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147 lines
16 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" ID-PMC="PMC6033956" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-102-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" ID-PubMed="30002597" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1306325" ModsDocID="1314-2003-102-1" checkinTime="1530324112772" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="DeFilipps, Robert A. & Krupnick, Gary A." docDate="2018" docId="85B5346883EA56F69AD59A831ED6B78E" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 102: 1-341" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 102" docPubDate="2018-06-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" docTitle="Anacardium occidentale L. (= Acajuba occidentalis (L.) Gaertn.; Anacardium microcarpum Ducke)" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" masterDocTitle="The medicinal plants of Myanmar" masterLastPageNumber="341" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1668138950833" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The medicinal plants of Myanmar</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>DeFilipps, Robert A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Deceased</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Krupnick, Gary A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1357-4826</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC- 166, Washington, DC, 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">krupnick@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2018-06-28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>102</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>341</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-102-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1306325</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182396114" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:85B5346883EA56F69AD59A831ED6B78E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/85B5346883EA56F69AD59A831ED6B78E" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName LSID="85B53468-83EA-56F6-9AD5-9A831ED6B78E" authority="L. (= Acajuba occidentalis (L.) Gaertn.; Anacardium microcarpum Ducke)" authorityName="L. (= Acajuba occidentalis (L.) Gaertn.; Anacardium microcarpum Ducke)" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Anacardium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Anacardium occidentale" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentale">Anacardium occidentale L. (= Acajuba occidentalis (L.) Gaertn.; Anacardium microcarpum Ducke)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="names">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Myanmar</emphasis>
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:
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">thiho-thayet</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">shitkale</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">mak-mong-sang-yip</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">English</emphasis>
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: cashew nut.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="range">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Range.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tropical America. Probably originating in Brazil. Cultivated in Myanmar.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="uses">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Uses.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bark</emphasis>
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: A restorative.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bark, Leaf, Fruit</emphasis>
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: Used as an anthelmintic, also for leucoderma and other skin diseases as well as for diabetes.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fruit</emphasis>
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: The kernel (nut) is a pain reliever.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Medicinal uses of this species in India are discussed in
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<bibRefCitation author="Jain, SK" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B50" refString="Jain, SK, DeFilipps, RA, 1991. Medicinal Plants of India. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac." title="Medicinal Plants of India. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac." year="1991">Jain and DeFilipps (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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. Indigenous medicinal uses of this species in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) are described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Dagar, JC" journalOrPublisher="Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B27" refString="Dagar, JC, Singh, NT, 1999. Plant Resources of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Enumeration and Utilisation of Vascular Plants). Vol. II. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 281-987." title="Plant Resources of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Enumeration and Utilisation of Vascular Plants). Vol. II. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 281 - 987." year="1999">Dagar and Singh (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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. Medicinal uses of this species in China are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Duke, JA" journalOrPublisher="Lipid / Fett" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B34" refString="Duke, JA, Ayensu, ES, 1985. Medicinal Plants of China. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc., Algonac." title="Medicinal Plants of China. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc., Algonac." year="1985">Duke and Ayensu (1985)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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The cashew nut, a true fruit, is rich in lipids, glucosides, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin B. It further yields a fair amount of protein, mineral salts, iron and fiber. The oil is a laxative and acts powerfully against intestinal worms; it is also excellent for use to treat premature aging of the skin. The irritating oil obtained after soaking the nuts in water is viscous-brown and contains 90% anacardic acid and 10% cardol which exhibits potent antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria. It is also used to treat sores, warts, ringworm and psoriasis (
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<bibRefCitation author="Beauvoir, MG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="171" pageNumber="172" publicationUrl="http://collections.si.edu/search/record/siris_sil_668431" refId="B7" refString="Beauvoir, MG, DeFilipps, RA, Wolpert, BJ, Crepin, J, 2001. Selected Medicinal Plants of Haitian Vodou. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, Washington, D.C. http://collections.si.edu/search/record/siris_sil_668431" title="Selected Medicinal Plants of Haitian Vodou. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, Washington, D. C." url="http://collections.si.edu/search/record/siris_sil_668431" year="2001">Beauvoir et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Used in cosmetics, the juice contains substances capable of capturing free radicals. It has value for hair conditioning due to its proteins and mucilage. Therefore it is an excellent scalp conditioner and tonic used for making lotions and scalp creams. The enlarged receptacle (cashew apple) with a waxy skin provides vitamins A, B, and C, a few amino acids, calcium and iron. It exhibits strong potential activity against Gram positive bacteria and somewhat less antifungal activity against molds. The juice made from the cashew apple cures influenza (
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<bibRefCitation author="Beauvoir, MG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="171" pageNumber="172" publicationUrl="http://collections.si.edu/search/record/siris_sil_668431" refId="B7" refString="Beauvoir, MG, DeFilipps, RA, Wolpert, BJ, Crepin, J, 2001. Selected Medicinal Plants of Haitian Vodou. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, Washington, D.C. http://collections.si.edu/search/record/siris_sil_668431" title="Selected Medicinal Plants of Haitian Vodou. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, Washington, D. C." url="http://collections.si.edu/search/record/siris_sil_668431" year="2001">Beauvoir et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
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). "Ingestion of raw cashew nuts can cause eczematous dermatitis that is generalized but especially severe on the palms" of the hands (
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<bibRefCitation author="Benezra, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants" pageId="171" pageNumber="172" refId="B10" refString="Benezra, C, Ducombs, G, Sell, Y, Foussereau, J, 1985. Plant Contact Dermatitis. B.C. Decker Inc., Toronoto." title="Plant Contact Dermatitis. B. C. Decker Inc., Toronoto." year="1985">Benezra et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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The chemistry, pharmacology, history and medicinal uses of this species in Latin America are discussed in detail by
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<bibRefCitation author="Gupta, MP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B42" refString="Gupta, MP, 1995. 270 Plantas Medicinales Iberoamericanas. Convenio Andres Bello (CYTED, SECAB, UNESCO), Bogota." title="270 Plantas Medicinales Iberoamericanas. Convenio Andres Bello (CYTED, SECAB, UNESCO), Bogota." year="1995">Gupta (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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. The toxic properties, symptoms, treatment and beneficial uses of this plant, parts of which are poisonous, are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Nellis, DW" journalOrPublisher="Phytomedicine" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B80" refString="Nellis, DW, 1997. Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press Inc, Sarasota." title="Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press Inc, Sarasota." year="1997">Nellis (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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. Data on the propagation, seed treatment and agricultural management of this species are given by
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<bibRefCitation author="Katende, AB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural Products" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B55" refString="Katende, AB, Birnie, A, Tengnaes, B, 1995. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Uganda: Identification, Propagation and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. SIDA, Nairobi." title="Useful Trees and Shrubs for Uganda: Identification, Propagation and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. SIDA, Nairobi." year="1995">Katende et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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The receptacle (pseudo-fruit) contains vitamin C; the main phenolic components of the oil from the shells are anacardic acid and cardol, which have antibacterial, molluscicidal and anthelminic properties; the inner bark has hypoglycemic action; tannins in the bark have anti-inflammatory properties; and, the essential oil of the leaves, which is comprised almost exclusively of alpha-pinene, acts as a depressant on the central nervous system (
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<bibRefCitation author="Mors, WB" journalOrPublisher="Phytomedicine" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B76" refString="Mors, WB, Rizzini, CT, Pereira, NA, 2000. Medicinal Plants of Brazil. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac, Michigan." title="Medicinal Plants of Brazil. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac, Michigan." year="2000">Mors et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). Details of the active chemical compounds, effects, herbal usage and pharmacological literature of this plant are given in
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<bibRefCitation author="Fleming, T" journalOrPublisher="ARS Pharmaceutica" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B36" refString="Fleming, T, 2000. PDR for Herbal Medicines (2nd edn). Medical Economics Company, Montvale." title="PDR for Herbal Medicines (2 nd edn). Medical Economics Company, Montvale." year="2000">Fleming (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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. Traditional medicinal uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological activity of this species are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-237-1" author="Ross, IA" journalOrPublisher="Drug Development Research" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B99" refString="Ross, IA, 2001. Medicinal Plants of the World, Volume 2: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Uses. Humana Press, Totowa. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-237-1" title="Medicinal Plants of the World, Volume 2: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Uses. Humana Press, Totowa." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-237-1" year="2001">Ross (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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The seed of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Anacardium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Anacardium occidentale" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentale">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anacardium occidentale</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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contain anacardic acid which causes skin pustules or rashes, and also contains bilobol, which has antitumor activity (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lan, CG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural Products" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B63" refString="Lan, CG, Chang, S, Keat, GCK, Leng, HGK, Yee, HK, 1998. A Guide to Toxic Plants of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore." title="A Guide to Toxic Plants of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore." year="1998">Lan et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="references">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">References.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<bibRefCitation author="Nordal, A" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B85" refString="Nordal, A, 1963. The Medicinal Plants and Crude Drugs of Burma. Hellstrom & Nordahls Boktrykkeri, Oslo." title="The Medicinal Plants and Crude Drugs of Burma. Hellstrom & Nordahls Boktrykkeri, Oslo." year="1963">Nordal (1963)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Perry, LM" journalOrPublisher="Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B90" refString="Perry, LM, 1980. Medicinal Plants of East and South-East Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London." title="Medicinal Plants of East and South-East Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London." year="1980">Perry (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |