503 lines
46 KiB
XML
503 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297106" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316519" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9d99d31b-c946-43c1-835d-48875378402a" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905239227" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="1BDA2209CD9976C09B9DB6EE441FD4DE" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Pteropodidae.313-350.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Pteropodidae Gray 1821" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="B5FED4376783348DAB39F373EDACBE6B" lastPageNumber="313" masterDocId="B5FED4376783348DAB39F373EDACBE6B" masterDocTitle="Order Chiroptera - Family Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="350" masterPageNumber="313" pageNumber="313" updateTime="1716775332710" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="1919FC3E6CFAC5148C66C34ECABAF657" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="76CF0828E6371D3A42DD41F1512B11CB">
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<mods:title id="FDB1C33DFA27E79F966B7045231CE007">Order Chiroptera - Family Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F69409D72D0511A490A4C3C28F021D41">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="1913A35E9AEABD52BAD98553498A4CC9" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="89958E27122F9EE8B47FB627AD7AB53F">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="656B88669B8EAAEA6DFC8BF528C51BAE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="59974B58231B53A56ADB74C1F22B974C">2005</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="D7C36552CDF823352CC6981619AB0EB4">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="522B23274E6F369C701A866AF459D1D1">
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<mods:placeTerm id="8F93723772761FE4C443D3740C0E2BF6">Baltimore</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="B9D227360FDA0B34EF244C86387BC7E2">
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<mods:title id="55CF59A3B18F141583866108E347B2D0">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="E9243450A4D34E8C4F4295956D5DC29A">
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<mods:extent id="1540959F8932047DBD8F2470CE093463" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="4342CC502B8E83FF915EC4583DAFB9B9">313</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="76EAB80D81B1FFA44AAFECFF5F4C5225">350</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="8256970911276DD42148D6A0E4FF3F95">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="9F68D464E94F08B9BE3FE07E1D501C1A" type="ISBN">0-8018-8221-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="670B3D1F9DE30C6EC53000442FFF97DB" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7316519</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="1BDA2209CD9976C09B9DB6EE441FD4DE" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231543698" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1BDA2209CD9976C09B9DB6EE441FD4DE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1BDA2209CD9976C09B9DB6EE441FD4DE" lastPageNumber="313" pageNumber="313" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13800002">
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<subSubSection id="C220548E80D8042BDFC3C0BFF50556FE" pageNumber="313" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7162111B1896729308B8236B70C7A43C" pageNumber="313">
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<taxonomicName id="773EDF94F1CEAFFF6B96F5C540EBA420" ID-CoL="FDD" authority="Gray 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pteropodidae Gray 1821</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="644290AEE273BFF5C544DB4B5D77EC73" pageNumber="313" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="EA638012E9CC65F091BFB173327E227A" pageNumber="313">
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<treatmentCitation id="ED8AE9761B82AE60FE7F5E54F055CFEA" author="Gray" authority="Gray 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" journal="London Med. Repos." kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" page="299" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="family" title="Pteropodidae" volume="15" year="1821">
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<taxonomicName id="96079C47AE51C62F2EEAAAE98F501FD3" ID-CoL="FDD" authority="Gray 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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Pteropodidae
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<bibRefCitation id="7F6498730A9D33FA163F2121D9720267" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref127912" refString="Gray, J. E. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. London Medical Repository, 15 (1): 296 - 310." year="1821">Gray 1821</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibCitation id="06B85D5D33A329D5A5A4908BC376BE26" author="Gray" journal="London Med. Repos." pageNumber="313" pagination="299" title="Pteropodidae" volume="15" year="1821">London Med. Repos., 15: 299</bibCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E4974CA8FEF0F81D0475A85BF1996817" pageNumber="313" type="synonym_list">
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<paragraph id="FA6A7DCA41F5A8C48D52713E7E75C47F" pageNumber="313">
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<emphasis id="13511C584826B1F7F73A9059E6DD7255" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="313">Synonyms:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="75EFF721E4C467EB793A46F567E104D1" authority="Gray 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Cephalotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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Cephalotidae
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<bibRefCitation id="089510F9010ADD726E38B07A7A4B80AA" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref127912" refString="Gray, J. E. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. London Medical Repository, 15 (1): 296 - 310." year="1821">Gray 1821</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4CCAFF0A52A5C3B7AB09E2DCED820144" authority="H. Smith 1842" authorityName="H. Smith" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Harpyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Harpyidae H. Smith 1842</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0A8B8656D638620866F5662D556EC49E" pageNumber="313" type="child_taxa">
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<paragraph id="4A61545092670A5514460ABD3EEE1840" pageNumber="313">
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<emphasis id="B5ECCE3F843FADBA1F3D356D0A39F137" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="313">Genera:</emphasis>
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42 genera with 186 species:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7B0CAAC72278CE37EF61FE599D5E3CBE" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="8C7183E0A58436BF0551FCBFC3A9184D" authority="Jourdan 1837" authorityName="Jourdan" authorityYear="1837" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="99F9DCD4880ECBCD902D7DB7A5A9CF1E" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Acerodon</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="7178D9E5412CE2407A2373C821D1679F" author="Jourdan, M." refId="ref177808" refString="Jourdan, M. 1837. Memoire sur quelques mammiferes nouveaux. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires de Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, 5: 521 - 524." year="1837">Jourdan 1837</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(5 species with 10 subspecies)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="61D2EFD837F960F275D53DFC8A39C595" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="1DC703B6A0DDB0751D36E25718E04526" authority="Thomas 1923" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1923" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Aethalops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="788DE1701D43D3203E22283C035C25AC" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Aethalops</emphasis>
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Thomas 1923
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</taxonomicName>
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(2 species with 3 subspecies)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F3C49149458ADB5C39F3D1FB1ECF06B8" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="287553C8E341BF9C1C67FD8D9AFBCC69" authority="Kock 1969" authorityName="Kock" authorityYear="1969" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Alionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5C1C2A666DB4A985E821C51C30A4B02F" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Alionycteris</emphasis>
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Kock 1969
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</taxonomicName>
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(1 species)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="234906A04674E34832EC471079839761" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="465D2BEA7D0FC8804C67AA8D0B6FBCD7" authority="Menzies 1977" authorityName="Menzies" authorityYear="1977" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Aproteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="FE8BD45A80F77ECB39194EBBBA26210F" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Aproteles</emphasis>
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Menzies 1977
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</taxonomicName>
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(1 species)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D6A26CF917F4469F15A53E16E184746D" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="12322644B57A61533F281DDEB8993237" authority="Matschie 1899" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Balionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="33D8C9F8AC1DBA3D6095FBC67A1F8171" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Balionycteris</emphasis>
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Matschie 1899
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</taxonomicName>
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(1 species with 2 subspecies)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="441F2BFC36DC498703251F15B9E664AD" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="D8A858978CB4B6E603B1684C36F3E62A" authority="Thomas 1910" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Casinycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CFDA64D14A784BF43946E12E9781D561" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Casinycteris</emphasis>
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Thomas 1910
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</taxonomicName>
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(1 species)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C162A0D7931439B7FAF6349E2D84EFD3" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="D4286768C460293A39BED5A3537A7C07" authority="K. Andersen 1912" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="31D5C9A306AB37E64E7515237AAB7C83" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Chironax</emphasis>
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K.
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<bibRefCitation id="1D818AD3424AEB86FE06D23BB0D4ACEF" author="Andersen, K." refId="ref8231" refString="Andersen, K. 1912. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 1. Megachiroptera. Second ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, 854 pp." year="1912">Andersen 1912</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(1 species with 2 subspecies)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8344A54030F99EBF2159988515343D9B" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="C308D6CB79AA04A88386BA965EC7BE29" authority="F. Cuvier 1824" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1824" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="60FC759E556C1E0095D6D3A43A704849" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Cynopterus</emphasis>
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F. Cuvier 1824
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</taxonomicName>
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(7 species with 24 subspecies)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="541A4BC9B2C3B440B573D209DFB49C12" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="D8A4679FA6AE598EC92D454B9E9DB433" authority="Palmer 1898" authorityName="Palmer" authorityYear="1898" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Dobsonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="BD06457A35C3A7C70F57EC2E5A917A22" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Dobsonia</emphasis>
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Palmer 1898
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</taxonomicName>
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(14 species with 6 subspecies)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2661261E5E6C685437E274F321478D1C" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="01E58380330F79C7FD750B66E9E91334" authority="K. Andersen 1912" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Dyacopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B6858A61D4A82137B0D77F9BA309CD32" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Dyacopterus</emphasis>
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K.
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<bibRefCitation id="10CBAFDE983494A57F815D7AD63E8ECD" author="Andersen, K." refId="ref8231" refString="Andersen, K. 1912. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 1. Megachiroptera. Second ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, 854 pp." year="1912">Andersen 1912</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(2 species)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A21FDCF6C6DADD99BE547846E709148D" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="360A14C795D9906597BDDF8A318109C6" authority="Rafinesque 1815" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CA9C8402543D17DE0FE5CC3E5DAA5879" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Eidolon</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="23A3FD7C366BFB65B7A327A3917E0643" author="Rafinesque, C. S." refId="ref295952" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. 1815. Analyse de la nature. Palerme, 244 p." year="1815">Rafinesque 1815</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(2 species with 3 subspecies)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5B6FCCC3E92B6DB3C50D5A72F852917C" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="14C1AB4B6D121D63C370EFB2FE1BD36E" authority="Dobson 1873" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1873" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1E3ED259B122A87C1FF775C465F7778A" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Eonycteris</emphasis>
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Dobson 1873
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</taxonomicName>
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(3 species with 4 subspecies)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4910BD7351725E2BFB838049D6C0B6AC" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="62E879C7D9AADC4559594CD1BA3ECFF6" authority="Bennett 1835" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8D1E24FA928B289E17B05D752D45011F" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Epomophorus</emphasis>
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Bennett 1835
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</taxonomicName>
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(8 species with 2 subspecies)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="51F1A6CEB445E6FA8D718B078BBB3721" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="0F848B12E094C1F51394C39EF535147F" authority="Gray 1870" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Epomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D0EF98F0BC1C16ED242BBED2237BE442" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Epomops</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="ACA97B013DE57130B3AE3757294C7B18" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref128843" refString="Gray, J. E. 1870. Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs and fruit eating bats in the collections of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 137 pp." year="1870">Gray 1870</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(3 species)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6104C6415CE6CF334608A93028917552" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4AC289958C3D4B3A11015D7CAA428D71" authority="Lawrence 1939" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1939" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Haplonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8DA4D977DAB2B239FD66DBB4DB0ACDCE" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Haplonycteris</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="975FFA455C81E2DAE5CD2CC2AE0CEC81" author="Lawrence, B." refId="ref206923" refString="Lawrence, B. 1939. Mammals. Pp. 28 - 73, in Collections from the Phillippine Islands (T. Barbour, B. Lawrence, and J. L. Peters). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 86 (2): 25 - 128." year="1939">Lawrence 1939</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(1 species)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5EDB161FD9EBC1959F2B25324C72F47D" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="E11296A70BBF4A98A97BF7E0FD91D1AA" authority="Thomas 1896" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Harpyionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8FCA33267F9C447CB3361260BCF3B97C" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Harpyionycteris</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="052BD610C7A001A5D2E0C1FF05584ADC" author="Thomas, O." refId="ref352089" refString="Thomas, O. 1896 [1897]. On the genera of rodents: An attempt to bring up to date the current arrangement of the order. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896: 1012 - 1028." year="1896">Thomas 1896</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(2 species with 2 subspecies)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B8DD79A974A48FF55AD2ABEC09F27510" pageNumber="313">
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Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CAFFAB29763C18EC8371FADCEB3B878" authority="H. Allen 1861" authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1861" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Hypsignathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="62335C554FF8144A266BBF3337E74ACC" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Hypsignathus</emphasis>
|
|
H. Allen 1861
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BE10AC7139BCE9CEA8FFF49123D68639" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A826EA60747516647E08C55AF6A09D3E" authority="Thonglongya 1972" authorityName="Thonglongya" authorityYear="1972" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Latidens" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="907DC0CAB8200C7B9610CAEB03E87B6F" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Latidens</emphasis>
|
|
Thonglongya 1972
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="11C036DBABB78F6618EE9A95CF56F001" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6CB038190C62251141736DE80579FCDE" authority="K. Andersen 1912" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Lissonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="7442A1FED5677EFF74D73D9D59F5960B" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Lissonycteris</emphasis>
|
|
K.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="872DBC2FE56E1580BEDD1051EA6E3024" author="Andersen, K." refId="ref8231" refString="Andersen, K. 1912. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 1. Megachiroptera. Second ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, 854 pp." year="1912">Andersen 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species with 5 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C48F54D1A257C852A85B198FF814AA8D" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2F6B8CA1ADA93EE35EC23BEDDAA3C24B" authority="F. Cuvier 1824" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1824" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Macroglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="4AE6588AC29DF5205F3B9DE0DD98957E" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Macroglossus</emphasis>
|
|
F. Cuvier 1824
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(2 species with 6 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4CADDEF55C18D94C3018F23E68712061" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="00CFACA1372229F36E9A8B547FE228C8" authority="Peters 1865" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1865" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaerops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8A6076810606C4B486D84ACD6C72D9F6" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Megaerops</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B7703B69CACFA5C7B5666B0A457F7DF2" author="Peters, W." refId="ref282159" refString="Peters, W. 1865. Note on the systematic position of Platacanthomys lasiurus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1865: 397 - 399." year="1865">Peters 1865</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(4 species with 2 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="963FE1E2612D62A6313D0F26370D3ACF" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E9DF6459A098969345A8E175468793BF" authority="Pagenstecher 1885" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="FB6C75D589C11EF43BF75EC11610B683" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Megaloglossus</emphasis>
|
|
Pagenstecher 1885
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BD40A24A89C9F5CDA2B88667708430D9" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E301EDD80DBB4E35B47AA2BC43F41D4C" authority="Dobson 1877" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Melonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0800010049DB82FE6A75001A24B1A2FA" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Melonycteris</emphasis>
|
|
Dobson 1877
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(3 species with 6 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="B25E57F94398CD9AD302D5C222C8423D" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="08750971DAEA94869A945603F0E5E5C4" authority="Matschie 1899" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Micropteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="ECFDBF93BD72EB3EE35554545DBCDF4F" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Micropteropus</emphasis>
|
|
Matschie 1899
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(2 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="1494ED1114AB6A7CBE3DAD02B5A77179" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="50CF8B49DD61D0AF444C3D3EDD5F5FE5" authority="Matschie 1899" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Myonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="1666E36FF2B4B23428BE913477140EBD" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Myonycteris</emphasis>
|
|
Matschie 1899
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(3 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E9978A0E543CE0A45D104A26DA58F0EB" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8200D434E2B49A09C717B2452124EE80" authority="Matschie 1899" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nanonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="DDAA7EB05F9A08632636E6F42C89C25E" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Nanonycteris</emphasis>
|
|
Matschie 1899
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9746AA57241DEBCC6CE3520B521C5069" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="61BE874155BFB0A3143305AF6F1129B6" authority="Hayman 1946" authorityName="Hayman" authorityYear="1946" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Neopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="29B9EDAB8BAEEA5DCB52359B670C140E" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Neopteryx</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="784FE8B7CE0AD2E6909E301FBA2CA91A" author="Hayman, R. W." refId="ref143488" refString="Hayman, R. W. 1946. Systematic notes on the genus Idiurus (Anomaluridae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 11, 13: 208 - 212." year="1946">Hayman 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="90BAE07ADFA259360673EF745A5789F4" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2660D0A7D1603F6BC5E5952977C40B24" authority="Gray 1859" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1859" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Notopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="10F35B78F134D32EE32BAEEB857D53BD" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Notopteris</emphasis>
|
|
Gray 1859
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(2 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="91A5544D77600E0403D3D9B1B2A5D555" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FD80BDFC53AC02EC3FC56DB39672119F" authority="Borkhausen 1797" authorityName="Borkhausen" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="953B9AE3C687ECA1BF57ADA30D166284" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Nyctimene</emphasis>
|
|
Borkhausen 1797
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(15 species with 15 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="031B60938B1FDD07BB4AB33EEFD8ABDA" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="15F07AD8B67594D096B815A998C9264B" authority="Kock 1969" authorityName="Kock" authorityYear="1969" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Otopteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="E2A838CECA963C1E613729E5D5E2A827" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Otopteropus</emphasis>
|
|
Kock 1969
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3CFC88EA85BD849FF0B0F81A24DB9E7D" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FAE2C0550C4A29BCD99A098AD141AE31" authority="Tate 1942" authorityName="Tate" authorityYear="1942" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Paranyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="21A5D053B1AD4025B8CC4A152DC398D6" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Paranyctimene</emphasis>
|
|
Tate 1942
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(2 species with 2 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C78E4C1488FC8A50132B72B6D8E69217" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="363C691B834D841CBFC30DD88949BCB4" authority="K. Andersen 1912" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Penthetor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="ED7D44326A0F9F9854769E776AE78255" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Penthetor</emphasis>
|
|
K.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="691A3266909750AC2C5825B753AEA452" author="Andersen, K." refId="ref8231" refString="Andersen, K. 1912. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 1. Megachiroptera. Second ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, 854 pp." year="1912">Andersen 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="890819E3996A3F22E984E5B5C88C9E89" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2088E6D67987BBF476D7B7905717CC6A" authority="K. Andersen 1910" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1910" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Plerotes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="D8A494582214F15D79429D5BFCBFD0E1" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Plerotes</emphasis>
|
|
K. Andersen 1910
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="EB12EF5F34E004F9B35F47E60D802EE5" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CF94946809FC0EE459F7414D124BD4C" authority="Peters 1861" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Ptenochirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="18359198C3B640140FADF4B438CE2D7C" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Ptenochirus</emphasis>
|
|
Peters 1861
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(2 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="7C8CCEED5041F26882159721FF1E1A09" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0066A25329012907FDC5E872978C1849" authority="Thomas 1888" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteralopex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="787AB4D17BD3C2D41CFF3D46E6E2C069" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Pteralopex</emphasis>
|
|
Thomas 1888
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(5 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6412758AA3852FC22006E6046C1E3C3B" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2A44D5D48EFCF3B7C2C4B77DB1DAC18E" authority="Brisson 1762" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="1C78DA1EDD8C5140A5B48AE4EE9A840D" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Pteropus</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="2F53631A0CAD6E49C821DB40C3686C6D" author="Brisson, M. J." refId="ref42298" refString="Brisson, M. J. 1762. Le regnum animale in classes IX distributum, sive synopsis methodica sistens generalem animalium distributionem in classes IX, & duarum primarum classium, quadrupedum scilicet & cetaceorum, particularem dibvisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera & species. T. Haak, Paris, 296 pp." year="1762">Brisson 1762</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(65 species with 88 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="200F515F2D2BDD5F4993DFABB3F1A3AA" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6FB4EE4CE50667680659D15CE02543A" authority="Gray 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="42C893DB44815E64D17A3C657E3DED87" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Rousettus</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0C0FE9C365797E1CB6D10BCFBCE73206" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref127912" refString="Gray, J. E. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. London Medical Repository, 15 (1): 296 - 310." year="1821">Gray 1821</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(10 species with 14 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="915BD94CF0A6005A3F1D8BDCC4B8A2F9" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4B1EA805B32B0CDD8782549103865B32" authority="Matschie 1894" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1894" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="5A4E348942D9C315FDCF4D3E9144419A" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Scotonycteris</emphasis>
|
|
Matschie 1894
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(2 species with 3 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="25B7F8232559D83DD3B9A55B18CC161E" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="57590E6239B033E42C0FEF335C117C52" authority="Miller 1906" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Sphaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="197991DE2A5455E6184341F1E330B5D2" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Sphaerias</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D555B70F731A3CE9DE982EE29894FDC1" author="Miller, G. S., Jr." refId="ref241885" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr. 1906. The nomenclature of the flying lemurs. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 19: 41." year="1906">Miller 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="27A249B6563C1D68106F53427D50D74F" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1D340BF1AF62ECF3EB7D170788FF7439" authority="Matschie 1899" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Styloctenium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0B39DE9C19D23BDA1DE197C01971FEF8" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Styloctenium</emphasis>
|
|
Matschie 1899
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C14E6AF7543EFD2150468D9BB145CABC" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CCE86F4F941AC2B6970F39ACDB9C725F" authority="Matschie 1899" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Syconycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="1CCBCBEA6B0D0257F94D674D45872736" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Syconycteris</emphasis>
|
|
Matschie 1899
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(3 species with 7 subspecies)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="20C299C057F835915D60E4A6CB040954" pageNumber="313">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2CE83B8AAA70CF0939AFBDD5CC1DFE43" authority="Matschie 1899" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Thoopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="27F96E49E680F0272D8CA91ACEAB7790" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Thoopterus</emphasis>
|
|
Matschie 1899
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1 species)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="6369540B414E793393E4C96FC8378BD1" pageNumber="313" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="747625E3A7E909AA94E23EE80DFD72F5" pageNumber="313">
|
|
<emphasis id="3D8A2572C59E9069C79942195892E981" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="313">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
|
Various workers have recognized between two and six subfamilies of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8D94CD299CAE1608E230A6714D7E478B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pteropodidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
including: Cynopterinae
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D37F63E745CA8D1238B03BB98C9A756D" author="Andersen, K." refId="ref8231" refString="Andersen, K. 1912. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 1. Megachiroptera. Second ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, 854 pp." year="1912">Andersen, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, Epomophorinae K.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="3303DFEF25D0F7EA743922E579BF19A6" author="Andersen, K." refId="ref8231" refString="Andersen, K. 1912. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 1. Megachiroptera. Second ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, 854 pp." year="1912">Andersen, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, Harpionycterinae Miller, 1907, Nyctimeninae Miller, 1907, Macroglossinae Gray, 1866, Rousettinae
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B3269A31E81DEC451BD7A8C98030ECD9" author="Andersen, K." refId="ref8231" refString="Andersen, K. 1912. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 1. Megachiroptera. Second ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, 854 pp." year="1912">Andersen, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, and Pteropodinae
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA6C7158C9C09ECC221F1B1B4E8EF5B7" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref127912" refString="Gray, J. E. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. London Medical Repository, 15 (1): 296 - 310." year="1821">Gray, 1821</bibRefCitation>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="81E23C2D6684C5CB84F0D2B763AC787D" author="Bergmans, W." refId="ref28540" refString="Bergmans, W. 1997. Taxonomy and biogeography of African fruit bats (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). 5. The genera Lissonycteris Andersen, 1912, Myonycteris Matschie, 1899 and general remarks and conclusions; annex: Key to all species. Beaufortia, 47: 11 - 90." year="1997">Bergmans, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="5889663AC9662775CC34923F49D3139C" author="Corbet, G. B. & J. E. Hill" refId="ref67843" refString="Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1980. A world list of mammalian species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp." year="1980">Corbet and Hill, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="05C0374FE94E60616ECEA18887659084" author="Koopman, K. F." refId="ref193873" refString="Koopman, K. F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137 - 241, in Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference, Second ed. (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., 1207 pp." year="1993">Koopman, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="5B223A84EBD1ED160E13F897380FB53B" author="Koopman, K. F." refId="ref193936" refString="Koopman, K. F. 1994. Chiroptera: Systematics. Handbook of Zoology, vol. VIII, pt. 60, Mammalia, 1 - 217." year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="B0D662CF8B585E44BEFF00313E9D18B0" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
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). Recent phylogenetic studies agree that Macroglossinae and Pteropodinae sensu
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<bibRefCitation id="FEEF9A83C89E1867390E1E6EA3F82EC0" author="Koopman, K. F." refId="ref193873" refString="Koopman, K. F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137 - 241, in Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference, Second ed. (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., 1207 pp." year="1993">Koopman (1993</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="02DD30CE7F9070F0362320B13CFE66CE" author="Koopman, K. F." refId="ref193936" refString="Koopman, K. F. 1994. Chiroptera: Systematics. Handbook of Zoology, vol. VIII, pt. 60, Mammalia, 1 - 217." year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
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) and
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<bibRefCitation id="618C5A8033215153BA810A55A2EDCF68" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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are not monophyletic (
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<bibRefCitation id="F0CA0478BBEAA79017701B4E4B61FEF3" author="Alvarez, Y. & J. B. Juste & E. Tabares & A. Garrido-Pertierra & C. Ibanez & J. M. Bautista" refId="ref6809" refString="Alvarez, Y., J. B. Juste, E. Tabares, A. Garrido-Pertierra, C. Ibanez, and J. M. Bautista. 1999. Molecular phylogeny and morphological homoplasy in fruitbats. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16: 1061 - 1067." year="1999">Alvarez et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="83BDBC19B6B057B7AF756FC60D1D7291" author="Giannini, N. P. & N. B. Simmons" refId="ref120211" refString="Giannini, N. P., and N. B. Simmons. 2003. A phylogeny of megachiropteran bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) based on direct optimization analysis of one nuclear and four mitochondrial genes. Cladistics, 19: 496 - 511." year="2003">Giannini and Simmons, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="7E92D57C5237971EAF5CF0F20525DD8C" author="Hollar, L. J. & M. S. Springer" refId="ref156762" refString="Hollar, L. J., and M. S. Springer. 1997. Old World fruitbat phylogeny: Evidence for convergent evolution and an endemic African clade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 94: 5716 - 5721." year="1997">Hollar and Springer, 1997</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="259C8239E5F8374163804EBFFDF714D9" author="Hood, C. S." refId="ref157787" refString="Hood, C. S. 1989. Comparative morphology and evolution of the female reproductive tract in macroglossine bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Journal of Morphology, 199, 207 - 21." year="1989">Hood, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="148D3EFD8DAE6B8E8CFD611130CC5BA4" author="Juste, J. B. & C. Ibanez & A. Machordom" refId="ref178695" refString="Juste, J. B., C. Ibanez, and A. Machordom. 1997. Evolutionary relationships among the African fruit bats: Rousettus egyptiacus, R. angolensis, and Myonycteris. Journal of Mammalogy, 78: 766 - 774." year="1997">Juste et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="8A86D959DFCD028A1ECC9EA2773FD6E4" author="Kirsch, J. A. & T. F. Flannery & M. S. Springer & F. Lapointe" refId="ref186061" refString="Kirsch, J. A., T. F. Flannery, M. S. Springer, and F. Lapointe. 1995. Phylogeny of the Pteropodidae (Mammalia: Chiroptera) based on DNA hybridization, with evidence for bat monophyly. Australian Journal of Zoology, 43: 395 - 428." year="1995">Kirsch et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="40255265B74FE01516ED4ECCC9C6D76B" author="Romagnoli, M. L. & M. S. Springer" refId="ref309601" refString="Romagnoli, M. L., and M. S. Springer. 2000. Evolutionary relationships among Old World fruitbats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) based on 12 S rRNA, tRNA Valine, and 16 S rRNA gene sequences. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 7: 259 - 284." year="2000">Romagnoli and Springer, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="4CCB0E34F36BC3C2BC1CBACD35CA7AF3" author="Springer, M. S. & L. J. Hollar & J. A. Kirsch" refId="ref337778" refString="Springer, M. S., L. J. Hollar, and J. A. Kirsch. 1995. Phylogeny, molecules versus morphology, and rates of character evolution among fruitbats (Chiroptera: Megachiroptera). Australian Journal of Zoology, 43: 557 - 582." year="1995">Springer et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
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). Monophyly of cynopterines and empomophorines has also been questioned (
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<bibRefCitation id="38C6133302300B7A64B7EA404C5DDE1B" author="Alvarez, Y. & J. B. Juste & E. Tabares & A. Garrido-Pertierra & C. Ibanez & J. M. Bautista" refId="ref6809" refString="Alvarez, Y., J. B. Juste, E. Tabares, A. Garrido-Pertierra, C. Ibanez, and J. M. Bautista. 1999. Molecular phylogeny and morphological homoplasy in fruitbats. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16: 1061 - 1067." year="1999">Alvarez et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="BA1D97EA050B2FED0FD965EA68D6BA54" author="Hollar, L. J. & M. S. Springer" refId="ref156762" refString="Hollar, L. J., and M. S. Springer. 1997. Old World fruitbat phylogeny: Evidence for convergent evolution and an endemic African clade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 94: 5716 - 5721." year="1997">Hollar and Springer, 1997</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="C216C0BD60AD2D8185C2130F14C5D431" author="Kirsch, J. A. & T. F. Flannery & M. S. Springer & F. Lapointe" refId="ref186061" refString="Kirsch, J. A., T. F. Flannery, M. S. Springer, and F. Lapointe. 1995. Phylogeny of the Pteropodidae (Mammalia: Chiroptera) based on DNA hybridization, with evidence for bat monophyly. Australian Journal of Zoology, 43: 395 - 428." year="1995">Kirsch et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="71CC3AA093E9E9BC691F78EC3D160FA0" author="Romagnoli, M. L. & M. S. Springer" refId="ref309601" refString="Romagnoli, M. L., and M. S. Springer. 2000. Evolutionary relationships among Old World fruitbats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) based on 12 S rRNA, tRNA Valine, and 16 S rRNA gene sequences. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 7: 259 - 284." year="2000">Romagnoli and Springer, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). Instead of supporting traditional taxonomic groupings, phylogenetic studies based on DNA hybridization and DNA sequences have found support for a large clade of endemic African taxa including genera previously placed in several different subfamilies/tribes (
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<bibRefCitation id="446552E54375EA6A9EC2A915E25158F3" author="Alvarez, Y. & J. B. Juste & E. Tabares & A. Garrido-Pertierra & C. Ibanez & J. M. Bautista" refId="ref6809" refString="Alvarez, Y., J. B. Juste, E. Tabares, A. Garrido-Pertierra, C. Ibanez, and J. M. Bautista. 1999. Molecular phylogeny and morphological homoplasy in fruitbats. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16: 1061 - 1067." year="1999">Alvarez et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="3DB9478D82A660EFB5D692C46C4DD2D0" author="Giannini, N. P. & N. B. Simmons" refId="ref120211" refString="Giannini, N. P., and N. B. Simmons. 2003. A phylogeny of megachiropteran bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) based on direct optimization analysis of one nuclear and four mitochondrial genes. Cladistics, 19: 496 - 511." year="2003">Giannini and Simmons, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="3474CEC5838BA18386B1C05FCFC7E256" author="Hollar, L. J. & M. S. Springer" refId="ref156762" refString="Hollar, L. J., and M. S. Springer. 1997. Old World fruitbat phylogeny: Evidence for convergent evolution and an endemic African clade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 94: 5716 - 5721." year="1997">Hollar and Springer, 1997</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="5F1B3F7E03159B5612C25DCB42A2C429" author="Kirsch, J. A. & T. F. Flannery & M. S. Springer & F. Lapointe" refId="ref186061" refString="Kirsch, J. A., T. F. Flannery, M. S. Springer, and F. Lapointe. 1995. Phylogeny of the Pteropodidae (Mammalia: Chiroptera) based on DNA hybridization, with evidence for bat monophyly. Australian Journal of Zoology, 43: 395 - 428." year="1995">Kirsch et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="236E5847F818CBCCCC44ED4551E24E28" author="Romagnoli, M. L. & M. S. Springer" refId="ref309601" refString="Romagnoli, M. L., and M. S. Springer. 2000. Evolutionary relationships among Old World fruitbats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) based on 12 S rRNA, tRNA Valine, and 16 S rRNA gene sequences. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 7: 259 - 284." year="2000">Romagnoli and Springer, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). Relationships among pteropodid genera are not yet fully resolved, however, and questions remain concerning the position of
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<taxonomicName id="8BDDF8D24326D235E4B44942EAE1D216" authorityName="Borkhausen" authorityYear="1797" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7F9191AE8E053E68639FD5B6BA9D48CE" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Nyctimene</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="C80A2D754A315906EA90DB2FD2A7D5BC" authorityName="Tate" authorityYear="1942" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Paranyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="FBBB78935821EE99D5BCAF9E4DBDBEA3" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Paranyctimene</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="560476270025D4722FE9F4C58774C17A" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eidolon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="93EC01A845ED47D1F52BADAE5B25F6EB" italics="true" pageNumber="313">Eidolon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and several SE Asian endemic genera. Existing subfamilial and tribal classifications are not adequately congruent with recent phylogenies. Accordingly, no subfamilial or tribal groups are recognized here
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<emphasis id="4AB096E9627E5533B568E83EAA3601A3" italics="true" pageNumber="313">pending</emphasis>
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a thorough reevaluation of pteropodid classification.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |