491 lines
62 KiB
XML
491 lines
62 KiB
XML
<document id="1A3500EFB9AF54EB42211461F6E11CC7" ID-CLB-Dataset="34447" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48bd4e9c-4763-413e-8389-359c4c55bc8c" ID-PMC="PMC4768370" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-560-1" ID-PubMed="27006611" ID-ZooBank="F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-560-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 560" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" checkinTime="1454620567459" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hamilton, Chris A., Hendrixson, Brent E. & Bond, Jason E." docDate="2016" docId="169407225D0FB5BE4241CAD0DD87369E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 560: 1-340" docOrigin="ZooKeys 560" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" docTitle="Aphonopelma paloma Prentice 1993" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="200" masterDocId="FFAAA03F4F6CFFFEFF94FFF0FFBDFFE9" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" masterLastPageNumber="340" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="193" updateTime="1701384827170" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="22CA0C59E74E2902E9E2470308AED93F">Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="688A870B28180B9F42E80DC17E62BE7E">Hamilton, Chris A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7C5A90099072F21C100411C287D1A188">Hendrixson, Brent E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BAE211C07D1D79ADAE55A832175B64C6">Bond, Jason E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="EE0CA1FCA5229C80E88521A308C5CC7C">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="98E716A75DCE2E2B4C0625AD38DFAC41" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="169407225D0FB5BE4241CAD0DD87369E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127885001" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:169407225D0FB5BE4241CAD0DD87369E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/169407225D0FB5BE4241CAD0DD87369E" lastPageId="200" lastPageNumber="200" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">
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<subSubSection id="65C058AF78244121DEAB15E255DB26C3" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="D1C4BF2B97737530E76BB345410B56D4" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Taxon classification Animalia Araneae Theraphosidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9A94422C7FB6A67E6DB0025E1A457DB2" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8E4A845E2799909F0D52BC07560F5DE0" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">
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<taxonomicName id="D216AF4572DA35FAF1AF234867204FC7" ID-CoL="FJSF" authority="Prentice, 1993" authorityName="Prentice" authorityYear="1993" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma Prentice, 1993</taxonomicName>
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Figures 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C012193805949EA464386BE98701A211" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="2F093A763488AF8BB7B76D5626B583A4" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<taxonomicName id="802F6A82A6E98A66BE5A939204C5275C" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">
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<pageBreakToken id="3247292C3306EAEDD1312EF396A52EC0" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" start="start">Aphonopelma</pageBreakToken>
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paloma
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</taxonomicName>
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Prentice, 1993: 189; male holotype and female allotype from 3 miles NE exit 151 off I-8 (jct with Hwy 84), Pinal Co., Arizona, 32.856167 -112.086609 2, elev. 4310ft., 17-18.xi.1989, coll. Tom Prentice; deposited in AMNH. [examined]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB42DA64436EE331A81517C2FD3AE281" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<taxonomicName id="F920F2CA19DE637283C9E1404F44F78B" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Apachepelma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apachepelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Apachepelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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Smith, 1995: 45.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F28D520AC14F0956C53A76D8DBDF7FA7" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<taxonomicName id="F811703079823BB31E9D8ACAA6E8080B" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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Prentice, 1997: 140.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6431ADD9080F66F0CE63034DDABE094F" lastPageId="194" lastPageNumber="195" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="CA09C25CBB6A14C6F62F1F1176944095" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="171DD6BA84DEB681F006EF1748CAFEA7" lastPageId="194" lastPageNumber="195" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<taxonomicName id="781F9E5B1D5A2044FA86F90102D31B17" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 105) is a member of the
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<taxonomicName id="8CEB3D9C439F245518326A6FAC33FDCB" genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae paloma" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" rank="species" species="paloma">paloma</taxonomicName>
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species group and can be identified by a combination of morphological, molecular, and geographic characteristics. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA identifies
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<taxonomicName id="9CF268DAAE843A17FA0ECEE9685AD45F" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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as a strongly supported monophyletic lineage (Figs 7-8) supported as the sister lineage to all other members of the
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<taxonomicName id="6EF0AB3A118B6D0093A5A6BDE41DA3FB" genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae paloma" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" rank="species" species="paloma">paloma</taxonomicName>
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species group.
