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<document id="B65BBCD6ABACEDAAC5B97C02CC9F1A12" ID-CLB-Dataset="293303" ID-DOI="10.1080/14772019.2021.1960911" ID-GBIF-Dataset="53749253-12aa-41cc-9eec-e28c0b075738" ID-ISSN="1478-0941" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10949919" ID-ZooBank="F8991F09-B5FB-40EF-B4CC-474D925085B8" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1711484962835" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gale, Andrew Scott" docDate="2021" docId="B9207C419A7AFFF70E55FE7FFD68FADF" docLanguage="en" docName="JSystPalaeontol.19.10.691-741.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19 (10)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1960911" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571.1:JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleId="6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571" docStyleName="JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Stauranderasteridae Spencer 1913" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="702" masterDocId="451904399A76FFFB0F0FFF8CFF93FF93" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and phylogeny of the ‘ football stars’ (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)" masterLastPageNumber="741" masterPageNumber="691" pageNumber="702" updateTime="1712755325394" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7E9D7E251685F5E62841E36BCA67D76C">Taxonomy and phylogeny of the ‘ football stars’ (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A274789AEBF56F5A4D2D62F9C5AB6C8A">Gale, Andrew Scott</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="AB95B22C76D0A97459E4FC3A275098CB">School of the Environment, Geography and Geological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO 1 3 QL UK; &amp; Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A7AFFF70E55FE7FFDC1FD99" box="[346,594,499,522]" pageId="12" pageNumber="702" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3136CD579A7AFFF70E55FE7FFDC1FD99" blockId="12.[346,594,499,557]" box="[346,594,499,522]" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">
<emphasis id="03FD11459A7AFFF70E55FE7FFDC1FD99" bold="true" box="[346,594,499,522]" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">
?
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A7AFFF70E6AFE7FFDC1FD99" ID-CoL="7ZLC5" authorityName="Spencer" authorityYear="1913" box="[357,594,499,522]" class="Asteroidea" family="Stauranderasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="702" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Stauranderasteridae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A7AFFF70EACFD9AFD9AFDBE" blockId="12.[346,594,499,557]" box="[419,521,534,557]" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">
(
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A7AFFF70EA3FD9AFD93FDBE" box="[428,512,534,557]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[159,226,1542,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Oral ossicles of sphaerasterids. A–E, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, D, interradial view of orals of smaller individuals (NHMUK EE 17642, 17643); B, E, interradial (B) and radial (E) views of small oral (NHMUK EE 17644); C, large oral, interradial view (NHMUK EE 17623b). F, I, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., oral in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17645). G, oral ossicle of possible stauranderasterid or sphaerasterid, interradial view (MnhnL OPH173). H, oral ossicle, probably from Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., interradial view (NHMUK EE 17646). J, L, oral ossicle of Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe &amp; Nichols, 1980, in interradial and radial views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). K, M, oral ossicle of Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637h). N, interradial view of oral ossicle of Manfredaster bulbiferus (Forbes, 1848) (NHMUK EE 17647a). Provenance: A–E are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, I are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. G is from the Carnian (Upper Triassic), Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. H is from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. K, M, N are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. J, L are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H, K, M = 0.5mm; B, E = 0.2 mm; C, F, I, J, L, N = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955081/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A7AFFF70F92FDDAFEA7FD1D" pageId="12" pageNumber="702" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3136CD579A7AFFF70F92FDDAFEA7FD1D" blockId="12.[157,781,598,654]" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">2011 possible stauranderasterid oral ossicle Gale: pl. 16, figs 10, 11.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A7AFFF70F90FD2BFD05FC93" pageId="12" pageNumber="702" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3136CD579A7AFFF70F90FD2BFD05FC93" blockId="12.[159,781,679,768]" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">
<emphasis id="03FD11459A7AFFF70F90FD2BFE9AFD2D" bold="true" box="[159,265,679,702]" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">Material.</emphasis>
Two oral ossicles (
<collectionCode id="579855929A7AFFF70D1DFD2BFDEAFD2D" box="[530,633,679,702]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="12" pageNumber="702" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
EE 13584, MnhnL
<collectionCode id="579855929A7AFFF70FF3FD44FEA6FD4C" box="[252,309,712,735]" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">OPH</collectionCode>
173) from the Carnian (Late Triassic) St. Cassian Formation, Cortina d’ Ampezzo,
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A7AFFF70D51FD65FD01FC93" box="[606,658,745,768]" name="Italy" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">Italy</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A7AFFF70F90FC95FD25FB86" pageId="12" pageNumber="702" type="description">
<paragraph id="3136CD579A7AFFF70F90FC95FD25FB86" blockId="12.[159,781,793,1045]" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">
<emphasis id="03FD11459A7AFFF70F90FC95FEB9FCA3" bold="true" box="[159,298,793,816]" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">Description.</emphasis>
The two well-preserved oral ossicles (
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A7AFFF70DD5FC95FF40FCC3" author="Gale, A. S." pageId="12" pageNumber="702" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref28075" refString="Gale, A. S. 2011. The phylogeny of the post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology, 85, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2011">Gale 2011</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 16, figs 10, 11; herein
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A7AFFF70D0BFCB5FDC5FCC3" box="[516,598,825,848]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[159,226,1542,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Oral ossicles of sphaerasterids. A–E, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, D, interradial view of orals of smaller individuals (NHMUK EE 17642, 17643); B, E, interradial (B) and radial (E) views of small oral (NHMUK EE 17644); C, large oral, interradial view (NHMUK EE 17623b). F, I, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., oral in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17645). G, oral ossicle of possible stauranderasterid or sphaerasterid, interradial view (MnhnL OPH173). H, oral ossicle, probably from Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., interradial view (NHMUK EE 17646). J, L, oral ossicle of Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe &amp; Nichols, 1980, in interradial and radial views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). K, M, oral ossicle of Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637h). N, interradial view of oral ossicle of Manfredaster bulbiferus (Forbes, 1848) (NHMUK EE 17647a). Provenance: A–E are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, I are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. G is from the Carnian (Upper Triassic), Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. H is from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. K, M, N are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. J, L are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H, K, M = 0.5mm; B, E = 0.2 mm; C, F, I, J, L, N = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955081/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
) possess convex actinal and distal margins of equal length, set at right angles. The external actinal surface bears a proximal row of fine os attachments, and five larger, irregularly distributed suboral spine (sos) are present. The distal surface for contact with the adamb (orada, oradm) is large and well developed. The apophyse (apo) is short and blunt.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A7AFFF70F90FBA2FD68FADF" pageId="12" pageNumber="702" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3136CD579A7AFFF70F90FBA2FD68FADF" blockId="12.[159,781,1070,1356]" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">
<emphasis id="03FD11459A7AFFF70F90FBA2FE9EFBD6" bold="true" box="[159,269,1070,1093]" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">Remarks.</emphasis>
These oral ossicles are similar in shape to those of
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A7AFFF70FF1FBC3FEEFFBF5" authorityName="Quenstedt" authorityYear="1858" box="[254,380,1103,1126]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="702" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="03FD11459A7AFFF70FF1FBC3FEEFFBF5" box="[254,380,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">Sphaeraster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A7AFFF70EB2FBC3FDBEFBF5" box="[445,557,1103,1127]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[159,226,1542,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Oral ossicles of sphaerasterids. A–E, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, D, interradial view of orals of smaller individuals (NHMUK EE 17642, 17643); B, E, interradial (B) and radial (E) views of small oral (NHMUK EE 17644); C, large oral, interradial view (NHMUK EE 17623b). F, I, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., oral in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17645). G, oral ossicle of possible stauranderasterid or sphaerasterid, interradial view (MnhnL OPH173). H, oral ossicle, probably from Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., interradial view (NHMUK EE 17646). J, L, oral ossicle of Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe &amp; Nichols, 1980, in interradial and radial views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). K, M, oral ossicle of Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637h). N, interradial view of oral ossicle of Manfredaster bulbiferus (Forbes, 1848) (NHMUK EE 17647a). Provenance: A–E are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, I are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. G is from the Carnian (Upper Triassic), Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. H is from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. K, M, N are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. J, L are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H, K, M = 0.5mm; B, E = 0.2 mm; C, F, I, J, L, N = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955081/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">Fig. 8A–E</figureCitation>
) and the stauranderasterid
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A7AFFF70FE0FBFCFD0FFB14" authority="(Forbes, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Forbes" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[239,668,1136,1159]" class="Asteroidea" family="Stauranderasteridae" genus="Manfredaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="702" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bulbiferus">
<emphasis id="03FD11459A7AFFF70FE0FBFCFE61FB14" box="[239,498,1136,1159]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">Manfredaster bulbiferus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A7AFFF70D0AFBFCFD00FB14" author="Forbes, E." box="[517,659,1136,1159]" pageId="12" pageNumber="702" pagination="457 - 482" refId="ref27876" refString="Forbes, E. 1848. On the Asteriadae found fossil in British strata. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and of the Museum of Practical Geology in London, 2, 457 - 482." type="journal article" year="1848">Forbes, 1848</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A7AFFF70DA0FBFCFC97FB14" box="[687,772,1136,1159]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[159,226,1542,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Oral ossicles of sphaerasterids. A–E, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, D, interradial view of orals of smaller individuals (NHMUK EE 17642, 17643); B, E, interradial (B) and radial (E) views of small oral (NHMUK EE 17644); C, large oral, interradial view (NHMUK EE 17623b). F, I, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., oral in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17645). G, oral ossicle of possible stauranderasterid or sphaerasterid, interradial view (MnhnL OPH173). H, oral ossicle, probably from Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., interradial view (NHMUK EE 17646). J, L, oral ossicle of Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe &amp; Nichols, 1980, in interradial and radial views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). K, M, oral ossicle of Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637h). N, interradial view of oral ossicle of Manfredaster bulbiferus (Forbes, 1848) (NHMUK EE 17647a). Provenance: A–E are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, I are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. G is from the Carnian (Upper Triassic), Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. H is from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. K, M, N are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. J, L are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H, K, M = 0.5mm; B, E = 0.2 mm; C, F, I, J, L, N = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955081/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="702">Fig. 8N</figureCitation>
) in that the tall proximal margin is set at right angles to the actinal margin. The triangular spine-bearing actinal surface is positioned on the lateral part of the ossicle, as in stauranderasterids, to which they are provisionally assigned. If this is the case, the origination of the
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A7AFFF70F90FAB9FEFEFADF" authorityName="Spencer" authorityYear="1913" box="[159,365,1333,1356]" class="Asteroidea" family="Stauranderasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="702" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Stauranderasteridae</taxonomicName>
probably lies in the Middle Triassic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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