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<document id="040D8967621F7D72681A38EB219805B9" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.276993" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ffd678ac-fc09-4a69-9cad-46daa901de52" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="276993" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460260654519" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Yoshimura, Masashi &amp; Fisher, Brian L." docDate="2011" docId="03F81D2F900FFFBFFF0BBC8BC6526733" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02794p034.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2794" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Aptinoma Fisher 2009" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FFC165579007FFB6FF9CBE42C276660C" masterDocTitle="A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Key to genera of the subfamily Dolichoderinae" masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1698244305098" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="BC84A9B4355E405E10F00EDE48C59269">A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Key to genera of the subfamily Dolichoderinae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E81712BE57ABE65A98FDA1D64DF8F077">Yoshimura, Masashi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="4DFC67AAD9E8ED46FC1E348B3291CB5F">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BB7150332F0F26B65C72DC4E22B9F76A">2794</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03F81D2F900FFFBFFF0BBC8BC6526733" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5689421" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119393165" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5689421" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F81D2F900FFFBFFF0BBC8BC6526733" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F81D2F900FFFBFFF0BBC8BC6526733" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<heading id="D0A61B55900FFFBEFF0BBC8BC3DD64EE" bold="true" box="[151,427,712,739]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFF0BBC8BC3DD64EE" authority="Fisher, 2009" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,427,712,739]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFF0BBC8BC37864EF" bold="true" box="[151,270,713,739]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aptinoma</emphasis>
Fisher, 2009
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<paragraph id="8BEEAC39900FFFBEFF0BBCAEC15D6508" blockId="8.[151,811,712,772]" box="[151,811,748,772]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
(
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFF03BCAEC2916508" box="[159,231,748,772]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[202,1381,195,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[202,1382,195,1927]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Head of dolichoderine males in full-face view. 1, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0191065); 2, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0173594); 3, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0474633); 4, Tapinoma subtile (CASENT 0136850); 5, Technomyrmex difficilis (CASENT 0049968)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276994/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFF6FBCAFC3756508" box="[243,259,749,772]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 10" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1954,1977]" captionTargetBox="[199,1377,193,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[199,1378,193,1927]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 10. Head to abdomen of dolichoderine males in lateral view. 6, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0474633); 7, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0173594); 8, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0191065); 9, Tapinoma subtile (CASENT 0136850); 10, Technomyrmex difficilis (CASENT 0049968)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276995/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFE93BCAEC35A6508" box="[271,300,748,772]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 15" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1929,1952]" captionTargetBox="[187,1384,193,1883]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[187,1385,193,1900]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 15. Head to abdomen of dolichoderine males in dorsal view. 11, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0173594); 12, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0191065); 13, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0474633); 14, Tapinoma subtile (CASENT 0136850); 15, Technomyrmex difficilis (CASENT 0049968)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276996/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">11</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFEA4BCAEC3206508" box="[312,342,748,772]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 23" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1847,1870]" captionTargetBox="[237,1345,193,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[237,1346,193,1822]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 23. Males of Dolichoderinae. 16, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0173594); 17, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 18, 20, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 19, 21, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0080308); 22, Technomyrmex curiosus (paratype: CASENT 0070364); 23, Tapinoma mg 10 (CASENT 0115650). 16, distal portion of abdomen in oblique posterior view; 17, petiole in lateral view; 18, 19, petiole and abdominal segments in ventral view; 20, petiole and abdominal segments in dorsal view; 21, petiole and abdominal segments in oblique frontal view; 22, 23, genitalia in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276997/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">16</figureCitation>
, 17,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFE10BCAEC3DD6508" box="[396,427,748,772]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 28" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[195,1392,193,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[195,1393,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 28. Abdominal sternum IX of dolichoderine males in ectal view. 24, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 25, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 26, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179530); 27, Tapinoma melanocephalum (CASENT 0492372); 28, Technomyrmex madecassus (CASENT 0179526)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276998/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">24</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFE2ABCAEC3A26508" box="[438,468,748,772]" captionStart="FIGURES 29 – 33" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1944,1967]" captionTargetBox="[204,1379,193,1905]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[204,1380,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 29 – 33. Genital capsules of dolichoderine males. 29, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 30, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 31, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 32, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179533); 33, Technomyrmex madecassus (CASENT 0179526). Right side, ventral view; left side, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276999/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">30</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFE7CBCAEC3886508" box="[480,510,748,772]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 38" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1945,1968]" captionTargetBox="[213,1384,193,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[207,1386,193,1926]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 38. Genital capsules of dolichoderine males in lateral view. 34, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 35, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 36, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179533); 37, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 38, Technomyrmex madecassus (CASENT 0179526)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277000/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">35</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFD96BCAEC05E6508" box="[522,552,748,772]" captionStart="FIGURES 41 – 45" captionStartId="24.[151,264,1945,1968]" captionTargetBox="[200,1379,193,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[200,1380,193,1928]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 41 – 45. Aedeagal plates of dolichoderine males in lateral view. 41, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179530); 42, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 43, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 44, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 45, Technomyrmex madecassus (CASENT 0179526)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277002/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">42</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFDA8BCAEC0256508" box="[564,595,748,772]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 51" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1970,1993]" captionTargetBox="[191,1388,193,1928]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[191,1389,193,1954]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 51. Forewings of male ants. 49, Odontomachus coquereli (CASENT 0049797); 50, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 51, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277004/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">50</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFDC2BCAEC00A6508" box="[606,636,748,772]" captionStart="FIGURES 55 – 57" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1896,1919]" captionTargetBox="[168,1435,193,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[168,1453,193,1848]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 55 – 57. Hindwings of male ants. 55, Odontomachus coquereli (CASENT 0049797); 56, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 57, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277006/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">56</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFD14BCAEC0D06508" box="[648,678,748,772]" captionStart="FIGURES 62 – 66" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1944,1967]" captionTargetBox="[162,1421,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[162,1422,193,1910]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 62 – 66. Median hypostoma of dolichoderine males in ectal view. 62, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 63, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 64, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179533); 65, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 66, Technomyrmex pallipes (CASENT 0179528)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277008/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">62</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFD2EBCAEC0A66508" box="[690,720,748,772]" captionStart="FIGURES 67 – 71" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1946,1969]" captionTargetBox="[199,1392,193,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[199,1393,193,1938]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 67 – 71. Labrums of dolichoderine males. 67, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 68, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 69, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179530); 70, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 71, Technomyrmex pallipes (CASENT 0179528). 67, 68, 70, in ectal view; 69, 71, in mesal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277009/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">67</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFD40BCAEC08D6508" box="[732,763,748,772]" captionStart="FIGURES 72 – 76" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1853]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 72 – 76. Mandibles of dolichoderine males. 72, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 73, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 74, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179530); 75, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 76, Technomyrmex pallipes (CASENT 0179528)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277010/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">72</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFC9ABCAEC1556508" box="[774,803,748,772]" captionStart="FIGURES 77 – 81" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1274,1297]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1236]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,193,1253]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 77 – 81. Mouthparts of dolichoderine males. 77, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 78, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 79, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179530); 80, Tapinoma subtile (CASENT 0179490); 81, Technomyrmex pallipes (CASENT 0179528). 77, 79 – 81, in mesal view; 78, in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277011/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">77</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEAC39900FFFBEFF0BBD76C61B629C" blockId="8.[151,1437,820,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
With characters of
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFEF7BD76C06D6540" box="[363,539,820,844]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dolichoderinae">Dolichoderinae</taxonomicName>
. All known males alate. Median hypostoma present (
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFBF6BD76C6C96540" box="[1130,1215,820,844]" captionStart="FIGURES 62 – 66" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1944,1967]" captionTargetBox="[162,1421,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[162,1422,193,1910]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 62 – 66. Median hypostoma of dolichoderine males in ectal view. 62, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 63, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 64, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179533); 65, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 66, Technomyrmex pallipes (CASENT 0179528)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277008/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
). Mandible triangular, but its basal angle indistinct. Basal and masticatory margins of mandible wholly covered with many serrate denticles (
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFE97BD3EC3176598" box="[267,353,892,916]" captionStart="FIGURES 72 – 76" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1853]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 72 – 76. Mandibles of dolichoderine males. 72, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 73, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 74, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179530); 75, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 76, Technomyrmex pallipes (CASENT 0179528)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277010/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 72</figureCitation>
). Apical tooth on masticatory margin longer than subapical one. Palpal formula 6,3 (one specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFF69BDE2C30965B4" box="[245,383,928,952]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mangabe">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFF69BDE2C30965B4" box="[245,383,928,952]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. mangabe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
dissected:
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFD98BDDDC02D65BB" box="[516,603,927,951]" captionStart="FIGURES 77 – 81" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1274,1297]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1236]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,193,1253]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 77 – 81. Mouthparts of dolichoderine males. 77, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 78, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 79, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179530); 80, Tapinoma subtile (CASENT 0179490); 81, Technomyrmex pallipes (CASENT 0179528). 77, 79 – 81, in mesal view; 78, in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277011/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 77</figureCitation>
). Third maxillary palpal segment nearly as long as fourth. Labrum not bilobed, with single distal apex and concavity on its distal margin
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFC0CBD86C1A165D0" box="[912,983,964,988]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Chronoxenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absent">absent</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFC75BD86C64865D0" box="[1001,1086,964,988]" captionStart="FIGURES 67 – 71" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1946,1969]" captionTargetBox="[199,1392,193,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[199,1393,193,1938]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 67 – 71. Labrums of dolichoderine males. 67, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 68, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 69, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179530); 70, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 71, Technomyrmex pallipes (CASENT 0179528). 67, 68, 70, in ectal view; 69, 71, in mesal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277009/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 67</figureCitation>
). Antennal scape excluding its basal condyle shorter than length of flagellar segments 1+2 (
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFCA7BDA5C10965F3" box="[827,895,999,1023]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[202,1381,195,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[202,1382,195,1927]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Head of dolichoderine males in full-face view. 1, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0191065); 2, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0173594); 3, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0474633); 4, Tapinoma subtile (CASENT 0136850); 5, Technomyrmex difficilis (CASENT 0049968)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276994/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Pedicel conical. First and second flagellar segments straight. Axillae on mesonotum medially compressed, anterior and posterior margins not parallel. Petiolar node raised vertically, its anterior margin nearly as long as the posterior margin in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFB4BBA6DC76B624B" box="[1239,1309,1071,1095]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 10" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1954,1977]" captionTargetBox="[199,1377,193,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[199,1378,193,1927]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 10. Head to abdomen of dolichoderine males in lateral view. 6, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0474633); 7, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0173594); 8, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0191065); 9, Tapinoma subtile (CASENT 0136850); 10, Technomyrmex difficilis (CASENT 0049968)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276995/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Node not much expanded laterally. Petiole narrowly attached to abdominal segment III. Anterior surface of abdominal segment III with indentation that fits posterior surface of petiolar node. Pygostyles present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEAC39900FFFBEFF59BADEC6B5632C" blockId="8.[151,1437,820,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFF59BADEC11462B8" box="[197,866,1180,1204]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal portion of abdominal sternum IX broadly spatulate</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFCE8BADEC1BF62B8" box="[884,969,1180,1204]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 28" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[195,1392,193,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[195,1393,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 28. Abdominal sternum IX of dolichoderine males in ectal view. 24, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 25, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 26, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179530); 27, Tapinoma melanocephalum (CASENT 0492372); 28, Technomyrmex madecassus (CASENT 0179526)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276998/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
). Apicoventral portion of basimere with spine-like projection (
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFE0FBA82C39C62D4" box="[403,490,1216,1240]" captionStart="FIGURES 29 – 33" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1944,1967]" captionTargetBox="[204,1379,193,1905]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[204,1380,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 29 – 33. Genital capsules of dolichoderine males. 29, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 30, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 31, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 32, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179533); 33, Technomyrmex madecassus (CASENT 0179526). Right side, ventral view; left side, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276999/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
). Harpago moderate in size, and widely separated from basimere by membranous region (
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFF71BAA6C33562F0" box="[237,323,1252,1276]" captionStart="FIGURES 29 – 33" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1944,1967]" captionTargetBox="[204,1379,193,1905]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[204,1380,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 29 – 33. Genital capsules of dolichoderine males. 29, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 30, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 31, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 32, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179533); 33, Technomyrmex madecassus (CASENT 0179526). Right side, ventral view; left side, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276999/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 30</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFED2BAA6C31B62F0" box="[334,365,1252,1276]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 38" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1945,1968]" captionTargetBox="[213,1384,193,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[207,1386,193,1926]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 38. Genital capsules of dolichoderine males in lateral view. 34, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 35, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 36, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179533); 37, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 38, Technomyrmex madecassus (CASENT 0179526)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277000/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">35</figureCitation>
). Harpago narrow in ventral view, without a distinct ventral face (as in
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFB1FBAA6C6A362F0" box="[1155,1237,1252,1276]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 23" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1847,1870]" captionTargetBox="[237,1345,193,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[237,1346,193,1822]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 23. Males of Dolichoderinae. 16, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0173594); 17, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 18, 20, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 19, 21, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0080308); 22, Technomyrmex curiosus (paratype: CASENT 0070364); 23, Tapinoma mg 10 (CASENT 0115650). 16, distal portion of abdomen in oblique posterior view; 17, petiole in lateral view; 18, 19, petiole and abdominal segments in ventral view; 20, petiole and abdominal segments in dorsal view; 21, petiole and abdominal segments in oblique frontal view; 22, 23, genitalia in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276997/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
). Basal portion of aedeagus without any distinct ventral lobe (
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFDE2BB4AC0A4632C" box="[638,722,1288,1312]" captionStart="FIGURES 41 – 45" captionStartId="24.[151,264,1945,1968]" captionTargetBox="[200,1379,193,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[200,1380,193,1928]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 41 – 45. Aedeagal plates of dolichoderine males in lateral view. 41, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179530); 42, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 43, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 44, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 45, Technomyrmex madecassus (CASENT 0179526)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277002/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
). Ventral margin of aedeagus with denticles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEAC39900FFFBEFF59BB6EC1D46380" blockId="8.[151,1437,820,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Forewing not extremely elongate apical to wing stigma, its radial sector reaches costal margin, media and 2rsm recognizable apical to Rs+M, and 1m-cu present (
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFD6CBB12C1316364" box="[752,839,1360,1384]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 51" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1970,1993]" captionTargetBox="[191,1388,193,1928]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[191,1389,193,1954]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 51. Forewings of male ants. 49, Odontomachus coquereli (CASENT 0049797); 50, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 51, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277004/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
). On hindwing, M+Cu, free sections of radial sector and cubitus almost vestigial, and cu-a weak but still present (
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFCDDBB36C1E06380" box="[833,918,1396,1420]" captionStart="FIGURES 55 – 57" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1896,1919]" captionTargetBox="[168,1435,193,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[168,1453,193,1848]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 55 – 57. Hindwings of male ants. 55, Odontomachus coquereli (CASENT 0049797); 56, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 57, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277006/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 56</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34BFFB2900FFFBFFF59BBDAC6526733" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEEAC39900FFFBEFF59BBDAC6FE604D" blockId="8.[151,1437,820,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFF59BBDAC34F63BC" bold="true" box="[197,313,1432,1456]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Remarks.</emphasis>
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFE09BBDAC07463BC" box="[405,514,1432,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFE09BBDAC07463BC" box="[405,514,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to
<collectingCountry id="F346ECA9900FFFBEFD2EBBDAC14F63BC" box="[690,825,1432,1456]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
and only males of
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFBBCBBDAC68963BC" box="[1056,1279,1432,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mangabe">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFBBCBBDAC68963BC" box="[1056,1279,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aptinoma mangabe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are presently known. Fisher (2009) proposed the combination of a shorter scape compared with flagellomeres 1+2, a palpal formula of 6,3, and a raised petiolar node as a diagnostic set of characters for
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFC7DBBA2C63863F4" box="[993,1102,1504,1528]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFC7DBBA2C63863F4" box="[993,1102,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the
<collectingCountry id="F346ECA9900FFFBEFB00BBA2C77F63F4" box="[1180,1289,1504,1528]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
region. Here we propose a character unique to
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFD90B846C00F6010" box="[524,633,1540,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFD90B846C00F6010" box="[524,633,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that consistently separates this genus from the other genera and provide additional characters to separate
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFD9AB86AC005604C" box="[518,627,1576,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFD9AB86AC005604C" box="[518,627,1576,1600]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the other
<collectingCountry id="F346ECA9900FFFBEFCBDB86AC1F8604C" box="[801,910,1576,1600]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
dolichoderine genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEAC39900FFFBEFF59B80EC05E6188" blockId="8.[151,1437,820,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Males of
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFEADB80EC3E86068" box="[305,414,1612,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFEADB80EC3E86068" box="[305,414,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinguished easily from other
<collectingCountry id="F346ECA9900FFFBEFCA6B80EC1D16068" box="[826,935,1612,1636]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
dolichoderine genera by an abdominal sternum IX which is distally broadly spatulate (
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFD11B832C0956084" box="[653,739,1648,1672]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 28" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[195,1392,193,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[195,1393,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 28. Abdominal sternum IX of dolichoderine males in ectal view. 24, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 25, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 26, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179530); 27, Tapinoma melanocephalum (CASENT 0492372); 28, Technomyrmex madecassus (CASENT 0179526)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276998/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
). This character is so far globally unique to
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFB41B832C7246084" box="[1245,1362,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFB41B832C7386084" box="[1245,1358,1648,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aptinoma</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In the
<collectingCountry id="F346ECA9900FFFBEFF0BB8D6C37260A0" box="[151,260,1684,1708]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
region,
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFEF5B8D6C06460A0" box="[361,530,1684,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Technomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFEF5B8D6C06460A0" box="[361,530,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Technomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFDCDB8D7C0B660A0" box="[593,704,1685,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFDCDB8D7C0B660A0" box="[593,704,1685,1708]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tapinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are superficially the most similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFBE0B8D6C69F60A0" box="[1148,1257,1684,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFBE0B8D6C69F60A0" box="[1148,1257,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFB67B8D6C71E60A0" box="[1275,1384,1684,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFB67B8D6C71E60A0" box="[1275,1384,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFF0BB8FAC33660DC" box="[151,320,1720,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Technomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFF0BB8FAC33660DC" box="[151,320,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Technomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share the following unique characters: basal margin of the mandible wholly covered with serrate denticles and the concavity on the distal margin of the labrum reduced (
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFC28B89EC64060F8" box="[948,1078,1756,1780]" captionStart="FIGURES 72 – 76" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1853]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 72 – 76. Mandibles of dolichoderine males. 72, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 73, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 74, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179530); 75, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 76, Technomyrmex pallipes (CASENT 0179528)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277010/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 72, 76</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFBD5B89EC6C060F8" box="[1097,1206,1756,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFBD5B89EC6C060F8" box="[1097,1206,1756,1780]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFB77B89FC72E60F8" box="[1259,1368,1757,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFB77B89FC72E60F8" box="[1259,1368,1757,1780]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tapinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share a unique projection on the apicoventral portion of the basimere (
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFCF3B942C1856114" box="[879,1011,1792,1816]" captionStart="FIGURES 29 – 33" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1944,1967]" captionTargetBox="[204,1379,193,1905]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[204,1380,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 29 – 33. Genital capsules of dolichoderine males. 29, Tapinoma mg 11 (CASENT 0179494); 30, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 31, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 32, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0179533); 33, Technomyrmex madecassus (CASENT 0179526). Right side, ventral view; left side, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276999/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 29, 30</figureCitation>
). The petiolar node in
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFB68B942C7176114" box="[1268,1377,1792,1816]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFB68B942C7176114" box="[1268,1377,1792,1816]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rises almost vertically, although the sternum is thickened posteriorly and the whole shape of the petiole seems to decline anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFE8EB90AC32D616C" box="[274,347,1864,1888]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 10" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1954,1977]" captionTargetBox="[199,1377,193,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[199,1378,193,1927]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 10. Head to abdomen of dolichoderine males in lateral view. 6, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0474633); 7, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0173594); 8, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0191065); 9, Tapinoma subtile (CASENT 0136850); 10, Technomyrmex difficilis (CASENT 0049968)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276995/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AB0BC900FFFBEFEFBB90AC3F0616C" box="[359,390,1864,1888]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 23" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1847,1870]" captionTargetBox="[237,1345,193,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[237,1346,193,1822]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 23. Males of Dolichoderinae. 16, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0173594); 17, Aptinoma mangabe (CASENT 0175002); 18, 20, Ochetellus glaber (CASENT 0179489); 19, 21, Ravavy miafina (CASENT 0080308); 22, Technomyrmex curiosus (paratype: CASENT 0070364); 23, Tapinoma mg 10 (CASENT 0115650). 16, distal portion of abdomen in oblique posterior view; 17, petiole in lateral view; 18, 19, petiole and abdominal segments in ventral view; 20, petiole and abdominal segments in dorsal view; 21, petiole and abdominal segments in oblique frontal view; 22, 23, genitalia in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276997/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">17</figureCitation>
). Therefore, the petiolar node in
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFD6BB90AC112616C" box="[759,868,1864,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFD6BB90AC112616C" box="[759,868,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is best described as vertical, not as declining anteriorly as described in Fisher (2009).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEAC39900FFFBFFF59B9D2C7556710" blockId="8.[151,1437,820,2032]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The phylogenetic analysis of Ward
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFDD2B9D3C00961A4" box="[590,639,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. (2010) gives the intra-tribal relationship of
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFBF2B9D2C69961A4" box="[1134,1263,1936,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Tapinomini">Tapinomini</taxonomicName>
as (((
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFAB3B9D2C7EA61A4" box="[1327,1436,1936,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFAB3B9D2C7EA61A4" box="[1327,1436,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFF33B9F7C36861C0" box="[175,286,1973,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFF33B9F7C36861C0" box="[175,286,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tapinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) +
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFED5B9F7C06A61C0" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" box="[329,540,1972,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Liometopum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFED5B9F7C3A361C0" box="[329,469,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Liometopum</emphasis>
Mayr
</taxonomicName>
) + (
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFDD3B9F6C17361C0" authority="Weber" authorityName="Weber" box="[591,773,1972,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Axinidris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFDD3B9F6C0C361C0" box="[591,693,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Axinidris</emphasis>
Weber
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFCB5B9F6C1A761C0" box="[809,977,1972,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Technomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFCB5B9F6C1A761C0" box="[809,977,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Technomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)). They propose two hypotheses for the evolution of the “highly reduced petiole” seen in
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFD73B99AC12A61FC" box="[751,860,2008,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFD73B99AC12A61FC" box="[751,860,2008,2032]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFCECB99BC1A961FC" box="[880,991,2009,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFCECB99BC1A961FC" box="[880,991,2009,2032]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tapinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900FFFBEFBB4B99AC6B861FC" box="[1064,1230,2008,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Technomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900FFFBEFBB4B99AC6B861FC" box="[1064,1230,2008,2032]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Technomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The question is whether the petiole evolved once at the root of
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900EFFBFFD36BED5C15D66A3" box="[682,811,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Tapinomini">Tapinomini</taxonomicName>
or at least twice at the roots of (
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900EFFBFFB04BEDAC77366BC" box="[1176,1285,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900EFFBFFB04BEDAC77366BC" box="[1176,1285,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900EFFBFFAB8BEDBC7E566BC" box="[1316,1427,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900EFFBFFAB8BEDBC7E566BC" box="[1316,1427,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tapinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900EFFBFFF5ABEFEC31866D8" box="[198,366,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Technomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900EFFBFFF5ABEFEC31866D8" box="[198,366,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Technomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
independently. If we limit the discussion to males, the present result, a vertical petiolar node in
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900EFFBFFF0BBEA2C37266F4" box="[151,260,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900EFFBFFF0BBEA2C37266F4" box="[151,260,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, supports the theory that an anteriorly-declined and reduced petiolar node evolved independently in
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900EFFBFFAF6BEA3C2AB6710" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900EFFBFFAF6BEA3C2AB6710" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tapinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900EFFBFFE8FBF46C3CD6710" box="[275,443,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Technomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900EFFBFFE8FBF46C3CD6710" box="[275,443,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Technomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and that there has been no reversal in
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900EFFBFFCEDBF46C1A86710" box="[881,990,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aptinoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900EFFBFFCEDBF46C1A86710" box="[881,990,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Aptinoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900EFFBFFC70BF46C6246710" box="[1004,1106,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Axinidris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900EFFBFFC70BF46C6246710" box="[1004,1106,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Axinidris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900EFFBFFB13BF47C76D6710" box="[1167,1307,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Liometopum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900EFFBFFB13BF47C76D6710" box="[1167,1307,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Liometopum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEAC39900EFFBFFF59BF65C6526733" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,320]" box="[197,1060,295,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Additional discussion of characters is included in the remarks for
<taxonomicName id="4C51D7BA900EFFBFFC3ABF6AC668674C" box="[934,1054,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ochetellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925702B900EFFBFFC3ABF6AC668674C" box="[934,1054,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ochetellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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