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<taxonomicName id="100E70C2B8A1E98F7B19DE8098CC2AFF" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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is the smallest species in the United States (Fig. 106) and can easily be differentiated from syntopic species by its
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<pageBreakToken id="6FA20759B08C86F547149869E68202D5" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" start="start">much</pageBreakToken>
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smaller size and reduced extent of scopulation on metatarsi III and IV; it can be distinguished from other members of the
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<taxonomicName id="570805214D5737F2365D5B0D57F93568" genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae paloma" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" rank="species" species="paloma">paloma</taxonomicName>
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species group by locality. The most significant measurements that distinguish male
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<taxonomicName id="75AFA0388ECEFA1DEDC0B8EA32B26247" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species are M1 and the extent of scopulation of metatarsus III. Male
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<taxonomicName id="415D04E2CD0EF151E86174F9E8517567" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by possessing a larger M1/T3 (≥1.11; 1.11-1.16) than
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<taxonomicName id="7C7FF8050FF09245AD68E5D12FD12E7B" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (≤1.09; 0.99-1.09),
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<taxonomicName id="EC66E8FFDAC0DDCF7D5D90C9C2D2B4DC" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (≤1.05; 0.99-1.05),
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<taxonomicName id="01A9C171BD523AE6994DB7B7CC7F11AC" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (≤1.04; 0.98-1.04), and
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<taxonomicName id="15E493EC9B126000719D18E45599315B" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (≤1.11; 1.09-1.11); and by possessing a smaller L3 scopulation extent (21%-41%) than
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<taxonomicName id="466532AEEA5211BB9C60059CFB439103" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
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(75%-86%),
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<taxonomicName id="1AD0F5710ABF6DDFA215F64EEF7A2E93" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (50%-56%), and
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<taxonomicName id="66BE35561216B9B5EFDC033C824092D7" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
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(44%-62%). The most significant measurements that distinguish female
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<taxonomicName id="154145DAAE02EAAC7E26E8C7B2800C4E" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species are Cl and the extent of scopulation on metatarsus IV. Female
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<taxonomicName id="CD6AF1E9FA37605AFACF7E4985A171D2" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by possessing a smaller L4 scopulation extent (0-25%) than
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<taxonomicName id="9EBBC3FB69BC86CC85AFC68524D4041A" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
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(63%-81%),
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<taxonomicName id="2491A04D226D58274EA800ADFF0A450B" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
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(33%-42%), and
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<taxonomicName id="CF7D782969ABF4A6A41760F66EAFDBE0" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
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(26%-37%); and by possessing a larger Cl/M4 (≥1.44; 1.44-1.60) than
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<taxonomicName id="439C1D470143C7E640CA57C7A205DD24" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
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(1.25
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<normalizedToken id="BA37931248EDAB7CA22403A25507DAFA" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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(only 1 specimen)). There are no significant measurements that separate female
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<taxonomicName id="FAD17C3C938FF283E85C8E79C5470D82" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="9A05C4FF8DBFEF13A11300A9AD70F669" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="A85448890760A9691A23D92082BDE37F" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="9726127B96137F360D71F95429E81FF0" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">
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<paragraph id="4FED309CE762D22BF34791BB7E0F081D" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">
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Figure 105.
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<taxonomicName id="65557FFBB396993F09FD3C26C03E58B9" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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Prentice, 1993 specimens, live photographs. Male (L) - APH_1254; Female (R) - APH_3166.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="598ED645754E9C759B967AA94C36E6DA" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">
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<paragraph id="8F03841B63498A44626976F9153ED7B3" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">
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Figure 106. A generalized comparison of the largest species in the United States, an adult female
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<taxonomicName id="CD1A6C1425125A9944EEB72AC4E6DDED" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma anax" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anax">Aphonopelma anax</taxonomicName>
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, and the smallest species in the United States, an adult female
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<taxonomicName id="CA3E4645AA0728A11A1657DDE30A9D7F" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="335D9E2E7A606CF350C29C2E240194D6" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" type="description">
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<paragraph id="2D94BB90DDD2872043DE5D8721AA8905" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">Description.</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="3ABB787CB6D513EA44C4B5A4B5E08660" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">
|
||
Male and female originally described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="964AB4A16946A2CA99DD812D5F255E4A" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">Prentice (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1EE8FE2CA9576DEABB4A6894DA7B1326" lastPageId="196" lastPageNumber="197" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" type="redescription of male exemplar">
|
||
<paragraph id="FE2F1C0FC7DEE43EDFA072527943B008" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">Redescription of male exemplar</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0D88ED74F8FF28115422DCD9E7EFAF5A" lastPageId="196" lastPageNumber="197" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">
|
||
(APH_1603; Fig. 107). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected live wandering, preserved in 80% ethanol; deposited
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="65135369D22886FEAD9D953642849577" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" start="start">in</pageBreakToken>
|
||
AUMNH; original coloration faded due to preservation. Left legs I, III, IV, and left pedipalp removed for measurements and photographs; stored in vial with specimen. Right legs III & IV removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL). General coloration: Faded black or grey. Cephalothorax: Carapace 5.13 mm long, 4.73 mm wide; Very hirsute; densely clothed with grey pubescence mostly appressed to surface; fringe covered in long setae not closely appressed to surface; posterior region of carapace with long, stout setae; foveal groove medium deep and straight; pars cephalica region rises gradually from foveal groove to ocular area; AER very slightly procurved - mostly straight, PER straight; normal sized chelicerae; clypeus extends forward on a curve; LBl 0.732, LBw 0.878; sternum hirsute, clothed with grey, densely packed setae. Abdomen: Densely clothed in short black pubescence with numerous longer red/orange setae interspersed; possessing a dense dorsal patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C1B219BF7C59306C1ED6DF6D93F6A433" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) - smaller and distinct from large species. Legs: Hirsute; densely clothed in grey or faded black pubescence. Metatarsus I curved. F1 5.417; F1w 1.246; P1 2.083; T1 4.034; M1 4.058; A1 2.838; F3 4.565; F3w 1.74; P3 1.648; T3 3.51; M3 4.367; A3 2.884; F4 5.508; F4w 1.386; P4 1.733; T4 4.72; M4 5.454; A4 3.264; femur III is swollen. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 36.8%; leg IV (SC4) = 9.4%. Two ventral and two prolateral spinose setae on metatarsus III, with numerous medium stout setae throughout;
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="AF16141757CEAF6D818205801D53CC64" pageId="196" pageNumber="197" start="start">five</pageBreakToken>
|
||
ventral spinose setae and one prolateral on metatarsus IV, with numerous medium stout setae throughout; two prolateral spinose setae on tibia I, one ventral spinose seta at the posterior margin of tibia I; one large megaspine is present at the apex on the retrolateral tibia of the mating clasper; one large megaspine at the apex of the retrolateral branch of the mating clasper. Coxa I: Prolateral surface covered by fine, hair-like setae. Pedipalps: Very hirsute, particularly ventrally; densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs; one spinose seta near the anterior margin of the prolateral palpal femur; one spinose seta on the ventral palpal tibia, with numerous medium stout setae throughout; PTl 3.619, PTw 1.329. Palpal bulb is very short and stout; embolus tapers and gently curves to the retrolateral side, no keels; distinct dorsal and ventral transition from bulb to embolus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A2EEE4320DF3ED20DEE5223301C24250" pageId="196" pageNumber="197">
|
||
<paragraph id="76231E614EAFC07B84EF5C7F345D5A1B" pageId="196" pageNumber="197">
|
||
Figure 107.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E92AC13BB6015093F4FF28BCC4D49123" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="196" pageNumber="197" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
Prentice, 1993.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C86DA53002A735CD8CD5D36E8D8B06A8" originalValue="A–I">A-I</normalizedToken>
|
||
male specimen, APH_1603 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 1.5mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 2mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 0.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 1.5mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="BBE3E892D441ADF487F638FCF04B6514" pageId="196" pageNumber="197">
|
||
Variation (6).Cl 5.126-5.502 (5.343
|
||
<normalizedToken id="70440D071556B2B407B719BFE0E21E94" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06), Cw 4.468-5.124 (4.824
|
||
<normalizedToken id="896F1D38C899F07E912AB7F1B6EE7477" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.1), LBl 0.675-0.797 (0.741
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B8A05290160BBA83B20B3F0B7469C2CE" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02), LBw 0.868-0.898 (0.878
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8FC94DB05BEC1698549A88B2E2BE9588" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0), F1 5.289-6.208 (5.723
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1C8D0713193C6FBAE834A26F95665FEA" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.15), F1w 1.176-1.402 (1.27
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3BC3D01ABED35DB7EA0B25FD0444CF81" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.04), P1 1.741-2.44 (2.047
|
||
<normalizedToken id="31EBA119157F89D852E17E92DAF9DC03" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.1), T1 4.034-5.248 (4.839
|
||
<normalizedToken id="08A63459B917308A69C49B27FD441442" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.18), M1 3.62-4.297 (4.017
|
||
<normalizedToken id="31376E2B289CC00D7BC58DC4C059A80F" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.11), A1 2.785-2.876 (2.827
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EBF691ECEB4F1416F8B497CAD93AAF28" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.01), L1 length 18.374-20.949 (19.453
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F4CDC4114ACBCE7F74D9233B80162D20" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.47), F3 4.466-4.958 (4.737
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F4B3593322234CF00FB02907489D524A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.08), F3w 1.456-1.831 (1.673
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3825721341F6BB86BF9D84552F5D79A3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06), P3 1.528-1.804 (1.694
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2A9E64ADE98FC48102B0B2CA5C1B63BB" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.04), T3 3.244-3.795 (3.532
|
||
<normalizedToken id="17157238D4F85CED745481D7192F2E9F" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.09), M3 4.019-4.569 (4.332
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AD734A38601D2E48C81229017FDC8AC7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.09), A3 2.658-3.047 (2.837
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CD0FDA843EDE1D31A946512D59ABACF9" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06), L3 length 15.988-17.891 (17.131
|
||
<normalizedToken id="142AEC524A2B6D12FFDB88E6B6C37D38" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.33), F4 5.308-5.984 (5.703
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B4640E3EE22300C61A03A5ABB94682AE" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.11), F4w 1.112-1.445 (1.313
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0C3B4B57652838453AF3923715A90C92" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.05), P4 1.532-2.102 (1.829
|
||
<normalizedToken id="85812F293BF9EB500E9D09CBC80F1818" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.08), T4 4.578-5.096 (4.847
|
||
<normalizedToken id="38D996C4FAD101178268C07A7EA37356" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.08), M4 5.412-6.102 (5.71
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D62FCECA177D24E782ED787038F09D2E" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.13), A4 3.042-3.374 (3.28
|
||
<normalizedToken id="52357E74B47817D11EAD843E9C3EE23C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.05), L4 length 20.357-22.272 (21.37
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D8D8DFA201031F568DD136237CEA36BE" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.4), PTl 3.273-3.706 (3.53
|
||
<normalizedToken id="84BFC3E1AE3F11109EDCBC571CC14D7C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07), PTw 1.159-1.431 (1.263
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5BC1E675F94B7B5C086CEA549E596BB5" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.04), SC3 ratio 0.219-0.41 (0.309
|
||
<normalizedToken id="10610B65CA596B051FF16F212D6B7A06" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.03), SC4 ratio 0.056-0.245 (0.12
|
||
<normalizedToken id="084A6B8468CB4DEC7567F89B5C30D259" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.03), Coxa I setae = very thin tapered, F3 condition = swollen/slightly swollen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="914E61679B0E169BB256EF9A8E817865" lastPageId="198" lastPageNumber="199" pageId="196" pageNumber="197" type="description of female exemplar">
|
||
<paragraph id="1EB4A8CFDBA421FDB9165415B50750A8" pageId="196" pageNumber="197">Description of female exemplar</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FEEAD5A1E906E6C265E898A56D5BB29D" lastPageId="197" lastPageNumber="198" pageId="196" pageNumber="197">
|
||
(APH_1255; Figs 108-110). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected live from burrow, preserved in 80% ethanol; deposited in AUMNH; original coloration faded due to preservation. Left legs I, III, IV, and pedipalp removed for photographs and measurements; stored in vial with specimen. Right legs III & IV removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL). Genital plate with spermathecae removed and cleared, stored in vial with specimen. General coloration: Grey. Cephalothorax: Carapace 5.141 mm long, 4.393 mm wide; Hirsute, densely clothed with short grey pubescence closely appressed to surface, with short, stout setae throughout; fringe densely covered in slightly longer setae; foveal groove medium deep and procurved; pars cephalica region gently rises from thoracic furrow, arching anteriorly toward ocular area; AER very procurved, PER very slightly recurved; anterior margin of carapace broad, robust chelicerae, clypeus extends forward on a curve; LBl 0.807, LBw 0.963; sternum hirsute, clothed with short grey setae. Abdomen: Densely clothed dorsally in short black, faded black, and grey setae with longer, lighter setae (generally red or orange in situ) focused near the urticating patch; small but dense dorsal patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CCBDAC6736D8A434CD3D08AB59635C7C" pageId="196" pageNumber="197">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) - smaller and distinct from large species. Spermathecae: Paired and separate, short, very simple, with capitate bulbs and wide bases that are not fused. Legs: Hirsute; densely clothed in short grey pubescence; F1 4.192; F1w 1.303; P1 1.748; T1
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="53E624B5159C6C23DDA16B760AB1AAF3" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" start="start">3.323</pageBreakToken>
|
||
; M1 2.151; A1 2.074; F3 3.249; F3w 1.123; P3 1.463; T3 2.154; M3 2.25; A3 2.102; F4 4.301; F4w 1.181; P4 1.634; T4 3.248; M4 3.27; A4 2.408. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 29.1%; leg IV (SC4) = 9.7%. Three ventral spinose setae and one prolateral on metatarsus III, with numerous thicker setae throughout; three ventral spinose setae and one prolateral on metatarsus IV, with numerous thicker setae throughout. Coxa I: Prolateral surface covered by fine, hair-like setae. Pedipalps: Densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs; two spinose setae on the anterior margin of prolateral/ventral tibia, with numerous thicker setae throughout.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="220C1EA33C4A4C41BDACE9C4FDA4B813" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
|
||
<paragraph id="A4E3BD8A1C32BBE6C5848AEED55B5939" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
|
||
Figure 108.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="42551CEA3C3A535520F49ECFB572A0E8" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
Prentice, 1993.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="27C5ED79444A72B3D411C3C035B64AC8" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
female specimen, APH_1255 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 1mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 1mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="2ABBC429C2BFED8F15BBB03F681136DB" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
|
||
<paragraph id="58CF7703EF436C094C2F7D33283E5AA8" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
|
||
Figure 109.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="001AFA77421A12A63FB41524DE5AA215" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
Prentice, 1993.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D864D69A0AA3E339E919168E13AA982B" originalValue="A–I">A-I</normalizedToken>
|
||
cleared spermathecae A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CE0A92BA331E84D09C28CD6A6EC9C708" genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae paloma" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" rank="species" species="paloma">paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
allotype B APH_0422 C APH_1102 D APH_1114 E APH_1115 F APH_1255 G APH_3170 H APH_3171 I APH_3172.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="BA20370C9DEA9D3652A9F21A67B00FCB" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
|
||
<paragraph id="CD42A02039E08278FB9F23B873DD9554" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
|
||
Figure 110.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00E3347696873F40A97F9A0EDA8AC58E" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
Prentice, 1993, cleared spermathecae. A APH_3189 B APH_3190 C APH_3194.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A8BD292AA38AFA6097518ECCE674FCCA" lastPageId="198" lastPageNumber="199" pageId="197" pageNumber="198">
|
||
Variation (12).Cl 4.635-7.058 (5.66
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8227044276D723F63968FFACF46885C7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.24), Cw 4.192-6.092 (5.023
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A49E388D683C84730207D911CF68D5B3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.21), LBl 0.763-1.197 (0.904
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FCD2027289595500D49731A29B61CE65" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.04), LBw 0.903-1.346 (1.074
|
||
<normalizedToken id="67F01045C1D4A40CEB245D92C2567E7F" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.04), F1 3.597-5.573 (4.52
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1A47804CA30BCD5284608E2DC7704740" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.19), F1w 1.186-1.884 (1.508
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DB3B3E4129ABE5F9E4DD969FE1D8E3EC" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07), P1 1.494-2.461 (1.971
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C647EDE1545285CA7D45DDC00C956E36" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.09), T1 2.968-4.516 (3.726
|
||
<normalizedToken id="10EFE2710F206D51B596FCDC0B5EDFA7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.14), M1 1.911-3.189 (2.499
|
||
<normalizedToken id="55C0A34FF457890BDD5C8B80E47C900D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.12), A1 1.927-2.705 (2.295
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E4477D7561F3D18EC0E898434F9E30E3" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.08), L1 length 11.984-18.261 (15.01
|
||
<normalizedToken id="960CA206644388B7638F4E8E99B8C5BA" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.61), F3 2.973-4.507 (3.635
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A88D51DAF58753CE5EE149687DDA19A2" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.16), F3w 1.037-1.809 (1.346
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1C3696041283B2B766E113407308319A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07), P3 1.318-2.141 (1.687
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1859055F241F5413734352B5EF1B3BF1" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.08), T3 2.035-3.057 (2.523
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D43117163E00C6740DA524631E927CB7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.1), M3 2.067-3.361 (2.607
|
||
<normalizedToken id="84CF822FB220068144C721AA9175B725" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.13), A3 2.031-2.976 (2.401
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D0202A17796A6A1EC4C8947C5D279406" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.09), L3 length 10.438-15.884 (12.853
|
||
<normalizedToken id="44E01828F151689F945C582133448522" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.55), F4 3.883-5.675 (4.735
|
||
<normalizedToken id="579502356E6EBFE6F709E708ED7EA5A8" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.18), F4w 1.088-1.864 (1.374
|
||
<normalizedToken id="648BDE1424177698F46315890E6F1796" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07),
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="50759E3E670CAD445F7947FF8CB6A53D" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" start="start">P</pageBreakToken>
|
||
4 1.521-2.33 (1.911
|
||
<normalizedToken id="36CC0229E0FC3B3F043FF9B9B77B5E27" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.09), T4 3.135-4.529 (3.799
|
||
<normalizedToken id="941C52EE20BCA07A5FF4802993A4353A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.14), M4 3.083-4.612 (3.718
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4DF0FD7EF285B62278932DBA376965BB" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.16), A4 2.308-3.263 (2.741
|
||
<normalizedToken id="576C3F1F34A97F78121E8E5F759C1711" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.1), L4 length 13.93-20.232 (16.904
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6059B9CDA53CC64A83C6D0ED293E1D85" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.65), SC3 ratio 0.26-0.496 (0.392
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7522D5C147AACB249D230FE1F459C5AC" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02), SC4 ratio 0-0.247 (0.169
|
||
<normalizedToken id="23CCAFFF9F545275B06DC72C73D89CD2" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02), Coxa I setae = very thin tapered. Spermathecae variation can be seen in Figures 109-110.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1BD88D925128C7D080787375DE855B02" lastPageId="199" lastPageNumber="200" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="796D22919C9017876DC9FC311024D8E2" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4032FACE794162A1DE29F93D8D4AA303" lastPageId="199" lastPageNumber="200" pageId="198" pageNumber="199">
|
||
United States: Arizona: Maricopa: 1.2 miles S Aqueduct on Aguila-Wickenburg Rd, 33.571504 -112.818108 1, 1306ft., [APH_0432, 16/11/2008, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; 4.65 miles N I-8 (Sentinel) on Agua Caliente Rd, 32.908339 -113.262179 1, 584ft., [APH_0430, 16/11/2008, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; just NW of Jct. Vulture Mine Rd and Aguila Rd, 33.719699 -112.8824 1, 1716ft., [APH_1612-1613, 12/11/2012, 2♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; just S of White Tank Mtn Rd, 33.56397 -112.49147 2, 1360ft., [APH_1101-1103, 30/11/2009, 3 juv, June Olberding, AUMNH]; Pima: 0.75 miles S Ball Rd in Why along Hwy-85, 32.25235 -112.745206 1, 1765ft., [APH_0424, 15/11/2008, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; [APH_0426-0427, 15/11/2008, 1♀, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Bates Well Rd, S of Ajo, 32.27002 -112.86087 2, 1673ft., [APH_1114-1116, 15/12/2009, 2♀, 1♂, June Olberding, AUMNH]; in desert east of Bates Well Rd, about 7 miles W of Why, AZ, 32.28612 -112.85435 4, 1720ft., [APH_0442-0449, 12/2008, 3♀, 5 juv, June Olberding, AUMNH]; Tucson area, near Catalina State Park, N side of Tangerine Rd and E of Tangerine Crossing, E of Marana, 32.42413 -111.03427 1, 2631ft., [APH_3170-3172, 12/11/2013, 3♀, Chris A. Hamilton, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; W of Why, 32.26683 -112.847 2, 1650ft., [APH_1253-1258, 1/12/2010, 2♂, 4♀, June Olberding, AUMNH]; Saguaro National Park (West) - western portion, 32.32247 -111.12608 2, 2790ft., [APH_1675, 1/12/14, 1♂, Derrick Smith, AUMNH; Pinal: 0.7 miles S Skyline Dr. on Quail Run Ln, 33.180864 -111.496516 2, 1552ft., [APH_1671-1674, 6/12/2012, 4♀, June Olberding, Tim Cota, AUMNH]; in desert NW jct of Hwy-84 and Amarillo Valley Rd (3.2 miles NW I-8), 32.856511 -112.085564 1, 1541ft., [APH_0421-0423, 15/11/2008, 3 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Paul Marek, Charity Hall, Kojun, AUMNH]; [APH_1603-1606, 10/11/2012, 3♂, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; off Florence-Kelvin Hwy, BLM land E of Florence, 32.99957 -111.26484 1, 1968ft.,
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="1B283B024F75FF1E6C3DF0047F30A7CB" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" start="start">[</pageBreakToken>
|
||
APH_3195, 15/11/2013, 1♀, Chris A. Hamilton, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; [APH_3197-3198, 15/11/2013, 2♀, Chris A. Hamilton, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; off Hwy 79 around 1/2 way between 77 split and Florence at Tom Mix Rest Area, 32.818271 -111.204751 1, 2338ft., [APH_3194, 15/11/2013, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; off Hwy 79, E side of road, N of Tucson past Hwy 77 split, near Ninety Six hills, 32.682347 -111.072531 1, 2972ft., [APH_3189-3190, 14/11/2013, 2♀, Chris A. Hamilton, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; W of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A5F115DD3F298EB841BAF6FB6864B664" originalValue="Chuck’s">Chuck's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Corner off S. Amarillo Valley Rd, off Hwy 84, N of I-8, 32.85665 -112.08419 1, 1501ft., [APH_3166, 11/11/2013, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, Chris A. Hamilton, AUMNH]; [APH_3168, 11/11/2013, 1 juv, Chris A. Hamilton, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C4B7DCF700D44C05ED0857BD84FD9291" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" type="distribution and natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="C722BC5BA8CD1A2710D15E6F8113458A" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Distribution and natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="841D26DCD6E777797ECED587F8E79FE1" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B7F642B792865B5C3FF83240D3A00DB9" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widely distributed across lower elevation sections of southern and southwestern Arizona (Figs 1G, 111) in the Sonoran Basin and Range Level III Ecoregion.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7EE9663F527C791D176AB78DBF89DDBB" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found in syntopy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E25EEF3B77B8C4A07A55EFA1BBE3192D" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
throughout its entire distribution and with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F03E42465D75862A20FAE88C956F4A79" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
north of Tucson. The breeding season, when mature males abandon their burrows in search of females, is limited to late fall and early winter (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9DC224EF982442DFA03280737CEC312D" originalValue="November–December">November-December</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Burrow entrances of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8648EE3C63839D280D40E588DC542EC9" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unique among species in the United States in that individuals frequently create a distinct crescent-shaped mound made from excavated soil and silk (Fig. 2F); this behavior has not been observed in other similar species (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14C7949811CF86BEE587D7AE43AC43C6" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="083ED3EFDE26F3B060F0873435C0FB2A" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88FFFB743325249A5416144C1BFBAB29" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7FC08E9C976183792D3FB689198C92AA" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The natural history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E1BDFCB13C63192EEF8E1E437C48856" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
is discussed in more detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EA0C491C382180A1F834384D431F2B7D" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Prentice (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6394808209E622ED2DF1FA1AB1FB6E2D" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<paragraph id="9B741CCD7CAC828222024441FF34F274" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
Figure 111.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4B57CA3B5CE78E6728D1EED5D809ADC9" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
Prentice, 1993. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="59EE1254012D798331958D685E528CCE" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="ABC04E74B9E7C0BE385E3A7ED7FFBE3B" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BBBEB665E8FD0855F624148B751F7828" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C423D1263CFE6A61EA7301EF257D264" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
is abundant throughout its distribution but can be difficult to find due to the cryptic nature of their burrows and narrow window of activity during the year. This species is secure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A48EC9B8B6D6CD176B70B11F7ADFB2DF" lastPageId="200" lastPageNumber="201" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="7808F6650419FD5D35FD56ED683A3E64" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C80A8966C84E614F705A1E3262423738" lastPageId="200" lastPageNumber="201" pageId="199" pageNumber="200">
|
||
Other important ratios that distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C1193488C05C1892EF6621B6AB0A010" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
males: possess a smaller L3 scopulation extent (21%-41%) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B40D0C359A6364E2FAD3C56ECCD2826" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(60%-65%) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDE9647D367F67D0EDB6AE457A7A3758" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
|
||
(65%-95%); by possessing a larger PTl/M1 (≥0.81; 0.81-0.92) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="624E017C2C09EC6FF2996DC819DF936A" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤0.75; 0.67-0.75) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="422EEDF9BDCF1EA3F56EF5EDC470A806" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤0.64; 0.57-0.64); by possessing a larger M3/A3 (≥1.46; 1.46-1.61) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="34C869EC8503D87AA279974EB401FAE3" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤1.42; 1.27-1.42) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="38D000ABFF4F376C154041FE958EDEC7" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤1.41; 1.21-1.41), but smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65544CA4EFD45F7E54107012E0B83C57" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≥1.66; 1.66-1.91); by possessing a larger Cl/M3 (≥1.17; 1.17-1.31) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="009CF423F15674BA5BF8D7B5D2FB87C1" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤1.12; 1.05-1.12) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBF8E63518AF41FF8C35CBD7CD8E3A36" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">Aphonopelma xwalxwal</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤1.01; 0.91-1.01). Other important ratios that distinguish females:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B3871E93C65E441C8019726715006637" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a larger Cl/A4 (≥1.92; 1.92-2.21) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50EC77B00663104EA65D373031823DBC" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤1.91; 1.63-1.91), but smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFD51CC1D364CFF24ED22386EEDA125" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≥2.32; 2.32-2.64); by possessing a smaller L3 scopulation extent (25%-50%) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04631626210AB3EBD828F8C33B730E0C" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(78%-93%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3F2FDD3DBE30D48C7C904FDD640D84DE" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(62-67%),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B360BF2385BA8DE251F2F7836D923C51" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
|
||
(64%
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EA2A438C898183F2F6FA91C4E643FA43" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
(only 1 specimen)), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B86294EE654D7688C7006557899039A9" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(49%-69%, with slight overlap). For both males and females, certain morphometrics have potential to be useful, though due to the amounts of variation, small number of specimens, and the small differences between species, no others are claimed to be significant at this time (see Suppl. material 2). During evaluation of traditional PCA morphospace, males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="797E322D272CAA26FC6005F0E5CC24D6" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
separate in PCA morphological space from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="613C5D82196DB32E2E2B9BB5557DEF60" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFBF0F433B7187F352EB1256933A252C" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB10BD35907ED2117EFD6DCE9A9CFE10" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="199" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="985EBA59769DF72BDB74BC07D8908741" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma xwalxwal" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xwalxwal">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="AC7546B39918223DE418132C9E956E44" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" start="start">Aphonopelma</pageBreakToken>
|
||
xwalxwal
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but do not separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="516E24A0D0008189BA8C4C67E632D1A4" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8E0587D65289C3255ACA549FF0BBE9F" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE4905E486593D893F47AEAAB0476085" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B855D1FF114FB716235D75B9176C921E" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7561730AD2E4928A1FD20B01A651FF53" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="947538F5E4DDFC97BD7D635EC4EB5F30" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F5264819DDE76F0C2AAF997FD7C803B3" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2D784D0672CBD154463136FF2A43D67A" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="34AAB05B67D7864149AE6C0F7B681936" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B1FE91BDF1771E2B22995CB72C8F80FF" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
in morphological space. Interestingly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E7010D9E307A46AC880EAAA50A58376" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
males separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2860AB824AD4BF191FDAA2B11B33ECBB" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0838B7DA5A5518373841B49F6E111537" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B4FB419AB997C716F52B1CE984CE4E3F" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7CFD162A4D9B121700866C7FCD05C81" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
in three-dimensional PCA morphospace (PC1~PC2~PC3), but do not separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D7DE527736418F6A2E6ADEAB9241752" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04DC20AF6691D2CE2A76C6CB610383C1" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09397D23E001D5452E94B488780E028E" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
females separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="27ADFEB75E111D68C03FD35C4F3767E6" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E6EB760DD7B1D243BFD5EA34D6813FF" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45081DA67F302B007FC039774ED3637F" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1C99FE83915FAA2C033320E11A000EBE" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26F4915C5AB8E1EB2185AE9C29864ED7" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C2750746DEBB4623A1D36F4981DF91" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="200" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. PC1, PC2, and PC3 explain ≥96% of the variation in all analyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |