450 lines
64 KiB
XML
450 lines
64 KiB
XML
<document id="244D36B7D3C48657577E0428A293E28B" ID-CLB-Dataset="293303" ID-DOI="10.1080/14772019.2021.1960911" ID-GBIF-Dataset="53749253-12aa-41cc-9eec-e28c0b075738" ID-ISSN="1478-0941" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10949919" ID-ZooBank="F8991F09-B5FB-40EF-B4CC-474D925085B8" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1711484962835" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gale, Andrew Scott" docDate="2021" docId="B9207C419A62FFE30C85FF31FB49FC11" docLanguage="en" docName="JSystPalaeontol.19.10.691-741.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19 (10)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1960911" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571.1:JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleId="6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571" docStyleName="JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Echinosphaeraster scutatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="714" masterDocId="451904399A76FFFB0F0FFF8CFF93FF93" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and phylogeny of the ‘ football stars’ (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)" masterLastPageNumber="741" masterPageNumber="691" pageNumber="710" updateTime="1712755325394" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C50B5F7A943BDCEFFB8C6E218ABFBD0F">Taxonomy and phylogeny of the ‘ football stars’ (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F0C7782D74BE229D2D603B9A6DBCD268" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="903A512E2C17D31FA07047D2BBBAC6C4">Gale, Andrew Scott</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="12888DD03A400455F9DA6251F6C23743">School of the Environment, Geography and Geological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO 1 3 QL UK; & Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="80DEEE3CFA18F8DB39D7E31087492D98">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2D0329C5B1185EC9603EDE22029DC193">
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<mods:date id="A107646E20AD4C8F719178B17B03C564">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F9662ED7627CCD5D9FD1ABF645F9DD02">2021-10-01</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="405F80D69343366D3795CBF389878C3B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4241E9B6BD1FFBEF65629949ECD943D3" type="CLB-Dataset">293303</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2BDD1106F9DCB4BD46B1F073B8E1E41D" type="DOI">10.1080/14772019.2021.1960911</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2731569475A775159F4CD2AA82FAEB5E" type="Zenodo-Dep">10949919</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B9207C419A62FFE30C85FF31FB49FC11" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955107" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10955107" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B9207C419A62FFE30C85FF31FB49FC11" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B9207C419A62FFE30C85FF31FB49FC11" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="714" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
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<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A62FFEF0C85FF31FAEEFF47" box="[906,1405,189,212]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0C85FF31FAEEFF47" blockId="20.[906,1405,189,247]" box="[906,1405,189,212]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
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<heading id="6A7E7A3B9A62FFEF0C85FF31FAEEFF47" box="[906,1405,189,212]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" reason="8">
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A62FFEF0C85FF31FAEEFF47" authority="(Goldfuss, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[906,1405,189,212]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Echinosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0C85FF31FB2EFF47" bold="true" box="[906,1213,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Echinosphaeraster scutatus</emphasis>
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(Goldfuss, 1833)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A62FFEF0CA4FF53FB1DFCB8" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0CA4FF53FACFFF65" blockId="20.[906,1405,189,247]" box="[939,1372,223,247]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
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(
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<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A62FFEF0CBBFF53FBA9FF65" box="[948,1082,223,246]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="21.[159,226,1093,1114]" captionTargetBox="[186,1435,224,1040]" captionTargetId="figure-391@21.[159,1466,188,1076]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 10. A, B, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833), partly articulated individual, with interpretative drawing (B) (NHMUK EE 17655). C, D, Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833), fragmentary specimen, with interpretative drawing (D) (GPIT/2460). Provenance: A, B are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. C, D are from the upper Oxfordian, southern Germany. Colours as in Figure 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949933" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949933/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Figs 10C, D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A62FFEF0B45FF53FB0AFF65" box="[1098,1177,223,247]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="25.[159,226,1942,1963]" captionTargetBox="[159,1467,188,1921]" captionTargetId="figure-1@25.[159,1467,188,1921]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 14. A–C, Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). Cast of large articulated individual in abactinal, lateral and actinal views, respectively. Provenance: Oxfordian, Swiss Jura (GMHL 1929, original in the collection of Mr J. Buijs). Scale bar = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949939/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">14A–C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A62FFEF0BA9FF53FB6BFF65" box="[1190,1272,223,247]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="28.[159,226,1746,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-1@27.[159,1467,188,1921]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 15. Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, fragments of actinal surface; A, original of Quenstedt (1858, pl. 94, fig. 12) and Schondorf (1906a, pl. 1, figs 7, 8) (GPIT/80/94-12); B, original of Quenstedt (1858, pl. 94, figs 13, 14) and Schondorf (1906a, pl. 1, figs 9, 10) (GPIT/80/94-12). C, D, primary radial plate, in lateral (D) and external (C) views (GPIT/A5/52). E, K, large spine from abactinal plates, in basal (E) and lateral (K) views (GPIT/A5/51). F, G, I, J, abactinal plates (GPIT/A5/52). H, radial plate, external view (GPIT/A5/52). All specimens from the Weisser Jura e or Malm of the Swabian Alb, southern Germany. Scale bars: A–D, F, I, J = 10mm; E, K = 2 mm; G = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955089/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">15A–K</figureCitation>
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, 16A–D)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0C45FE9BFA26FEA5" blockId="20.[842,1467,279,633]" box="[842,1461,279,311]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
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$1833
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A62FFEF0C99FE93FB2FFEA5" authority="Goldfuss" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1833" box="[918,1212,287,310]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0C99FE93FBDEFEA5" box="[918,1101,287,310]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Asterias scutatus</emphasis>
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Goldfuss
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</taxonomicName>
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: 210, pl. 63, fig. 8a–g.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0C45FEB3FB99FEE4" blockId="20.[842,1467,279,633]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
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1875
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A62FFEF0C83FEB3FB46FEC5" authority="(Goldfuss)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[908,1237,319,342]" genus="Spherites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" rank="species" species="scutatus">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0C83FEB3FBC1FEC5" box="[908,1106,319,342]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Spherites scutatus</emphasis>
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(Goldfuss)
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</taxonomicName>
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; Quenstedt: 725, pl. 88, figs 35–47.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0C45FE0CFAF9FE24" blockId="20.[842,1467,279,633]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
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1906b
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A62FFEF0C97FE0CFB6FFE04" authority="(Goldfuss)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[920,1276,384,407]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0C97FE0CFBE8FE04" box="[920,1147,384,407]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Sphaeraster scutatus</emphasis>
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(Goldfuss)
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</taxonomicName>
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; Schondorf: 266, figs 8–13, 22, 24, 25, 27, 32; pl. 24, figs 8–11.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0C45FE4CFC27FE6B" blockId="20.[842,1467,279,633]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
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1975
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A62FFEF0C82FE4CFB65FE44" authority="(Goldfuss)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[909,1270,448,471]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0C82FE4CFBE1FE44" box="[909,1138,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Sphaeraster scutatus</emphasis>
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(Goldfuss)
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</taxonomicName>
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; Hess: 37, pl. 8, fig. 17.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0C45FD8DFBE7FDAB" blockId="20.[842,1467,279,633]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
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1984
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A62FFEF0C80FD8DFB68FD8B" authority="(Goldfuss)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[911,1275,513,536]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0C80FD8DFBE5FD8B" box="[911,1142,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Sphaeraster scutatus</emphasis>
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(Goldfuss)
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</taxonomicName>
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; Blake: 76, figs 1C, E, F, 2D, 4A,
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<geoCoordinate id="54BDAB909A62FFEF0B3DFDADFBE3FDAB" box="[1074,1136,545,568]" degrees="7, 8" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" precision="5555" value="7.8">7, 8E</geoCoordinate>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0C45FDCDFB80FDEA" blockId="20.[842,1467,279,633]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
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2003
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<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A62FFEF0C81FDCDFB64FDCB" authority="(Goldfuss)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[910,1271,577,600]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0C81FDCDFBE0FDCB" box="[910,1139,577,600]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Sphaeraster scutatus</emphasis>
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(Goldfuss)
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</taxonomicName>
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; Radwanska: 67, pl. 1, figs 1–16.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0C43FD1EFB1DFCB8" blockId="20.[844,1467,658,811]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0C43FD1EFC0BFD3A" bold="true" box="[844,920,658,681]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Types.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="81E1C70A9A62FFEF0CAEFD1EFB19FCB8" county="The" location="Munich" municipality="Schondorf" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Berlin" typeStatus="lectotype">
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The abactinal ossicle figured by Goldfuss (1833, pl. 63, fig. 8a–c) is here selected as
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<typeStatus id="EE3273F59A62FFEF0BE6FD3EFADDFD5A" box="[1257,1358,690,713]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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||
.
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<collectingCounty id="D857B5DB9A62FFEF0A53FD3EFA16FD5A" box="[1372,1413,690,713]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">The</collectingCounty>
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present whereabouts of this specimen are unknown, but according to
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<collectingMunicipality id="D152572D9A62FFEF0CE0FD7FFBCDFC99" box="[1007,1118,755,778]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Schondorf</collectingMunicipality>
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(1906b), it is in either the
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<location id="34569B8C9A62FFEF0C43FC98FC0CFCB8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B9207C419A62FFE30C85FF31FB49FC11:34569B8C9A62FFEF0C43FC98FC0CFCB8" box="[844,927,788,811]" county="The" municipality="Schondorf" name="Munich" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" stateProvince="Berlin">Munich</location>
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or
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<collectingRegion id="F34D03B59A62FFEF0CC8FC98FB99FCB8" box="[967,1034,788,811]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Berlin</collectingRegion>
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||
collections
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A62FFEF0C43FCC8FB14FCC8" box="[844,1159,836,859]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0C43FCC8FB14FCC8" blockId="20.[844,1159,836,859]" box="[844,1159,836,859]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
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<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0C43FCC8FC52FCC8" bold="true" box="[844,961,836,859]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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As for the genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A62FFEF0C43FCF8FC58FAE0" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0C43FCF8FC58FAE0" blockId="20.[844,1467,884,1395]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0C43FCF8FC24FC18" bold="true" box="[844,951,884,907]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Material.</emphasis>
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Abundant ossicles from the Kimmeridgian of south-west
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<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A62FFEF0CC4FC19FBBDFC3F" box="[971,1070,917,940]" name="Germany" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Germany</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A62FFEF0B64FC19FB79FC3F" box="[1131,1258,917,940]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
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are present in the collections of the University of Tubingen (
|
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<collectionCode id="579855929A62FFEF0A3FFC39FAFDFC5F" box="[1328,1390,949,972]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b26r-wc8g" name="Institut und Museum fur Geologie und Palaeontologie, Universitat Tuebingen" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">GPIT</collectionCode>
|
||
/80/94- 12; GPIT/A5/51; GPIT/A5/52, south-west
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<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A62FFEF0A47FC5AFA23FC7E" box="[1352,1456,982,1005]" name="Germany" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
), the Naturhistorisches Museum Basel (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A62FFEF0A3CFC7AFA24FB9E" box="[1331,1463,1014,1037]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, unreg.) and the Natural History Museum, London (
|
||
<collectionCode id="579855929A62FFEF0C5BFBBBFC28FBDD" box="[852,955,1079,1102]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
EE 17699–17701, material from the lower Kimmeridgian of Plettenberg,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A62FFEF0BBFFBD4FA8BFBFC" box="[1200,1304,1112,1135]" name="Germany" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
). The present description is largely based on photographs and a highquality cast (
|
||
<collectionCode id="579855929A62FFEF0CE2FB15FBAEFB23" box="[1005,1085,1177,1200]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">GMHL</collectionCode>
|
||
1929) of an almost complete, articulated individual in the collection of the late Mr J. Buijs of Huizen,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A62FFEF0B11FB56FB40FB62" box="[1054,1235,1242,1265]" name="Netherlands" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, collected from the Kimmeridgian of the Swiss Jura, which has not been described previously (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A62FFEF0B30FA97FB2AFAA1" author="Buijs, J." box="[1087,1209,1307,1330]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" pagination="131 - 136" refId="ref27660" refString="Buijs, J. 2011. Sphaeraster scutatus Goldfuss; geschiedenis van een opzienbarende vondst. Grondboor en Hamer, 5, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="2011">Buijs 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This specimen forms the basis for the first accurate reconstruction of
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0C43FAD0FC58FAE0" box="[844,971,1372,1395]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A62FFEF0C43FAD0FC54FAE0" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[844,967,1372,1395]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">E. scutatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="79939EDC9A62FFE30C43FA00FB49FC11" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="714" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEE0C43FA00FD8DFA3E" blockId="20.[844,1467,1420,1606]" lastBlockId="21.[159,782,1237,1901]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="711" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0C43FA00FC44FA30" bold="true" box="[844,983,1420,1443]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
The well-preserved individual (
|
||
<collectionCode id="579855929A62FFEF0A65FA00FA29FA30" box="[1386,1466,1420,1443]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">GMHL</collectionCode>
|
||
1929,
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A62FFEF0C9AFA21FC74FA57" box="[917,999,1453,1476]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="25.[159,226,1942,1963]" captionTargetBox="[159,1467,188,1921]" captionTargetId="figure-1@25.[159,1467,188,1921]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 14. A–C, Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). Cast of large articulated individual in abactinal, lateral and actinal views, respectively. Provenance: Oxfordian, Swiss Jura (GMHL 1929, original in the collection of Mr J. Buijs). Scale bar = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949939/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
) is approximately
|
||
<quantity id="F67160B29A62FFEF0BCDFA21FB66FA57" box="[1218,1269,1453,1476]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, and displays almost the entire abactinal surface, a large part of which shows the ossicles in original position, as well as scattered, disarticulated spines. The base of the specimen is crushed, and obscured by matrix. The primary abactinal ossicles (radials, interradials and centrale) are seen in place, although partly obscured by matrix. The undistorted portion of the abactinal surface is gently domed, but less strongly than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A63FFEE0D4BFAB9FD5DFADF" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[580,718,1333,1356]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="711" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A63FFEE0D4BFAB9FD5DFADF" box="[580,718,1333,1356]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">S. tabulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above). The arrangement of primary radial and interradial ossicles is essentially similar to that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A63FFEE0D84FAFAFC9FFA1E" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[651,780,1398,1421]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="711" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A63FFEE0D84FAFAFC9FFA1E" box="[651,780,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">S. tabulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A63FFEE0E03FA1AFEF8FA3E" box="[268,363,1430,1453]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[159,226,1054,1075]" captionTargetBox="[202,1420,224,1028]" captionTargetId="figure-132@22.[176,1449,188,1037]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Reconstruction of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833) to show morphology. A, cross section; B, primary radial plate, to show position of papular pores; C, abactinal reconstruction. Colours as in Figure 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949935/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
|
||
with
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A63FFEE0EA2FA1AFD9DFA3E" box="[429,526,1430,1453]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="29.[159,226,1365,1386]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,186,1328]" captionTargetId="figure-230@29.[178,1447,178,1347]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 16. Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). Reconstructions and interpretative drawings. A, abactinal view of individual, colouration as in Figure 1. B, primary radial plate, to show papular openings. C, cross section of individual. D, drawing of specimen figured in Figure 13." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949941/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="65F69DDF9A62FFEF0F90F906FD6DF8CA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955085" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10955085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955085/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" startId="20.[159,226,1674,1695]" targetBox="[159,1466,188,1920]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A62FFEF0F90F906FD6DF8CA" blockId="20.[159,1467,1674,1882]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0F90F906FF6EF90C" bold="true" box="[159,253,1674,1695]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A62FFEF0E06F906FD18F90C" authority="(Goldfuss, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[265,651,1674,1695]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0E06F906FE4FF90C" box="[265,476,1674,1695]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Goldfuss, 1833)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0D98F906FD5EF90C" bold="true" box="[663,717,1674,1695]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">A, B,</emphasis>
|
||
reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (
|
||
<collectionCode id="579855929A62FFEF0A50F906FA28F90C" box="[1375,1467,1674,1695]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
EE 17623h, i);
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0E37F928FEC3F92A" bold="true" box="[312,336,1700,1721]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">A,</emphasis>
|
||
shows the space occupied by the madreporite;
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0C29F928FCAFF92A" bold="true" box="[806,828,1700,1721]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">B,</emphasis>
|
||
largely consists of a row of radial plates.
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0BEDF928FB6BF92A" bold="true" box="[1250,1272,1700,1721]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">E,</emphasis>
|
||
actinal fragment of same specimen (
|
||
<collectionCode id="579855929A62FFEF0E4AF933FE32F947" box="[325,417,1727,1748]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
EE 17623j).
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0D21F933FD18F947" bold="true" box="[558,651,1727,1748]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">C, D, G,</emphasis>
|
||
isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (
|
||
<collectionCode id="579855929A62FFEF0B36F933FB06F947" box="[1081,1173,1727,1748]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
EE 17623k–m).
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0A49F933FAC9F947" bold="true" box="[1350,1370,1727,1748]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">F,</emphasis>
|
||
abactinal showing growth banding (
|
||
<collectionCode id="579855929A62FFEF0EA6F956FD96F97C" box="[425,517,1754,1775]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
EE 17648).
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0D80F956FD5FF97C" bold="true" box="[655,716,1754,1775]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">H, K,</emphasis>
|
||
radial plate showing
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0CBFF956FC65F97C" box="[944,1014,1754,1775]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
breakage (
|
||
<collectionCode id="579855929A62FFEF0B65F956FB55F97C" box="[1130,1222,1754,1775]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
EE 17649).
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0A40F956FAEFF97C" bold="true" box="[1359,1404,1754,1775]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">I, J,</emphasis>
|
||
spine originally attached to abactinal plate (
|
||
<collectionCode id="579855929A62FFEF0D14F978FDE4F89A" box="[539,631,1780,1801]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
EE 17623n).
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0C07F978FCD2F89A" bold="true" box="[776,833,1780,1801]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">L, O,</emphasis>
|
||
small radial plates (
|
||
<collectionCode id="579855929A62FFEF0B1EF978FBFEF89A" box="[1041,1133,1780,1801]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
EE 17652, 17653).
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0A31F978FAE9F89A" bold="true" box="[1342,1402,1780,1801]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">M, P,</emphasis>
|
||
radial plate (
|
||
<collectionCode id="579855929A62FFEF0FD1F883FEA9F8B7" box="[222,314,1807,1828]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
EE 17650).
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0ECEF883FE68F8B7" bold="true" box="[449,507,1807,1828]" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">N, Q,</emphasis>
|
||
very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (
|
||
<collectionCode id="579855929A62FFEF0BECF883FAACF8B7" box="[1251,1343,1807,1828]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian,
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A62FFEF0EC0F8A6FDB9F8AC" box="[463,554,1834,1855]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Hypsilum</emphasis>
|
||
ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="499E8DC79A62FFEF0CFFF8A6FBDFF8AC" box="[1008,1100,1834,1855]" name="Germany" pageId="20" pageNumber="710">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q =
|
||
<quantity id="F67160B29A62FFEF0F90F8C8FF71F8CA" box="[159,226,1860,1881]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
; C–E, G, H, L, O =
|
||
<quantity id="F67160B29A62FFEF0EBBF8C8FE7FF8CA" box="[436,492,1860,1881]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; I, J =
|
||
<quantity id="F67160B29A62FFEF0D36F8C8FDE2F8CA" box="[569,625,1860,1881]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="710" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; K = 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="65F69DDF9A63FFEE0F90FBC9FD7EFB39" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949933" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10949933" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949933/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="711" startId="21.[159,226,1093,1114]" targetBox="[186,1435,224,1040]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A63FFEE0F90FBC9FD7EFB39" blockId="21.[159,1468,1093,1194]" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A63FFEE0F90FBC9FED9FBC9" bold="true" box="[159,330,1093,1114]" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">Figure 10. A, B,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A63FFEE0E5DFBC9FD47FBC9" authority="(Goldfuss, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[338,724,1093,1114]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="711" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A63FFEE0E5DFBC9FDB6FBC9" box="[338,549,1093,1114]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Goldfuss, 1833)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, partly articulated individual, with interpretative drawing (
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A63FFEE0A1DFBC9FAB1FBC9" bold="true" box="[1298,1314,1093,1114]" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">B</emphasis>
|
||
) (NHMUK EE 17655).
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A63FFEE0FFBFBECFEBDFBE6" bold="true" box="[244,302,1120,1141]" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">C, D,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A63FFEE0E36FBECFD69FBE6" authority="(Goldfuss, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[313,762,1120,1141]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Echinosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="711" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A63FFEE0E36FBECFDD5FBE6" box="[313,582,1120,1141]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">Echinosphaeraster scutatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Goldfuss, 1833)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, fragmentary specimen, with interpretative drawing (
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A63FFEE0A1AFBECFAB5FBE6" bold="true" box="[1301,1318,1120,1141]" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">D</emphasis>
|
||
) (GPIT/2460). Provenance: A, B are from the upper Oxfordian,
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A63FFEE0D89FBF6FD72FB1C" box="[646,737,1146,1167]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">Hypsilum</emphasis>
|
||
ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. C, D are from the upper Oxfordian, southern Germany. Colours as in Figure 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A63FFEE0FB6FA3AFDE6F95E" blockId="21.[159,782,1237,1901]" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">
|
||
A circlet made up of five pr and five pir (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A63FFEE0DAFFA3AFC90FA5E" box="[672,771,1462,1485]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="29.[159,226,1365,1386]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,186,1328]" captionTargetId="figure-230@29.[178,1447,178,1347]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 16. Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). Reconstructions and interpretative drawings. A, abactinal view of individual, colouration as in Figure 1. B, primary radial plate, to show papular openings. C, cross section of individual. D, drawing of specimen figured in Figure 13." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949941/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
|
||
) occupies over half the diameter of the adapical surface. Within this, 11 ico surround the small, pentagonal ce. The ce articulates with four similarly sized ico in all interradii except B-C, in which a pair of elongated plates are present. These possess proximal semicircular notches that define a triangular periproct; the third side of the periproct is formed by the notched distal side of the ce. All ico and the ce lack spine bases.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A63FFEE0FB6F95AFB38F91E" blockId="21.[159,782,1237,1901]" lastBlockId="21.[845,1467,1237,1901]" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">
|
||
The pir are heptagonal and distally articulate with two similarly sized interradial hexagonal ossicles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A63FFEE0DECF97AFF5FF8BE" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="29.[159,226,1365,1386]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,186,1328]" captionTargetId="figure-230@29.[178,1447,178,1347]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 16. Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). Reconstructions and interpretative drawings. A, abactinal view of individual, colouration as in Figure 1. B, primary radial plate, to show papular openings. C, cross section of individual. D, drawing of specimen figured in Figure 13." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949941/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
|
||
), which in turn articulate with three similar plates. The next row is made up of four plates, of which the more radially positioned pair are smaller than the interradially positioned ossicles and lack central spine attachments. Thus, only seven ossicles in each interradius carry large spines. The pr are hexagonal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A63FFEE0A9FFA99FCEAFADF" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="28.[159,226,1746,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-1@27.[159,1467,188,1921]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 15. Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, fragments of actinal surface; A, original of Quenstedt (1858, pl. 94, fig. 12) and Schondorf (1906a, pl. 1, figs 7, 8) (GPIT/80/94-12); B, original of Quenstedt (1858, pl. 94, figs 13, 14) and Schondorf (1906a, pl. 1, figs 9, 10) (GPIT/80/94-12). C, D, primary radial plate, in lateral (D) and external (C) views (GPIT/A5/52). E, K, large spine from abactinal plates, in basal (E) and lateral (K) views (GPIT/A5/51). F, G, I, J, abactinal plates (GPIT/A5/52). H, radial plate, external view (GPIT/A5/52). All specimens from the Weisser Jura e or Malm of the Swabian Alb, southern Germany. Scale bars: A–D, F, I, J = 10mm; E, K = 2 mm; G = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955089/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
|
||
), and more distal radials form a single column of hexagonal plates. The primary radial and the two adjacent plates are of nearly equal size, and each carries a large central, circular spine base. The radials and interradials that carry large spines are present on the distal part of the abactinal face of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A63FFEE0B8AFA5AFB6AFA7E" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1157,1273,1494,1517]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Echinosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="711" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A63FFEE0B8AFA5AFB6AFA7E" box="[1157,1273,1494,1517]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">S. scutatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and are similarly sized and shaped. They bore an outwardly (abactinolaterally) directed array of 50 large conical spines, with five smaller spines on the ossicles. The fifth row of interradial ossicles and the fourth to fifth rows of radials form the ambitus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A63FFEE0B16F9FAFB0FF91E" box="[1049,1180,1654,1677]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="29.[159,226,1365,1386]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,186,1328]" captionTargetId="figure-230@29.[178,1447,178,1347]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 16. Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). Reconstructions and interpretative drawings. A, abactinal view of individual, colouration as in Figure 1. B, primary radial plate, to show papular openings. C, cross section of individual. D, drawing of specimen figured in Figure 13." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949941/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">Fig. 16A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A63FFED0C68F91AFBE0F8BE" blockId="21.[845,1467,1237,1901]" lastBlockId="22.[845,1467,1686,1901]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="712" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">
|
||
Isolated large abactinal ossicles are the best-known fossils of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A63FFEE0CCDF93AFBAEF95E" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[962,1085,1718,1741]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Echinosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="711" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A63FFEE0CCDF93AFBAEF95E" box="[962,1085,1718,1741]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">E. scutatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and these have been well illustrated (see synonymy list). They are hexagonal or rarely heptagonal (primary interradials), slightly broader than tall, and on the external face carry a large spine base, which is set on a centrally placed mound (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A63FFEE0A21F8BAFC13F8FE" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="28.[159,226,1746,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-1@27.[159,1467,188,1921]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 15. Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, fragments of actinal surface; A, original of Quenstedt (1858, pl. 94, fig. 12) and Schondorf (1906a, pl. 1, figs 7, 8) (GPIT/80/94-12); B, original of Quenstedt (1858, pl. 94, figs 13, 14) and Schondorf (1906a, pl. 1, figs 9, 10) (GPIT/80/94-12). C, D, primary radial plate, in lateral (D) and external (C) views (GPIT/A5/52). E, K, large spine from abactinal plates, in basal (E) and lateral (K) views (GPIT/A5/51). F, G, I, J, abactinal plates (GPIT/A5/52). H, radial plate, external view (GPIT/A5/52). All specimens from the Weisser Jura e or Malm of the Swabian Alb, southern Germany. Scale bars: A–D, F, I, J = 10mm; E, K = 2 mm; G = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955089/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="711">Fig. 15C, D, F, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The spine base has a crater-like circular rim and a depressed central region. The margins of the abactinal plates are deeply and evenly notched by papular pores (four to six per side); vertical articular ridges run between the pores and each carries a centrally placed, single circular pit. The spines that articulate with the bases have been well described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A60FFED0D14F8BAFD0EF8DE" author="Blake, D. B." box="[539,669,1846,1869]" pageId="22" pageNumber="712" pagination="74 - 101" refId="ref27486" refString="Blake, D. B. 1984. Constructional morphology and life habits of the Jurassic sea star Sphaeraster Quenstedt. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 169, 74 - 101." type="journal article" year="1984">Blake 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2D) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A60FFED0FA7F8DAFED3F8FE" box="[168,320,1878,1901]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="28.[159,226,1746,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-1@27.[159,1467,188,1921]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 15. Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, fragments of actinal surface; A, original of Quenstedt (1858, pl. 94, fig. 12) and Schondorf (1906a, pl. 1, figs 7, 8) (GPIT/80/94-12); B, original of Quenstedt (1858, pl. 94, figs 13, 14) and Schondorf (1906a, pl. 1, figs 9, 10) (GPIT/80/94-12). C, D, primary radial plate, in lateral (D) and external (C) views (GPIT/A5/52). E, K, large spine from abactinal plates, in basal (E) and lateral (K) views (GPIT/A5/51). F, G, I, J, abactinal plates (GPIT/A5/52). H, radial plate, external view (GPIT/A5/52). All specimens from the Weisser Jura e or Malm of the Swabian Alb, southern Germany. Scale bars: A–D, F, I, J = 10mm; E, K = 2 mm; G = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955089/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="712">Fig. 15E, K</figureCitation>
|
||
). They are conical and taper rather irregularly to a sharp point, and the base is slightly flared for articulation with the crater-like rim of the spine base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A60FFED0CDCF95AFBC4F97E" box="[979,1111,1750,1773]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="28.[159,226,1746,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-1@27.[159,1467,188,1921]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 15. Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, fragments of actinal surface; A, original of Quenstedt (1858, pl. 94, fig. 12) and Schondorf (1906a, pl. 1, figs 7, 8) (GPIT/80/94-12); B, original of Quenstedt (1858, pl. 94, figs 13, 14) and Schondorf (1906a, pl. 1, figs 9, 10) (GPIT/80/94-12). C, D, primary radial plate, in lateral (D) and external (C) views (GPIT/A5/52). E, K, large spine from abactinal plates, in basal (E) and lateral (K) views (GPIT/A5/51). F, G, I, J, abactinal plates (GPIT/A5/52). H, radial plate, external view (GPIT/A5/52). All specimens from the Weisser Jura e or Malm of the Swabian Alb, southern Germany. Scale bars: A–D, F, I, J = 10mm; E, K = 2 mm; G = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955089/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="712">Fig. 15E, K</figureCitation>
|
||
). The centre of the base of the spine is hollow, presumably for the insertion of connective tissue or muscle fibres.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="65F69DDF9A60FFED0F90FB92FC74FBDD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949935" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10949935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949935/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="712" startId="22.[159,226,1054,1075]" targetBox="[202,1420,224,1028]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A60FFED0F90FB92FC74FBDD" blockId="22.[159,1467,1054,1102]" pageId="22" pageNumber="712">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A60FFED0F90FB92FE9AFBA0" bold="true" box="[159,265,1054,1075]" pageId="22" pageNumber="712">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Reconstruction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A60FFED0EC6FB92FCDAFBA0" authority="(Goldfuss, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[457,841,1054,1075]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="712" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A60FFED0EC6FB92FD0FFBA0" box="[457,668,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="712">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Goldfuss, 1833)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to show morphology.
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A60FFED0B25FB92FBD2FBA0" bold="true" box="[1066,1089,1054,1075]" pageId="22" pageNumber="712">A,</emphasis>
|
||
cross section;
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A60FFED0BD9FB92FB78FBA0" bold="true" box="[1238,1259,1054,1075]" pageId="22" pageNumber="712">B,</emphasis>
|
||
primary radial plate, to show position of papular pores;
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A60FFED0EFBFBB5FD98FBDD" bold="true" box="[500,523,1081,1102]" pageId="22" pageNumber="712">C,</emphasis>
|
||
abactinal reconstruction. Colours as in Figure 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="65F69DDF9A60FFED0F90F9B1FF7DF9FE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949937" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10949937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949937/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="712" startId="22.[159,226,1597,1618]" targetBox="[507,1125,1179,1567]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A60FFED0F90F9B1FF7DF9FE" blockId="22.[159,1467,1597,1645]" pageId="22" pageNumber="712">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A60FFED0F90F9B1FE98F9C1" bold="true" box="[159,267,1597,1618]" pageId="22" pageNumber="712">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Outlines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A60FFED0E9FF9B1FC85F9C1" authority="(Goldfuss, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[400,790,1597,1618]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="712" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A60FFED0E9FF9B1FDF6F9C1" box="[400,613,1597,1618]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="712">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Goldfuss, 1833)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to show positions of various fragmentary specimens referred to in the text.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A60FFE30C68F8BAFEFBFD0B" blockId="22.[845,1467,1686,1901]" lastBlockId="24.[159,782,189,1213]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="714" pageId="22" pageNumber="712">
|
||
Fragments of the actinal surface and isolated ossicles described and figured by Sch¨ondorf (1906b) provide some information on the lower surface of the species. The actinal ossicles are small, numerous and equidimensional to slightly elongated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A6EFFE30EEFFF71FDFBFE87" box="[480,616,253,276]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="28.[159,226,1746,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-1@27.[159,1467,188,1921]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 15. Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, fragments of actinal surface; A, original of Quenstedt (1858, pl. 94, fig. 12) and Schondorf (1906a, pl. 1, figs 7, 8) (GPIT/80/94-12); B, original of Quenstedt (1858, pl. 94, figs 13, 14) and Schondorf (1906a, pl. 1, figs 9, 10) (GPIT/80/94-12). C, D, primary radial plate, in lateral (D) and external (C) views (GPIT/A5/52). E, K, large spine from abactinal plates, in basal (E) and lateral (K) views (GPIT/A5/51). F, G, I, J, abactinal plates (GPIT/A5/52). H, radial plate, external view (GPIT/A5/52). All specimens from the Weisser Jura e or Malm of the Swabian Alb, southern Germany. Scale bars: A–D, F, I, J = 10mm; E, K = 2 mm; G = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955089/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Fig. 15A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The external surfaces are very irregular in shape, and the embayments and protuberances interlock to form a strongly articulated, imbricate tesselation of aligned ossicles. The flat external surfaces of the plates bear four to eight small crater-like spine bases, and the articulated portions of actinal surface show that this was flat. The adambulacral ossicles are 2–3 times as tall as long or broad, and the adradial surface is concave, the abradial gently convex. The abactinal surface, which contacts the ambulacral, is square and typically valvatidan. Ambulacrals are very similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30D38FDEDFD5BFDEB" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[567,712,609,632]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30D38FDEDFD5BFDEB" box="[567,712,609,632]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">S. tabulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Schondorf 1906a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A6EFFE30FB6FD2DFEB8FB2E" blockId="24.[159,782,189,1213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">
|
||
An oral ossicle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30EB7FD2DFDA8FD2B" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[440,571,673,696]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Echinosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30EB7FD2DFDA8FD2B" box="[440,571,673,696]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">E. scutatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was figured by Schondorf (1906b, fig. 28). The oral ossicle is taller than long, with a nearly square junction between the actinal and distal margins and a short, pointed pb. The oradm is tall and vertically oriented. The inner (interradial) face displays small rounded surfaces for articulation with the corresponding oral ossicle across the interradial line. The oral ossicle differs from those of most valvatid families, which typically are low and have a long pb (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A6EFFE30E42FC48FE53FC48" author="Gale, A. S." box="[333,448,964,987]" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref28075" refString="Gale, A. S. 2011. The phylogeny of the post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology, 85, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2011">Gale 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but more closely resembles those of the stauranderasterids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30D0DFC68FC9EFC68" baseAuthorityName="Forbes" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[514,781,996,1019]" class="Asteroidea" family="Stauranderasteridae" genus="Manfredaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bulbiferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30D0DFC68FC9EFC68" box="[514,781,996,1019]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Manfredaster bulbiferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A6EFFE30FD3FB88FEAAFB88" box="[220,313,1028,1051]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[159,226,1542,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[159,1466,188,1920]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Oral ossicles of sphaerasterids. A–E, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, D, interradial view of orals of smaller individuals (NHMUK EE 17642, 17643); B, E, interradial (B) and radial (E) views of small oral (NHMUK EE 17644); C, large oral, interradial view (NHMUK EE 17623b). F, I, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., oral in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17645). G, oral ossicle of possible stauranderasterid or sphaerasterid, interradial view (MnhnL OPH173). H, oral ossicle, probably from Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., interradial view (NHMUK EE 17646). J, L, oral ossicle of Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980, in interradial and radial views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). K, M, oral ossicle of Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637h). N, interradial view of oral ossicle of Manfredaster bulbiferus (Forbes, 1848) (NHMUK EE 17647a). Provenance: A–E are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, I are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. G is from the Carnian (Upper Triassic), Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. H is from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. K, M, N are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. J, L are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H, K, M = 0.5mm; B, E = 0.2 mm; C, F, I, J, L, N = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10955081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10955081/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Fig. 8N</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30E82FB88FF4EFBAF" authority="(Geinitz, 1871)" baseAuthorityName="Geinitz" baseAuthorityYear="1871" class="Asteroidea" family="Stauranderasteridae" genus="Hadranderaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30E82FB88FD0FFB88" box="[397,668,1028,1051]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Hadranderaster simplex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5518B0A69A6EFFE30DB9FB88FF46FBAF" author="Geinitz, H. B." pageId="24" pageNumber="714" refId="ref28191" refString="Geinitz, H. B. 1871 - 1875. Das Elbthalgebirge in Sachsen. Palaeontographica, 20 (2), vii + II. I-II- 19, pl. II 1 - II 6." type="journal volume" year="1871">Geinitz, 1871</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in important respects. Firstly, all possess a short pb and an actinal margin set at right angles to the proximal margin. Secondly, the enlarged, tall, vertical adambulacral articulation structure is found in all three genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A6EFFE30F90FB5AFD2EFABD" blockId="24.[159,781,1238,1519]" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30F90FB5AFD1EFB7E" bold="true" box="[159,653,1238,1261]" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">
|
||
Comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30E87FB5AFD15FB7E" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[392,646,1238,1261]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30E87FB5AFD15FB7E" bold="true" box="[392,646,1238,1261]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The new material enables a detailed comparison to be made with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30F90FA9BFE18FABD" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[159,395,1303,1326]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30F90FA9BFE18FABD" box="[159,395,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The major differences are:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A6EFFE30F90FABBFE3BFA1D" blockId="24.[159,781,1238,1519]" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">
|
||
1.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30FC8FABBFE27FADD" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[199,436,1335,1358]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30FC8FABBFE27FADD" box="[199,436,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Sphaeraster tabulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a very tall, domed form of the abactinal surface compared to the much lower dome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30E25FAFBFE32FA1D" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[298,417,1399,1422]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Echinosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30E25FAFBFE32FA1D" box="[298,417,1399,1422]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">E. scutatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A6EFFE30F90FA1BFAFCFF67" blockId="24.[159,781,1238,1519]" lastBlockId="24.[845,1467,189,898]" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">
|
||
2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30FC8FA1BFE60FA3D" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[199,499,1431,1454]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Echinosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30FC8FA1BFE60FA3D" box="[199,499,1431,1454]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Echinosphaeraster scutatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a very broad circlet formed by the pr and pir extending across half of the abactinal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A6EFFE30D0AFA54FDECFA7C" box="[517,639,1496,1519]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="29.[159,226,1365,1386]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,186,1328]" captionTargetId="figure-230@29.[178,1447,178,1347]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 16. Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). Reconstructions and interpretative drawings. A, abactinal view of individual, colouration as in Figure 1. B, primary radial plate, to show papular openings. C, cross section of individual. D, drawing of specimen figured in Figure 13." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949941/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
|
||
); this is proportionately smaller in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30BAEFF31FAB7FF47" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1185,1316,189,212]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30BAEFF31FAB7FF47" box="[1185,1316,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">S. tabulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, representing one-third of the abactinal diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A6EFFE30A0FFF51FACCFF67" box="[1280,1375,221,244]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[159,226,1054,1075]" captionTargetBox="[202,1420,224,1028]" captionTargetId="figure-132@22.[176,1449,188,1037]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Reconstruction of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833) to show morphology. A, cross section; B, primary radial plate, to show position of papular pores; C, abactinal reconstruction. Colours as in Figure 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949935/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A6EFFE30C42FF71FB42FE69" blockId="24.[845,1467,189,898]" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">
|
||
3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30C7BFF71FB39FE87" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[884,1194,253,276]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Echinosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30C7BFF71FB39FE87" box="[884,1194,253,276]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Echinosphaeraster scutatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a small number (approximatey 50) of large abactinal plates, of similar breadth, between the ambitus and the primary circlet, set in four rows per radius (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A6EFFE30A9FFEECFC31FE0B" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="29.[159,226,1365,1386]" captionTargetBox="[208,1421,186,1328]" captionTargetId="figure-230@29.[178,1447,178,1347]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 16. Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). Reconstructions and interpretative drawings. A, abactinal view of individual, colouration as in Figure 1. B, primary radial plate, to show papular openings. C, cross section of individual. D, drawing of specimen figured in Figure 13." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949941/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30CCCFE0DFBD9FE0B" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[963,1098,385,408]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30CCCFE0DFBD9FE0B" box="[963,1098,385,408]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">S. tabulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a much larger number of abactinal plates (about 450), which are set in four interradial chevrons per radius and taper in breadth towards the ambitus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9B2D1D29A6EFFE30B6EFE6FFB52FE69" box="[1121,1217,483,506]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[159,226,1054,1075]" captionTargetBox="[202,1420,224,1028]" captionTargetId="figure-132@22.[176,1449,188,1037]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Reconstruction of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833) to show morphology. A, cross section; B, primary radial plate, to show position of papular pores; C, abactinal reconstruction. Colours as in Figure 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10949935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10949935/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A6EFFE30C42FD8FFAFBFDEE" blockId="24.[845,1467,189,898]" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">
|
||
4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30C7BFD8FFB3CFD89" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[884,1199,515,538]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Echinosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30C7BFD8FFB3CFD89" box="[884,1199,515,538]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Echinosphaeraster scutatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has large, centrally placed, conical spines on the large abactinal ossicles whilst
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30CC6FDC9FBC7FDCF" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[969,1108,581,604]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30CC6FDC9FBC7FDCF" box="[969,1108,581,604]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">S. tabulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has six smaller spine bases placed on each angle of the hexagonal plates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A6EFFE30C42FD0AFB00FD2D" blockId="24.[845,1467,189,898]" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">
|
||
5. The adambulacrals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30B73FD0AFB6AFD0E" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1148,1273,646,669]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Echinosphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30B73FD0AFB6AFD0E" box="[1148,1273,646,669]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">E. scutatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are much taller than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F689B6D49A6EFFE30B03FD2BFB18FD2D" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1036,1163,679,702]" class="Asteroidea" family="Sphaerasteridae" genus="Sphaeraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="714" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tabulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="03FD11459A6EFFE30B03FD2BFB18FD2D" box="[1036,1163,679,702]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">S. tabulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3136CD579A6EFFE30C68FD4BFB49FC11" blockId="24.[845,1467,189,898]" pageId="24" pageNumber="714">Although the arrangement, size and shape of the ossicles of the central circlet is identical in the two taxa, they differ very significantly in the proportionate breadth of the primary circlet, the number of abactinal plates, their arrangement, spination and size, and the way they taper towards the ambitus.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |