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<document id="D2FAC156F91B0B62CC7D463183A7C953" ID-CLB-Dataset="125516" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2022.2097137" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6bd07628-b081-477b-97b0-25966e41f76d" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012240" ID-ZooBank="120AC180-D4AC-433F-B3A0-BB96C6962DB4" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1660990573256" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Grau, José Horacio, Almeida, Ana Laura, Sluys, Ronald &amp; Carbayo, Fernando" docDate="2022" docId="537E87D1C9551D30729FF608FF8806F2" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.56.13-16.947-967.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 56 (13 - 16)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2097137" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Mapuplana guttulata Grau &amp; Almeida &amp; Sluys &amp; Carbayo 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="958" masterDocId="AF47FFA9C9561D3B7342F524FE090768" masterDocTitle="A new genus and two new species of land planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from Southern Chile" masterLastPageNumber="967" masterPageNumber="947" pageNumber="950" updateTime="1699370733623" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="EAAE93E191C85A0054DC7CA5209028B6">A new genus and two new species of land planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from Southern Chile</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="340BC3107CC6CEB76231BA316003791A">Grau, José Horacio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="814F4BD2FC862A4213440D70CB681FA2">Almeida, Ana Laura</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D59CDFBFD95440E230FE81390A517785">Sluys, Ronald</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="08EE2A5802180CA23614065A541857B5">Carbayo, Fernando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="FCD793A2C3F48283CDEF85D34E90D0A4">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0CB555D8B992C92E6F55B3C2B2BC462E">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5A4257C132CE44A26C8B980D2DB69715">2022-08-03</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D2002BF698065CCB430EA26B01AF0EA6">56</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="5838738F42E4B1657F5C611994639BE0">13 - 16</mods:number>
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<treatment id="537E87D1C9551D30729FF608FF8806F2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012248" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199507405" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012248" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:537E87D1C9551D30729FF608FF8806F2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/537E87D1C9551D30729FF608FF8806F2" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="958" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">
<subSubSection id="93CD654CC9551D38729FF608FD4E042E" box="[477,839,812,838]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9551D38729FF608FD4E042E" blockId="3.[477,839,812,838]" box="[477,839,812,838]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">
<heading id="802081ABC9551D38729FF608FD4E042E" box="[477,839,812,838]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="1CD74D44C9551D38729FF608FCED042E" authority="Grau &amp; Almeida &amp; Sluys &amp; Carbayo, 2022" authorityName="Grau &amp; Almeida &amp; Sluys &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2022" box="[477,740,812,838]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Mapuplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="guttulata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9551D38729FF608FCED042E" bold="true" box="[477,740,812,838]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">Mapuplana guttulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F29057AEC9551D3871A9F608FD4E042E" box="[747,839,812,838]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="93CD654CC9551D3873E2F6B7FC2D0315" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9551D3873E2F6B7FF7604C5" blockId="3.[160,1157,915,1149]" box="[160,383,915,941]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9551D3873E2F6B7FF7604C5" bold="true" box="[160,383,915,941]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">Material examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9551D3873E2F691FC2D0315" blockId="3.[160,1157,915,1149]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">
<materialsCitation id="6BBF3C9AC9551D3873E2F691FC2D0315" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3890646304" collectingDate="2010-12-12" collectorName="F. Carbayo &amp; Transverse" country="Chile" latitude="-38.0" location="Monumento Natural Contulmo" longLatPrecision="70" longitude="-73.183" municipality="Puren" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Araucania" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="046C8865C9551D3873E2F691FF0704A7" box="[160,270,949,975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
MNHNCL PLAT-15045 (Field code, F4906).
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,
<collectingMunicipality id="3B0CACBDC9551D3873E2F6FDFEEF049A" box="[160,230,985,1010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">Purén</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="1913F825C9551D3873BCF6FDFC31049A" box="[254,568,985,1010]" country="Chile" name="Araucania" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">Región de La Araucanía</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="A3C07657C9551D38710DF6FDFC85049A" box="[591,652,985,1010]" name="Chile" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">Chile</collectingCountry>
, (
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,
<geoCoordinate id="BEE35000C9551D387065F6FDFD91049A" box="[807,920,985,1010]" degrees="73.183" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" precision="55" value="-73.183">73.183°W</geoCoordinate>
), coll.
<collectorName id="76225311C9551D3870BAF6FDFA88049A" box="[1016,1153,985,1010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">F. Carbayo</collectorName>
,
<date id="AF691007C9551D3873E2F6D8FF70037D" box="[160,377,1020,1045]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" value="2010-12-12">
<collectingDate id="BF2DE9EFC9551D3873E2F6D8FF70037D" box="[160,377,1020,1045]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" value="2010-12-12">12 December 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
.
<collectorName id="76225311C9551D3872C6F6D8FFF2037D" box="[388,507,1020,1045]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">Transverse</collectorName>
sections of the cephalic and ovarian region on 31 slides; horizontal sections of a portion behind the cephalic region on 25 slides; transverse sections of the pre-pharyngeal region on 17 slides; sagittal sections of the pharynx and copulatory apparatus on 62 slides.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="93CD654CC9551D3873E2F19CFA280235" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9551D3873E2F19CFF1D03BA" blockId="3.[160,1156,1208,1373]" box="[160,276,1208,1234]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9551D3873E2F19CFF1D03BA" bold="true" box="[160,276,1208,1234]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9551D3873E2F1F8FA280235" blockId="3.[160,1156,1208,1373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">
Species of
<taxonomicName id="1CD74D44C9551D387258F1F8FF9E039D" authorityName="Grau &amp; Almeida &amp; Sluys &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2022" box="[282,407,1244,1269]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Mapuplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9551D387258F1F8FF9E039D" box="[282,407,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">Mapuplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
measuring about
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in length; yellowish dorsum with a dark, minutely reticulated pattern. Ventral cutaneous musculature is thickest in parasagittal planes. Male atrium twice as long as the female atrium. Entire length of the female genital duct receives openings of shell glands. Gonoduct vertical. Female atrium ovoid.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="93CD654CC9551D3873E2F0BCFA480172" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9551D3873E2F0BCFF3F02DA" bold="true" box="[160,310,1432,1458]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">Type locality</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9551D3873E2F098FA480172" blockId="3.[160,1155,1432,1562]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">
Monumento Natural Contulmo, Southern
<collectingCountry id="A3C07657C9551D38713FF098FCB102BD" box="[637,696,1468,1493]" name="Chile" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">Chile</collectingCountry>
. This small natural reservation (82 ha) is one of the few protected fragments of native forest in the region. The area is dominated by the
<taxonomicName id="1CD74D44C9551D3873B2F325FF660172" box="[240,367,1537,1562]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9551D3873B2F325FF660172" box="[240,367,1537,1562]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">Nothofagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
temperate rainforest, receiving up to
<quantity id="1C2F9B22C9551D38705EF325FD8F0172" box="[796,902,1537,1562]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" unit="mm" value="1500.0">1500 mm</quantity>
of rain per year.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="93CD654CC9551D3873E2F371FC4201DD" pageId="3" pageNumber="950" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9551D3873E2F371FF140107" blockId="3.[160,1155,1621,1717]" box="[160,285,1621,1647]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9551D3873E2F371FF140107" bold="true" box="[160,285,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9551D3873E2F35DFC4201DD" blockId="3.[160,1155,1621,1717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">
The specific epithet is derived from the Latin
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9551D3871DAF35DFCEE01FA" box="[664,743,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="950">guttula</emphasis>
, meaning droplet, and alludes to the dots and marks adorning the dorsum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="93CD654CC9521D3073E2F5AAFF8806F2" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="958" pageId="4" pageNumber="951" type="description">
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9521D3F73E2F5AAFF2F07C0" blockId="4.[160,1157,142,1104]" box="[160,294,142,168]" pageId="4" pageNumber="951">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9521D3F73E2F5AAFF2F07C0" bold="true" box="[160,294,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="951">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9521D3F73E2F595FCCD05D8" blockId="4.[160,1157,142,1104]" pageId="4" pageNumber="951">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9521D3F73E2F595FF9407A3" bold="true" box="[160,413,177,203]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="951">External appearance.</emphasis>
The live specimen measured approximately
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in length and
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in width, while preserved it was
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long,
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wide, and
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thick. The body is lanceolate, with the dorsum convex and the ventral side being only slightly convex. From about halfway along its length, the body tapers towards the front end, giving rise to a narrow head with a rounded anterior margin. Posteriorly, the body first widens and then tapers, thus acquiring the shape of a broad arrowhead (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9521D3F72D8F4A6FFF406F3" box="[410,509,386,411]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1580,1603]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,1181,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-349@4.[163,1153,1180,1549]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Mapuplana guttulata. Photographs of the live holotype in dorsal (a, b) and ventral (c) views. Scale bars not available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012246/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="951">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(a)). In resting position, the dorsal surface is more or less corrugated, ie provided with wrinkles and folds. The ground colour of the dorsum is pastel yellow (RAL 1034), and it is adorned with scarce yellow-orange (RAL 2000) specks and numerous, small red-orange (RAL 2001) marks forming a minutely reticulated pattern (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9521D3F7164F728FC85054D" box="[550,652,524,549]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1580,1603]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,1181,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-349@4.[163,1153,1180,1549]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Mapuplana guttulata. Photographs of the live holotype in dorsal (a, b) and ventral (c) views. Scale bars not available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012246/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="951">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(a,b)). A broad mid-dorsal stripe (11% of body width) grades from yellow-orange at mid-body to red-orange at the extremities of the body. This median stripe is composed of two thinner lines in some regions of the body. The ventral surface bears the same colour pattern as the dorsal surface, albeit the median band is lighter (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9521D3F7178F7B3FC9205D8" box="[570,667,663,688]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[160,225,1580,1603]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,1181,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-349@4.[163,1153,1180,1549]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Mapuplana guttulata. Photographs of the live holotype in dorsal (a, b) and ventral (c) views. Scale bars not available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012246/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="951">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(c)).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9521D3F7382F79EFFD504CB" blockId="4.[160,1157,142,1104]" pageId="4" pageNumber="951">
The eyes are monolobated, ranging between 45 and 82 µm in diameter. The eyecups are distributed in a single-to-double marginal row, contouring the very anterior body margin and extending on either side of the body to the posterior margin. Sensory pits are absent. Instead, spots of cilia, housed in slight depressions, are located at the ventro-lateral portion of the cephalic region (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9521D3F70EAF660FA020435" box="[936,1035,836,861]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1534,1557]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,863,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-220@5.[163,1153,862,1503]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs of histological sections. (a) Transverse section of the cephalic region, showing the sensory depression (arrowhead); (b–d) transverse sections of the prepharyngeal region; (e, f) horizontal sections showing cutaneous and parenchymal muscles (anterior at the top)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012250/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="951">Figure 3</figureCitation>
(a)). These sensory depressions are rare and inconspicuous, and were not observed in the anterior-most body region.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9521D3F7382F688FF490338" blockId="4.[160,1157,142,1104]" pageId="4" pageNumber="951">The width of the creeping sole was difficult to measure in the pre-pharyngeal region because of the abundant erythrophil secretion adhering to the ventral surface, but it occupies 57% of the body width in the cephalic region. Relative position of the mouth: body length is 61% in relation to the anterior tip of the body; that of the gonopore:body length is 78%.</paragraph>
<caption id="8FA8664FC9521D3F73E2F308FF990109" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012246" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012246/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="951" startId="4.[160,225,1580,1603]" targetBox="[164,1151,1181,1548]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9521D3F73E2F308FF990109" blockId="4.[160,1157,1580,1633]" pageId="4" pageNumber="951">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9521D3F73E2F308FEF0012B" bold="true" box="[160,249,1580,1603]" pageId="4" pageNumber="951">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1CD74D44C9521D3F7242F308FFC5012B" authorityName="Grau &amp; Almeida &amp; Sluys &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2022" box="[256,460,1580,1603]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Mapuplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="4" pageNumber="951" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="guttulata">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9521D3F7242F308FFC5012B" box="[256,460,1580,1603]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="951">Mapuplana guttulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Photographs of the live holotype in dorsal (a, b) and ventral (c) views. Scale bars not available.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9531D3E73E2F5AAFD3F065B" blockId="5.[160,1155,142,307]" pageId="5" pageNumber="952">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9531D3E73E2F5AAFFFE07C0" bold="true" box="[160,503,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="952">Epidermis and its secretions.</emphasis>
The epidermis is pierced by openings of
<specimenCount id="CDD1FD4EC9531D3E70A0F5ABFA6A07C0" box="[994,1123,143,168]" pageId="5" pageNumber="952" type="generic" typeStatus="types">three types</specimenCount>
of gland cells, producing erythrophil, cyanophil and xanthophil granules, respectively, with the erythrophil
<typeStatus id="046C8865C9531D3E7212F5F0FF8B0785" box="[336,386,212,237]" pageId="5" pageNumber="952">type</typeStatus>
being very abundant ventrally. In addition, rhabditogen cells pierce the dorsal and marginal portions of the epidermis. All
<typeStatus id="046C8865C9531D3E7048F5D3FD4F0678" box="[778,838,247,272]" pageId="5" pageNumber="952">types</typeStatus>
of glands are scarcer in the cephalic region. A glandular margin is absent (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9531D3E71ECF43EFD02065B" box="[686,779,282,307]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1534,1557]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,863,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-220@5.[163,1153,862,1503]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs of histological sections. (a) Transverse section of the cephalic region, showing the sensory depression (arrowhead); (b–d) transverse sections of the prepharyngeal region; (e, f) horizontal sections showing cutaneous and parenchymal muscles (anterior at the top)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012250/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="952">Figure 3</figureCitation>
(b)).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9531D3E73E2F44AFFC6046D" blockId="5.[160,1156,366,773]" pageId="5" pageNumber="952">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9531D3E73E2F44AFFC006E0" bold="true" box="[160,457,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="952">Cutaneous musculature.</emphasis>
In the pre-pharyngeal region, the cutaneous musculature comprises three layers, namely a subepidermal circular layer (5–7.5 µm thick), followed by a double layer (12.5–20 µm) with decussate fibres, and a strong, innermost longitudinal muscle layer (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9531D3E7207F4F3FFAE0698" box="[325,423,471,496]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1534,1557]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,863,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-220@5.[163,1153,862,1503]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs of histological sections. (a) Transverse section of the cephalic region, showing the sensory depression (arrowhead); (b–d) transverse sections of the prepharyngeal region; (e, f) horizontal sections showing cutaneous and parenchymal muscles (anterior at the top)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012250/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="952">Figure 3</figureCitation>
(c)). The longitudinal musculature is 80 µm thick dorsally and 400 µm ventrally; dorsally, the fibres are gathered in large bundles (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9531D3E70B7F4DEFA53057B" box="[1013,1114,506,531]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1534,1557]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,863,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-220@5.[163,1153,862,1503]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs of histological sections. (a) Transverse section of the cephalic region, showing the sensory depression (arrowhead); (b–d) transverse sections of the prepharyngeal region; (e, f) horizontal sections showing cutaneous and parenchymal muscles (anterior at the top)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012250/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="952">Figure 3</figureCitation>
(c)). Ventrally the longitudinal musculature is divided into a subepidermal portion, which is about 65 µm thick and composed of small bundles, and a sunken dense portion, located beneath the cutaneous nerve plexus that measures 335 µm in thickness (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9531D3E7091F746FA390513" box="[979,1072,610,635]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1534,1557]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,863,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-220@5.[163,1153,862,1503]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs of histological sections. (a) Transverse section of the cephalic region, showing the sensory depression (arrowhead); (b–d) transverse sections of the prepharyngeal region; (e, f) horizontal sections showing cutaneous and parenchymal muscles (anterior at the top)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012250/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="952">Figure 3</figureCitation>
(d,f)). In the pre-pharyngeal region of the body the cutaneous musculature thickness relative to the body height (abbreviated CMI) corresponds to 12.5% in the mid-sagittal plane. This value increases to 20% in parasagittal planes, due to an increase in the thickness of this musculature (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9531D3E7278F7C8FF91046D" box="[314,408,748,773]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1534,1557]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,863,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-220@5.[163,1153,862,1503]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs of histological sections. (a) Transverse section of the cephalic region, showing the sensory depression (arrowhead); (b–d) transverse sections of the prepharyngeal region; (e, f) horizontal sections showing cutaneous and parenchymal muscles (anterior at the top)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012250/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="952">Figure 3</figureCitation>
(d,f)).
</paragraph>
<caption id="8FA8664FC9531D3E73E2F0DAFEFF0105" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012250" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012250/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="952" startId="5.[160,225,1534,1557]" targetBox="[164,1151,863,1501]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9531D3E73E2F0DAFEFF0105" blockId="5.[160,1156,1534,1645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="952">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9531D3E73E2F0DAFEF5017D" bold="true" box="[160,252,1534,1557]" pageId="5" pageNumber="952">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1CD74D44C9531D3E7246F0DAFFDA017D" authorityName="Grau &amp; Almeida &amp; Sluys &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2022" box="[260,467,1534,1557]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Mapuplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="5" pageNumber="952" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="guttulata">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9531D3E7246F0DAFFDA017D" box="[260,467,1534,1557]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="952">Mapuplana guttulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Photomicrographs of histological sections. (a) Transverse section of the cephalic region, showing the sensory depression (arrowhead); (b–d) transverse sections of the prepharyngeal region; (e, f) horizontal sections showing cutaneous and parenchymal muscles (anterior at the top).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9501D3D73E2F5AAFA0F065B" blockId="6.[160,1155,142,307]" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9501D3D73E2F5AAFFD207C0" bold="true" box="[160,475,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">Parenchymal musculature.</emphasis>
There are four parenchymal muscle layers, viz. a dorsal layer of decussate fibres (30 µm thick, 1.0% of the body height), a supraintestinal layer (70– 80 µm) of transverse fibres, a subintestinal transverse muscle layer (65–83 µm), and a fourth, subneural layer with diagonal decussate fibres (90–120 µm); the subneural layer is embedded in the insunk ventral cutaneous muscle layer (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9501D3D703CF43EFDD2065B" box="[894,987,282,307]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1534,1557]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,863,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-220@5.[163,1153,862,1503]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs of histological sections. (a) Transverse section of the cephalic region, showing the sensory depression (arrowhead); (b–d) transverse sections of the prepharyngeal region; (e, f) horizontal sections showing cutaneous and parenchymal muscles (anterior at the top)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012250/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">Figure 3</figureCitation>
(d)).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9501D3D73E2F44AFA390423" blockId="6.[160,1155,366,843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9501D3D73E2F44AFC1706E0" bold="true" box="[160,542,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">Musculature in cephalic region.</emphasis>
In the cephalic region, the musculature is relatively stronger than in the pre-pharyngeal region and it is also organised differently (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9501D3D7758F4B6FA7F06C3" box="[1050,1142,402,427]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1306,1329]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,1263]" captionTargetId="figure-98@7.[163,1153,142,1274]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs of transverse sections of the anterior region of the body, located at (a) 1000 µm, (b)900 µm, (c, d) 500 µm, and (e, f) 400 µm from the anterior extremity of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012252/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">Figure 4</figureCitation>
). At
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from the anterior tip of the body, the ventral sunken longitudinal musculature is concentrated along the longitudinal body axis, so that it occupies about 67% of the body width, while the subepidermal portion represents 63% (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9501D3D7054F4DEFD7A057B" box="[790,883,506,531]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1306,1329]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,1263]" captionTargetId="figure-98@7.[163,1153,142,1274]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs of transverse sections of the anterior region of the body, located at (a) 1000 µm, (b)900 µm, (c, d) 500 µm, and (e, f) 400 µm from the anterior extremity of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012252/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">Figure 4</figureCitation>
(a)); in this region CMI is 35%. At 460 µm from the anterior tip of the body, the width of the subepidermal and sunken longitudinal muscle layers relative to body width and CMI decreases to 58% and 34%, respectively (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9501D3D722CF746FFC00513" box="[366,457,610,635]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1306,1329]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,1263]" captionTargetId="figure-98@7.[163,1153,142,1274]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs of transverse sections of the anterior region of the body, located at (a) 1000 µm, (b)900 µm, (c, d) 500 µm, and (e, f) 400 µm from the anterior extremity of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012252/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">Figure 4</figureCitation>
(c,d)); in this region of the body the transverse muscle fibres are relatively more abundant than in the pre-pharyngeal region, while the subneural muscle fibres are restricted to mid-body. In this region, the sunken fibres are apparently oriented obliquely towards the dorsal body surface and to the body margins, but the precise path followed by these fibres was not discernible beyond the central nervous system (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9501D3D776AF7C8FA8A046D" box="[1064,1155,748,773]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1306,1329]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,1263]" captionTargetId="figure-98@7.[163,1153,142,1274]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs of transverse sections of the anterior region of the body, located at (a) 1000 µm, (b)900 µm, (c, d) 500 µm, and (e, f) 400 µm from the anterior extremity of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012252/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">Figure 4</figureCitation>
(c)). At 100 µm from the anterior tip, the sunken portion of the ventral longitudinal cutaneous musculature is lacking, while the subepidermal portion is still present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9501D3D73E2F6A2FDBA0275" blockId="6.[160,1156,902,1309]" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9501D3D73E2F6A2FF0104C8" bold="true" box="[160,264,902,928]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">Pharynx.</emphasis>
The cylindrical pharynx is located at a short distance behind the middle of the body and projects out of the mouth opening, the latter situated at the posterior end of the pharyngeal pouch (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9501D3D72F1F6E8FC1A048D" box="[435,531,972,997]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[160,225,954,977]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,920]" captionTargetId="figure-240@8.[163,1153,142,922]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Mapuplana guttulata. (a) Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx and male copulatory organ; (b) photomicrograph of outer and inner pharyngeal musculature of the paratype; (c) diagrammatic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012256/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">Figure 5</figureCitation>
(a)). The oesophagus is
<quantity id="1C2F9B22C9501D3D7068F6E8FD8B048D" box="[810,898,972,997]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="953" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
long. The pharyngeal pouch musculature is composed of subepithelial longitudinal muscle fibres, followed by circular fibres. The outer pharyngeal musculature consists of a subepithelial longitudinal muscle layer (8 µm thick), followed by a layer of circular muscles (20–25 µm thick). Underneath this coat of muscles, there is a 200 µm thick layer of intermingled longitudinal and circular muscle fibres. The inner pharyngeal musculature consists of a single, subepithelial layer of intermingled circular and longitudinal fibres (120–225 µm thick) (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9501D3D73EAF19BFF0203B0" box="[168,267,1215,1240]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[160,225,954,977]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,920]" captionTargetId="figure-240@8.[163,1153,142,922]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Mapuplana guttulata. (a) Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx and male copulatory organ; (b) photomicrograph of outer and inner pharyngeal musculature of the paratype; (c) diagrammatic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012256/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">Figure 5</figureCitation>
(b)). Radial muscle fibres are also present. Two
<typeStatus id="046C8865C9501D3D7007F19BFD8B03B0" box="[837,898,1215,1240]" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">types</typeStatus>
of glands, producing granular erythrophil and xanthophil secretions, respectively, run through the parenchyma of the pharynx and discharge their contents at the tip of the pharynx.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9501D3D73E2F07DFEF7012B" blockId="6.[159,1155,1369,1707]" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9501D3D73E2F07DFFD3021B" bold="true" box="[160,474,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">Male reproductive system.</emphasis>
The globular testes, measuring 210–320 µm in diameter, are distributed in two rows on either side of the body between the supra-intestinal transversal parenchymatic muscle layer and the intestinal diverticula (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C9501D3D7061F0BBFD7702D0" box="[803,894,1439,1464]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1534,1557]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,863,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-220@5.[163,1153,862,1503]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs of histological sections. (a) Transverse section of the cephalic region, showing the sensory depression (arrowhead); (b–d) transverse sections of the prepharyngeal region; (e, f) horizontal sections showing cutaneous and parenchymal muscles (anterior at the top)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012250/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">Figure 3</figureCitation>
(b,c)). The anterior-most testes are located at a distance from the anterior tip of the body equivalent to 22% of the body length; the posterior-most testes are located at the equivalent of 50% of body length, as measured from the anterior margin, ie they are distributed anteriorly to the root of the pharynx.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9501D3D7382F368FA2C01C3" blockId="6.[159,1155,1369,1707]" pageId="6" pageNumber="953">The sperm ducts run immediately above the sub-intestinal parenchymal musculature and slightly laterally to the oviducts. Posterior to the pharynx, these ducts are sinuous and dilated, thus forming spermiducal vesicles, which are packed with spermatozoa.</paragraph>
<caption id="8FA8664FC9511D3C73E2F03EFF090204" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012252" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012252/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="954" startId="7.[160,225,1306,1329]" targetBox="[164,1151,143,1263]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9511D3C73E2F03EFF090204" blockId="7.[160,1156,1306,1388]" pageId="7" pageNumber="954">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9511D3C73E2F03EFEF30259" bold="true" box="[160,250,1306,1329]" pageId="7" pageNumber="954">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1CD74D44C9511D3C7242F03EFFC40259" authorityName="Grau &amp; Almeida &amp; Sluys &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2022" box="[256,461,1306,1329]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Mapuplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="954" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="guttulata">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C9511D3C7242F03EFFC40259" box="[256,461,1306,1329]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="954">Mapuplana guttulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Photomicrographs of transverse sections of the anterior region of the body, located at (a) 1000 µm, (b)900 µm, (c, d) 500 µm, and (e, f) 400 µm from the anterior extremity of the body.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C9511D337382F082FCF003CD" blockId="7.[160,1156,1446,1679]" lastBlockId="8.[160,1156,1095,1674]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="955" pageId="7" pageNumber="954">
The posterior portions of the spermiducal vesicles narrow considerably while curving postero-dorsad and, subsequently, communicate with a branch of one of the highly ramified glands of the tubular prostatic vesicle. This communication of the sperm ducts with the ducts of the prostatic glands takes place via a transitional canal lined with a low epithelium, which is surrounded by a 10 µm thick layer of circular muscle. These two glands consist of numerous ramified ducts, which measure 15–37 µm in diameter and are lined with a 37–40 µm high, ciliated epithelium. These ducts collect erythrophil and xanthophil granular secretions, produced by gland cells located all around the tubules (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C95E1D3373EAF14DFF0603EA" box="[168,271,1129,1154]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[160,225,954,977]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,920]" captionTargetId="figure-240@8.[163,1153,142,922]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Mapuplana guttulata. (a) Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx and male copulatory organ; (b) photomicrograph of outer and inner pharyngeal musculature of the paratype; (c) diagrammatic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012256/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="955">Figures 5</figureCitation>
(c) and 6(c,d)). The tubular glands join before opening into the very proximal, posterior portion of the prostatic vesicle (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C95E1D337136F1A8FCD903CD" box="[628,720,1164,1189]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[160,225,954,977]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,920]" captionTargetId="figure-240@8.[163,1153,142,922]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Mapuplana guttulata. (a) Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx and male copulatory organ; (b) photomicrograph of outer and inner pharyngeal musculature of the paratype; (c) diagrammatic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012256/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="955">Figure 5</figureCitation>
(c)).
</paragraph>
<caption id="8FA8664FC95E1D3373E2F69EFCD70363" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012256" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012256/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="955" startId="8.[160,225,954,977]" targetBox="[164,1151,143,920]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C95E1D3373E2F69EFCD70363" blockId="8.[160,1155,954,1035]" pageId="8" pageNumber="955">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C95E1D3373E2F69EFEF504B9" bold="true" box="[160,252,954,977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="955">Figure 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1CD74D44C95E1D337247F69EFFDD04B9" authorityName="Grau &amp; Almeida &amp; Sluys &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2022" box="[261,468,954,977]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Mapuplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="8" pageNumber="955" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="guttulata">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C95E1D337247F69EFFDD04B9" box="[261,468,954,977]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="955">Mapuplana guttulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (a) Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx and male copulatory organ; (b) photomicrograph of outer and inner pharyngeal musculature of the paratype; (c) diagrammatic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C95E1D337382F18BFDE5021D" blockId="8.[160,1156,1095,1674]" pageId="8" pageNumber="955">
The unpaired tubular prostatic vesicle follows a spiralling trajectory (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C95E1D3370FFF18BFA2A03A0" box="[957,1059,1199,1224]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[160,225,954,977]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,920]" captionTargetId="figure-240@8.[163,1153,142,922]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Mapuplana guttulata. (a) Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx and male copulatory organ; (b) photomicrograph of outer and inner pharyngeal musculature of the paratype; (c) diagrammatic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012256/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="955">Figures 5</figureCitation>
(c) and 6 (b,c)) before it penetrates the ventral musculature of the common muscle coat and, subsequently, ascends to open into the ejaculatory duct. The proximal, anterior portion of the prostatic vesicle measures 35–50 µm in diameter, while its distal section measures 10–18 µm (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C95E1D337262F01DFF81023A" box="[288,392,1337,1362]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[160,225,954,977]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,920]" captionTargetId="figure-240@8.[163,1153,142,922]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Mapuplana guttulata. (a) Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx and male copulatory organ; (b) photomicrograph of outer and inner pharyngeal musculature of the paratype; (c) diagrammatic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012256/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="955">Figures 5</figureCitation>
(c) and 6(b,c)). The prostatic vesicle is lined with a cuboidal, ciliated epithelium and is surrounded by a 50–75 µm thick layer of circular muscle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C95E1D337382F05BFC8E0168" blockId="8.[160,1156,1095,1674]" pageId="8" pageNumber="955">On its way through the penis papilla, this duct doubles its diameter to 60 µm before narrowing again to open at the tip of the papilla through an opening with a diameter of about 5 µm. The ejaculatory duct is lined with a ciliated epithelium and is surrounded by a 30 µm thick layer of circular musculature.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C95E1D327382F32DFC550480" blockId="8.[160,1156,1095,1674]" lastBlockId="9.[159,1156,906,1451]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="956" pageId="8" pageNumber="955">
The small penis papilla is conical, with its length corresponding to about 9% of the length of the male atrium (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C95E1D33729BF308FC48012D" box="[473,577,1580,1605]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[160,225,954,977]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,920]" captionTargetId="figure-240@8.[163,1153,142,922]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Mapuplana guttulata. (a) Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx and male copulatory organ; (b) photomicrograph of outer and inner pharyngeal musculature of the paratype; (c) diagrammatic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012256/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="955">Figures 5</figureCitation>
(c) and 6(e)). This papilla projects from the anterodorsal portion of the male atrium and points postero-ventrally; it is covered with an infranucleated epithelium, which is pierced by
<specimenCount id="CDD1FD4EC95E1D33719AF355FD4401E2" box="[728,845,1649,1674]" pageId="8" pageNumber="955" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of gland cells, producing xanthophil and cyanophil granules, respectively. The epithelium of the penis papilla is underlain by a 17–20 µm thick, subepithelial layer of circular muscle, followed by a 15– 33 µm thick layer of longitudinal fibres.
</paragraph>
<caption id="8FA8664FC95F1D3273E2F7DFFA350447" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012258" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012258/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="956" startId="9.[160,225,763,786]" targetBox="[164,1152,145,730]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C95F1D3273E2F7DFFA350447" blockId="9.[160,1156,763,815]" pageId="9" pageNumber="956">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C95F1D3273E2F7DFFEF7047A" bold="true" box="[160,254,763,786]" pageId="9" pageNumber="956">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1CD74D44C95F1D32724AF7DFFFD0047A" authorityName="Grau &amp; Almeida &amp; Sluys &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2022" box="[264,473,763,786]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Mapuplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="9" pageNumber="956" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="guttulata">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C95F1D32724AF7DFFFD0047A" box="[264,473,763,786]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="956">Mapuplana guttulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Photomicrographs, sagittal sections. (a) Copulatory apparatus; (b) male atrium; (c) prostatic vesicle; (d) tubulous gland of the prostatic vesicle; (e) penis papilla.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C95F1D327382F6D6FA1D02C3" blockId="9.[159,1156,906,1451]" pageId="9" pageNumber="956">
The male atrium is long, provided with distinct folds and lined with a low epithelium. (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C95F1D3273E5F131FF010346" box="[167,264,1045,1070]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[160,225,954,977]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,920]" captionTargetId="figure-240@8.[163,1153,142,922]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Mapuplana guttulata. (a) Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx and male copulatory organ; (b) photomicrograph of outer and inner pharyngeal musculature of the paratype; (c) diagrammatic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012256/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="956">Figures 5</figureCitation>
(c) and 6(a,b)).Two large,transverse flap-shaped folds occupy the anterior half of the male atrium. One flap is ventral to the penis papilla, the other posterior to it. The posterior half of the male atrium is occupied by two oblique folds, the anterior one being narrower than the posterior one. The basement membrane underlying the epithelium that is located between the flaps, as well as that between the oblique folds, is 4–8 times thicker than in any other region of the atrium. The entire epithelium of the male atrium is pierced by openings of gland cells producing erythrophil granules, while it is underlain by a 18–35 µm thick layer of circular muscle fibres. Transverse and longitudinal muscle fibres are abundant in the flaps and oblique folds. Additionally, the posterior oblique and narrow fold is reinforced with a 75–85 µm thick coat of intermingled circular and longitudinal muscle fibres. A strongly xanthophil clump, 250 × 350 µm in size, is attached to the wall of the atrium between the two oblique folds; the atrial surface where the clump is attached lacks epithelium (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C95F1D32706AF0B6FD8202C3" box="[808,907,1426,1451]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[160,225,763,786]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,145,730]" captionTargetId="figure-335@9.[163,1153,142,731]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs, sagittal sections. (a) Copulatory apparatus; (b) male atrium; (c) prostatic vesicle; (d) tubulous gland of the prostatic vesicle; (e) penis papilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012258/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="956">Figures 6</figureCitation>
(b) and 7(a)).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C95F1D3173E2F0F2FA46063D" blockId="9.[160,1156,1494,1728]" lastBlockId="10.[160,1156,142,860]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="957" pageId="9" pageNumber="956">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C95F1D3273E2F0F2FFFA0298" bold="true" box="[160,499,1494,1520]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="956">Female reproductive system.</emphasis>
A single pair of ovaries is located at a distance from the anterior tip of the body corresponding to 23% of the body length, with the gonads being situated on top of the ventral nerve plate and underneath the transverse sub-intestinal parenchymal muscle layer. The ovaries are approximately globular, measuring about 250 µm in diameter. The ovovitelline ducts emerge from the dorsal wall of the ovaries and, thereafter, run above the nerve plate. Posteriorly to the gonopore, the ducts ascend to open into the female genital duct, which is about 120 µm wide and curves antero-dorsally to communicate with the female atrium (ie proflex with anterior approach;
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C95C1D3171DFF595FCF607A2" box="[669,767,177,202]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[160,225,954,977]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,920]" captionTargetId="figure-240@8.[163,1153,142,922]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Mapuplana guttulata. (a) Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx and male copulatory organ; (b) photomicrograph of outer and inner pharyngeal musculature of the paratype; (c) diagrammatic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012256/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="957">Figure 5</figureCitation>
(c)). Approximately two-thirds of the length of the female genital duct receives the openings of shell glands; at the point of communication with the female atrium, this duct diminishes somewhat in diameter (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C95C1D317258F43DFF80065A" box="[282,393,281,306]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[160,225,954,977]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,920]" captionTargetId="figure-240@8.[163,1153,142,922]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Mapuplana guttulata. (a) Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx and male copulatory organ; (b) photomicrograph of outer and inner pharyngeal musculature of the paratype; (c) diagrammatic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012256/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="957">Figures 5</figureCitation>
(c) and 7(b,c)). The female genital duct is lined with a columnar epithelium, with the apical portion of its cells containing xanthophil granules.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C95C1D317382F47AFF7205C7" blockId="10.[160,1156,142,860]" pageId="10" pageNumber="957">
The gonoduct originates from the mid-ventral wall of the female atrium, the latter being spacious and more or less ovoid in shape, with its length being about half of that of the male atrium (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C95C1D31729AF480FC4106D5" box="[472,584,420,445]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[160,225,954,977]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,920]" captionTargetId="figure-240@8.[163,1153,142,922]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Mapuplana guttulata. (a) Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx and male copulatory organ; (b) photomicrograph of outer and inner pharyngeal musculature of the paratype; (c) diagrammatic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012256/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="957">Figures 5</figureCitation>
(c) and 7(b,c)). The female atrium is lined with a 40–100 µm high, somewhat irregular, nucleated epithelium, which exhibits some recesses that are sunken into the underlying parenchyma (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C95C1D317011F4CDFDBD056A" box="[851,948,489,514]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="10.[160,225,1644,1667]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,1026,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-281@10.[163,1153,1025,1613]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 7. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs, sagittal sections. (a) Male atrium and the xanthophil clump; (b–c) female atrium; (d) epithelium of female atrium (arrowheads indicate epithelial recesses sunken into the underlying parenchyma); (e, f) blind duct opening into the female atrium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012260" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012260/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="957">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(d)). The cytoplasmic membrane of the epithelial cells could not be recognised. Most of the cytoplasm of these cells has low affinity for stain, while the apical portion of the cells is provided with a bright, xanthophil secretion. The female atrium is surrounded by a 25 µm thick, subepithelial, layer of circular musculature, followed by a loose coat of longitudinal fibres.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C95C1D317382F79DFC670434" blockId="10.[160,1156,142,860]" pageId="10" pageNumber="957">
A blind duct, measuring about 140 µm in width and 520 µm in length, opens into the antero-lateral region of the female atrium (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C95C1D3171C6F7FFFCE2059C" box="[644,747,731,756]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[160,225,954,977]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,143,920]" captionTargetId="figure-240@8.[163,1153,142,922]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Mapuplana guttulata. (a) Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx and male copulatory organ; (b) photomicrograph of outer and inner pharyngeal musculature of the paratype; (c) diagrammatic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012256/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="957">Figures 5</figureCitation>
(c) and 7(e,f)). This duct is lined with a cuboidal epithelium, which is pierced by the openings of
<specimenCount id="CDD1FD4EC95C1D317021F7DAFDDC047F" box="[867,981,766,791]" pageId="10" pageNumber="957" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of gland cells, producing erythrophil and cyanophil granules, respectively. The blind duct is surrounded by a 20 µm thick layer of circular muscle.
</paragraph>
<caption id="8FA8664FC95C1D3173E2F348FA7101D6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012260" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012260" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012260/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="957" startId="10.[160,225,1644,1667]" targetBox="[164,1151,1026,1612]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C95C1D3173E2F348FA7101D6" blockId="10.[160,1155,1644,1726]" pageId="10" pageNumber="957">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C95C1D3173E2F348FEF301EB" bold="true" box="[160,250,1644,1667]" pageId="10" pageNumber="957">Figure 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1CD74D44C95C1D317243F348FFC601EB" authorityName="Grau &amp; Almeida &amp; Sluys &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2022" box="[257,463,1644,1667]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Mapuplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="957" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="guttulata">
<emphasis id="E9A3EAD5C95C1D317243F348FFC601EB" box="[257,463,1644,1667]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="957">Mapuplana guttulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Photomicrographs, sagittal sections. (a) Male atrium and the xanthophil clump; (b–c) female atrium; (d) epithelium of female atrium (arrowheads indicate epithelial recesses sunken into the underlying parenchyma); (e, f) blind duct opening into the female atrium.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C95D1D307382F5AAFC9E065A" blockId="11.[160,1155,142,410]" pageId="11" pageNumber="958">
The female atrium houses a spermatophore, with a shape between ovate and quadrate (
<figureCitation id="43EC2A42C95D1D3073EAF595FF0407A2" box="[168,269,177,202]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[160,225,763,786]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,145,730]" captionTargetId="figure-335@9.[163,1153,142,731]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Mapuplana guttulata. Photomicrographs, sagittal sections. (a) Copulatory apparatus; (b) male atrium; (c) prostatic vesicle; (d) tubulous gland of the prostatic vesicle; (e) penis papilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012258/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="958">Figures 6</figureCitation>
(a) and 7(c)), about 550 × 300 µm in size. It is composed of a strongly xanthophil substance – similar to that of the clump in the male atrium – and is amorphous in its central portion, whereas it is fibrous at its periphery. Small portions at the innermost region of the spermatophore contain sperm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB6836C7C95D1D307382F418FF8806F2" blockId="11.[160,1155,142,410]" pageId="11" pageNumber="958">The common muscular coat consists of longitudinal and oblique muscle fibres, and surrounds the distal region of the prostatic vesicle, the male and female atria, and the female genital duct.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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