, seed production, and spatial separation of clusters of emergent stems, suggest that two or more genotypes are present. Over the short term, Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Gardens has been contracted to conduct ex-situ propagation of rhizomes from the Edison Road population, and a few other plants are being cultivated in private and institutional gardens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |