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<mods:title id="DC9CF82853DE32321202577F70B334D0">The genera and species of Comatulidae (Comatulida: Crinoidea): taxonomic revisions and a molecular and morphological guide</mods:title>
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<treatment id="039EDF70FFB4A16DFF66DD1814E2FC5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6009089" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130809836" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6009089" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFB4A16DFF66DD1814E2FC5D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039EDF70FFB4A16DFF66DD1814E2FC5D" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB4A16AFF66DD18115FF9B9" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB4A16AFF66DD1811EEF99E" blockId="10.[151,465,1577,1637]" box="[151,465,1577,1603]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
<heading id="D0C0D90AFFB4A16AFF66DD1811EEF99E" bold="true" box="[151,465,1577,1603]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFF66DD1811EEF99E" authority="Lamarck, 1816" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[151,465,1577,1603]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFF66DD1811EEF99E" bold="true" box="[151,465,1577,1603]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFF66DD181131F99E" bold="true" box="[151,270,1577,1603]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Comatula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFEE4DD1811EEF99E" author="Lamarck" box="[277,465,1577,1603]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Vol. 2. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp." type="book" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB4A16AFF66DD7D115FF9B9" blockId="10.[151,465,1577,1637]" box="[151,352,1612,1637]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
<tableCitation id="C6B55BDDFFB4A16AFF66DD7D10D5F9B9" box="[151,234,1612,1637]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[125,197,537,558]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic morphological characteristics of genera of Comatulidae." pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Table 1</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB4A16AFF09DD7D115FF9B9" box="[248,352,1612,1637]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="11.[151,250,1635,1657]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,250,1291,1313]" captionTargetBox-0="[286,1289,193,1603]" captionTargetBox-1="[186,1408,218,1248]" captionTargetId-0="figure@11.[286,1289,193,1603]" captionTargetId-1="figure@12.[178,1433,204,1254]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Comatula. (A C) Comatula pectinata— (A, B) live, exposed on coral reef; (C) small, thin centrodorsal with few cirri. (D I) Comatula rotalaria— (D) live, exposed on sandy sediment, with ~ 25 arms; (E) thin, rounded centrodorsal with cirrus buds; (F) distal portion of arm showing distal intersyzygial interval of four; arrows indicate syzygies. (G I) Comatula rotalaria, preserved — (G) aboral surface, small centrodorsal and more than ten arms visible; (H) aboral surface, arrows indicate syzygies; (I) triangular comb teeth confluent with edge of pinnule. (J N) Comatula solaris— (J) live, exposed on sandy sediment; (K) aboral surface showing ten arms and small centrodorsal with cirri; (L) combed pinnules with triangular teeth confluent with edge of pinnule. (M) Aboral view showing ten arms and small centrodorsal with few cirri; (N) aboral ray base, arrows indicate syzygies. (O Q) Comatula tenuicirra— (O) triangular separated comb teeth confluent with edge of pinnule tapering to a point; (P Q) centrodorsal with cirri restricted to interradial angles, arrows indicate syzygies. (R) Comatula purpurea, aboral surface showing ten arms and small, thin centrodorsal with cirri restricted to interradial angles. Australian Seas: G I. MNHN EcCs 1008, syntype; M N; MNHN EcCs 1010, syntype. Java Sea (Siboga Station 320): O. NBC V. ECH. C 2102.1, syntype; P. NBC V. ECH. C 2102.2, syntype; Q. Leid V. ECH. C 2102.2, spm 1. Lizard Island, Australia: A C. SAM K 2092; D F. SAM K 2057; J L. SAM K 2058; R. SAM K 2009." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Maximum likelihood tree of Comatula inferred from COI. Symbols and labels as in Figure 2. Location abbreviations — Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Singapore Strait, Singapore (Sing); Rowley Shoals, Western Australia (WA). New COI sequences are Genbank KR 010348 - KR 010351." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/580176/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/580177/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Figs. 34</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB4A16AFF66DDA5128DF970" blockId="10.[151,1436,1684,2033]" box="[151,690,1684,1709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFF66DDA5110DF970" bold="true" box="[151,306,1684,1709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Type species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFEC9DDA51291F970" authority="Lamarck, 1816" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[312,686,1684,1709]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="solaris">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFEC9DDA511C5F971" box="[312,506,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Comatula solaris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFDF0DDA51291F970" author="Lamarck" box="[513,686,1684,1709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Vol. 2. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp." type="book" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB4A16AFF36DD861519F929" blockId="10.[151,1436,1684,2033]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFF36DD8611D4F90D" bold="true" box="[199,491,1719,1744]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Other included taxa (5).</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFE05DD891344F90D" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[500,891,1719,1744]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFE05DD8912FEF912" box="[500,705,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Asterias pectinata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFD3BDD861344F90D" author="Linnaeus" box="[714,891,1719,1744]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFC78DD89146CF90D" box="[905,1107,1720,1744]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cratera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFC78DD89146CF90D" box="[905,1107,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Comatula cratera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
HL
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFB7BDD86151FF90D" author="Clark" box="[1162,1312,1719,1744]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Clark, A. H. (1916 a) Three interesting additions to the crinoid fauna of Sagami Bay and Suruga Gulf, Japan. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 29, 105 - 108." type="journal article" year="1916" yearSuffix="a">Clark, 1916a</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFADCDD89113CF929" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="micraster">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFADCDD89113CF929" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Comatula micraster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFEC9DDED11F1F928" author="Clark" box="[312,462,1756,1781]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Clark, A. H. (1909 b) New recent Indian crinoids. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 22, 143 - 152." type="journal article" year="1909" yearSuffix="b">Clark, 1909b</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFE2BDDED1358F928" authority="Lamarck, 1816" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[474,871,1756,1781]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rotalaria">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFE2BDDED128CF929" box="[474,691,1756,1780]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Comatula rotalaria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFD4BDDED1358F928" author="Lamarck" box="[698,871,1756,1781]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Vol. 2. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp." type="book" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFC83DDED1467F929" box="[882,1112,1756,1780]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenuicirra">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFC83DDED1467F929" box="[882,1112,1756,1780]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Comatula tenuicirra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFB7FDDED151DF929" author="Clark" box="[1166,1314,1756,1781]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Clark, A. H. (1912 a) Seventeen new East Indian crinoids belonging to the families Comasteridae and Zygometridae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 25, 17 - 28." type="journal article" year="1912" yearSuffix="a">Clark, 1912a</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB4A16AFF36DDCE11C9F82C" blockId="10.[151,1436,1684,2033]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFF36DDCE117EF8C5" bold="true" box="[199,321,1791,1816]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Mouth central in fully developed individuals; arms usually ten (rarely to
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFB4FDC311578F8CA" box="[1214,1351,1792,1815]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFB4FDC311578F8CA" box="[1214,1351,1792,1815]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">C. pectinata</emphasis>
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, and to 20 and rarely
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFE8EDC151239F8E1" box="[383,518,1828,1852]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rotalaria">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFE8EDC151239F8E1" box="[383,518,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">C. rotalaria</emphasis>
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); centrodorsal pentagonal to circular, thin, sometimes reduced and lying within radial circlet (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB4A16AFEC8DC761140F8BD" box="[313,383,1863,1888]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1635,1657]" captionTargetBox="[286,1289,193,1603]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[286,1289,193,1603]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comatula. (A C) Comatula pectinata— (A, B) live, exposed on coral reef; (C) small, thin centrodorsal with few cirri. (D I) Comatula rotalaria— (D) live, exposed on sandy sediment, with ~ 25 arms; (E) thin, rounded centrodorsal with cirrus buds; (F) distal portion of arm showing distal intersyzygial interval of four; arrows indicate syzygies. (G I) Comatula rotalaria, preserved — (G) aboral surface, small centrodorsal and more than ten arms visible; (H) aboral surface, arrows indicate syzygies; (I) triangular comb teeth confluent with edge of pinnule. (J N) Comatula solaris— (J) live, exposed on sandy sediment; (K) aboral surface showing ten arms and small centrodorsal with cirri; (L) combed pinnules with triangular teeth confluent with edge of pinnule. (M) Aboral view showing ten arms and small centrodorsal with few cirri; (N) aboral ray base, arrows indicate syzygies. (O Q) Comatula tenuicirra— (O) triangular separated comb teeth confluent with edge of pinnule tapering to a point; (P Q) centrodorsal with cirri restricted to interradial angles, arrows indicate syzygies. (R) Comatula purpurea, aboral surface showing ten arms and small, thin centrodorsal with cirri restricted to interradial angles. Australian Seas: G I. MNHN EcCs 1008, syntype; M N; MNHN EcCs 1010, syntype. Java Sea (Siboga Station 320): O. NBC V. ECH. C 2102.1, syntype; P. NBC V. ECH. C 2102.2, syntype; Q. Leid V. ECH. C 2102.2, spm 1. Lizard Island, Australia: A C. SAM K 2092; D F. SAM K 2057; J L. SAM K 2058; R. SAM K 2009." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580176/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C, E, K, PR); cirri absent or present (few to complete ring; sometimes only in interradial angles of centrodorsal); all brachitaxes of two ossicles united by syzygy; syzygies at 1+2, 3+4 on undivided arms (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB4A16AFF6EDCBE10DEF875" box="[159,225,1935,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1635,1657]" captionTargetBox="[286,1289,193,1603]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[286,1289,193,1603]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comatula. (A C) Comatula pectinata— (A, B) live, exposed on coral reef; (C) small, thin centrodorsal with few cirri. (D I) Comatula rotalaria— (D) live, exposed on sandy sediment, with ~ 25 arms; (E) thin, rounded centrodorsal with cirrus buds; (F) distal portion of arm showing distal intersyzygial interval of four; arrows indicate syzygies. (G I) Comatula rotalaria, preserved — (G) aboral surface, small centrodorsal and more than ten arms visible; (H) aboral surface, arrows indicate syzygies; (I) triangular comb teeth confluent with edge of pinnule. (J N) Comatula solaris— (J) live, exposed on sandy sediment; (K) aboral surface showing ten arms and small centrodorsal with cirri; (L) combed pinnules with triangular teeth confluent with edge of pinnule. (M) Aboral view showing ten arms and small centrodorsal with few cirri; (N) aboral ray base, arrows indicate syzygies. (O Q) Comatula tenuicirra— (O) triangular separated comb teeth confluent with edge of pinnule tapering to a point; (P Q) centrodorsal with cirri restricted to interradial angles, arrows indicate syzygies. (R) Comatula purpurea, aboral surface showing ten arms and small, thin centrodorsal with cirri restricted to interradial angles. Australian Seas: G I. MNHN EcCs 1008, syntype; M N; MNHN EcCs 1010, syntype. Java Sea (Siboga Station 320): O. NBC V. ECH. C 2102.1, syntype; P. NBC V. ECH. C 2102.2, syntype; Q. Leid V. ECH. C 2102.2, spm 1. Lizard Island, Australia: A C. SAM K 2092; D F. SAM K 2057; J L. SAM K 2058; R. SAM K 2009." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580176/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
N, P); distal intersyzygial interval irregular, 211 (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB4A16AFCE7DCBE1366F875" box="[790,857,1935,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1635,1657]" captionTargetBox="[286,1289,193,1603]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[286,1289,193,1603]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comatula. (A C) Comatula pectinata— (A, B) live, exposed on coral reef; (C) small, thin centrodorsal with few cirri. (D I) Comatula rotalaria— (D) live, exposed on sandy sediment, with ~ 25 arms; (E) thin, rounded centrodorsal with cirrus buds; (F) distal portion of arm showing distal intersyzygial interval of four; arrows indicate syzygies. (G I) Comatula rotalaria, preserved — (G) aboral surface, small centrodorsal and more than ten arms visible; (H) aboral surface, arrows indicate syzygies; (I) triangular comb teeth confluent with edge of pinnule. (J N) Comatula solaris— (J) live, exposed on sandy sediment; (K) aboral surface showing ten arms and small centrodorsal with cirri; (L) combed pinnules with triangular teeth confluent with edge of pinnule. (M) Aboral view showing ten arms and small centrodorsal with few cirri; (N) aboral ray base, arrows indicate syzygies. (O Q) Comatula tenuicirra— (O) triangular separated comb teeth confluent with edge of pinnule tapering to a point; (P Q) centrodorsal with cirri restricted to interradial angles, arrows indicate syzygies. (R) Comatula purpurea, aboral surface showing ten arms and small, thin centrodorsal with cirri restricted to interradial angles. Australian Seas: G I. MNHN EcCs 1008, syntype; M N; MNHN EcCs 1010, syntype. Java Sea (Siboga Station 320): O. NBC V. ECH. C 2102.1, syntype; P. NBC V. ECH. C 2102.2, syntype; Q. Leid V. ECH. C 2102.2, spm 1. Lizard Island, Australia: A C. SAM K 2092; D F. SAM K 2057; J L. SAM K 2058; R. SAM K 2009." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580176/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
F); combs of triangular teeth confluent with edge of pinnule away from arm, tapering distally, either to a point or with smaller distal teeth (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB4A16AFB8EDC8514FCF811" box="[1151,1219,1972,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1635,1657]" captionTargetBox="[286,1289,193,1603]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[286,1289,193,1603]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comatula. (A C) Comatula pectinata— (A, B) live, exposed on coral reef; (C) small, thin centrodorsal with few cirri. (D I) Comatula rotalaria— (D) live, exposed on sandy sediment, with ~ 25 arms; (E) thin, rounded centrodorsal with cirrus buds; (F) distal portion of arm showing distal intersyzygial interval of four; arrows indicate syzygies. (G I) Comatula rotalaria, preserved — (G) aboral surface, small centrodorsal and more than ten arms visible; (H) aboral surface, arrows indicate syzygies; (I) triangular comb teeth confluent with edge of pinnule. (J N) Comatula solaris— (J) live, exposed on sandy sediment; (K) aboral surface showing ten arms and small centrodorsal with cirri; (L) combed pinnules with triangular teeth confluent with edge of pinnule. (M) Aboral view showing ten arms and small centrodorsal with few cirri; (N) aboral ray base, arrows indicate syzygies. (O Q) Comatula tenuicirra— (O) triangular separated comb teeth confluent with edge of pinnule tapering to a point; (P Q) centrodorsal with cirri restricted to interradial angles, arrows indicate syzygies. (R) Comatula purpurea, aboral surface showing ten arms and small, thin centrodorsal with cirri restricted to interradial angles. Australian Seas: G I. MNHN EcCs 1008, syntype; M N; MNHN EcCs 1010, syntype. Java Sea (Siboga Station 320): O. NBC V. ECH. C 2102.1, syntype; P. NBC V. ECH. C 2102.2, syntype; Q. Leid V. ECH. C 2102.2, spm 1. Lizard Island, Australia: A C. SAM K 2092; D F. SAM K 2057; J L. SAM K 2058; R. SAM K 2009." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580176/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
Fig.
<date id="FF8948A6FFB4A16AFB44DC8514FCF811" box="[1205,1219,1972,1996]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">3</date>
</figureCitation>
I, L, O) (modified from Hoggett &amp; Rowe (1986)).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF483EEEFFB5A16BFF66DD521369F834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580176/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" targetBox="[286,1289,193,1603]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB5A16BFF66DD521369F834" blockId="11.[151,1436,1635,2025]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB5A16BFF66DD52112BF9A5" bold="true" box="[151,276,1635,1657]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB5A16BFEEDDD5211BFF9A4" box="[284,384,1635,1657]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB5A16BFEEDDD5211BFF9A4" box="[284,384,1635,1657]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Comatula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (AC)
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB5A16BFE24DD52128AF9A4" box="[469,693,1635,1657]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB5A16BFE24DD521206F9A4" box="[469,569,1635,1657]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Comatula</taxonomicName>
pectinata—
</emphasis>
(A, B) live, exposed on coral reef; (C) small, thin centrodorsal with few cirri. (DI)
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB5A16BFEE2DDB311CEF945" box="[275,497,1666,1688]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB5A16BFEE2DDB31148F945" box="[275,375,1666,1688]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Comatula</taxonomicName>
rotalaria—
</emphasis>
(D) live, exposed on sandy sediment, with ~25 arms; (E) thin, rounded centrodorsal with cirrus buds; (F) distal portion of arm showing distal intersyzygial interval of four; arrows indicate syzygies. (GI)
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB5A16BFAC9DD9010CDF908" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rotalaria">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB5A16BFAC9DD9010CDF908" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Comatula rotalaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, preserved
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB5A16BFE91DDF01149F90B" box="[352,374,1729,1750]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162"></emphasis>
(G) aboral surface, small centrodorsal and more than ten arms visible; (H) aboral surface, arrows indicate syzygies; (I) triangular comb teeth confluent with edge of pinnule. (JN)
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB5A16BFC44DDEF1440F929" box="[949,1151,1758,1780]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB5A16BFC44DDEF1426F929" box="[949,1049,1758,1780]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Comatula</taxonomicName>
solaris—
</emphasis>
(J) live, exposed on sandy sediment; (K) aboral surface showing ten arms and small centrodorsal with cirri; (L) combed pinnules with triangular teeth confluent with edge of pinnule. (M) Aboral view showing ten arms and small centrodorsal with few cirri; (N) aboral ray base, arrows indicate syzygies. (OQ)
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB5A16BFE00DC0B12E4F88D" box="[497,731,1850,1872]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB5A16BFE00DC0B126AF88D" box="[497,597,1850,1872]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Comatula</taxonomicName>
tenuicirra—
</emphasis>
(O) triangular separated comb teeth confluent with edge of pinnule tapering to a point; (PQ) centrodorsal with cirri restricted to interradial angles, arrows indicate syzygies. (R)
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB5A16BFAC9DC6810CBF853" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB5A16BFAC9DC6810CBF853" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Comatula purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, aboral surface showing ten arms and small, thin centrodorsal with cirri restricted to interradial angles. Australian Seas: GI. MNHN EcCs 1008, syntype; MN; MNHN EcCs 1010, syntype. Java Sea (Siboga Station 320): O. NBC V.ECH.C2102.1, syntype; P. NBC V.ECH.C2102.2, syntype; Q. Leid V.ECH.C 2102.2, spm 1. Lizard Island, Australia: AC. SAM K2092; DF. SAM K2057; JL. SAM K2058; R. SAM K2009.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF483EEEFFB2A16CFF66DE3A131AFA83" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580177/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" targetBox="[186,1408,218,1248]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB2A16CFF66DE3A131AFA83" blockId="12.[151,1436,1291,1374]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFF66DE3A1126FAFD" bold="true" box="[151,281,1291,1313]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Maximum likelihood tree of
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFD94DE3A12F6FAFC" box="[613,713,1291,1313]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFD94DE3A12F6FAFC" box="[613,713,1291,1313]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Comatula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inferred from COI. Symbols and labels as in Figure 2. Location abbreviations
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFEEEDE1A110AFA9D" box="[287,309,1323,1344]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163"></emphasis>
Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Singapore Strait, Singapore (Sing); Rowley Shoals, Western Australia (WA). New COI sequences are Genbank
<accessionNumber id="9464F385FFB2A16CFDC9DE791295FA83" box="[568,682,1352,1374]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KR010348" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">KR010348</accessionNumber>
-
<accessionNumber id="9464F385FFB2A16CFD41DE79131DFA83" box="[688,802,1352,1374]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KR010351" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">KR010351</accessionNumber>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB2A16CFF36DEBA10D5F83E" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB2A16CFF36DEBA113FF98A" blockId="12.[151,1437,1419,2019]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFF36DEBA115FFA79" bold="true" box="[199,352,1419,1444]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Distribution.</emphasis>
Indo-western Pacific from tropical and warm temperate
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB2A16CFC0BDEBA145EFA79" box="[1018,1121,1419,1444]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Australia</collectingCountry>
(Abrolhos Islands, WA, to Sandon Bluffs, NSW), west to the Andaman Islands and
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFB2A16CFCDBDE9E1362FA15" box="[810,861,1455,1480]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Gulf</collectingRegion>
of Martaban,
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB2A16CFBF2DE81146DFA1A" box="[1027,1106,1456,1479]" name="Myanmar" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Burma</collectingCountry>
, east to
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB2A16CFB45DE811558FA15" box="[1204,1383,1455,1480]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, and north to
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB2A16CFF05DEE21179FA31" box="[244,326,1491,1516]" name="Taiwan" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFB2A16CFE8DDEE211DEFA31" box="[380,481,1491,1516]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
(AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB2A16CFDEEDEE212A0FA36" author="Clark" box="[543,671,1491,1516]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">Clark 1931</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB2A16CFD5BDEE2135BFA36" author="Chen" box="[682,868,1491,1516]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refString="Chen, J. C., Chang, K. H. &amp; Chen, C. P. (1988) Shallow-water crinoids of Kenting National Park, Taiwan. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology Academia Sinica, 27, 73 - 90." type="journal article" year="1988">
Chen
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFD1ADEE5131CFA36" box="[747,803,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
1988
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB2A16CFC9EDEE513D0FA36" author="Kogo" box="[879,1007,1491,1516]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refString="Kogo, I. (1998) Crinoids from Japan and its adjacent waters. Special Publication of the Osaka Museum of National History, 30, 1 - 148." type="journal article" year="1998">Kogo 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB2A16CFC0BDEE514BBFA31" author="Meyer" box="[1018,1156,1491,1516]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refString="Meyer, D. L. (1986) Les crinoides. In: Guille, A., Laboute, P. &amp; Menou J. - L. (Eds.), Guide des etoiles de mer, oursins, et autres echinodermes du lagon de Nouvelle-Caledonie, Faune Tropicale. ORSTOM, Paris, pp. 199 - 225." type="book chapter" year="1986">Meyer 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB2A16CFB7EDEE5154AFA31" author="Rowe" box="[1167,1397,1491,1516]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. &amp; Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne, 510 pp." type="book" year="1995">Rowe &amp; Gates 1995</bibRefCitation>
). A single specimen attributed to
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFE1CDEC91262F9D2" box="[493,605,1527,1551]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="solaris">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFE1CDEC91262F9D2" box="[493,605,1527,1551]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C. solaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and supposedly collected in the Society Islands (
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB2A16CFB6DDEC6155AF9CD" box="[1180,1381,1527,1552]" name="French Polynesia" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">French Polynesia</collectingCountry>
) has been lost (AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB2A16CFECFDD2A11FFF9EE" author="Clark" box="[318,448,1563,1588]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">Clark 1931</bibRefCitation>
).
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFB2A16CFE25DD2D11C9F9EE" box="[468,502,1564,1587]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">No</collectingRegion>
other specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFD20DD2A135FF9E9" box="[721,864,1563,1588]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Comatulidae</taxonomicName>
has ever been collected this far east. Depth range:
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFB2A16CFF66DD0E10C3F98A" box="[151,252,1599,1623]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" unit="m" value="55.0" valueMax="110.0" valueMin="0.0">
0
<specimenCount id="9D31A5EFFFB2A16CFF42DD0E10C3F98A" box="[179,252,1599,1623]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" type="generic">110 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB2A16CFF36DD5211D9F919" blockId="12.[151,1437,1419,2019]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFF36DD52119EF9A1" bold="true" box="[199,417,1635,1660]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Molecular results.</emphasis>
Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFDBFDD521282F9A6" box="[590,701,1635,1659]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFDBFDD521282F9A6" box="[590,701,1635,1659]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Comatula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were recovered as a pair of sister clades, one comprised of 20- armed
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFF15DDB61180F942" box="[228,447,1671,1695]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rotalaria">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFF15DDB61180F942" box="[228,447,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Comatula rotalaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the other of 10-armed
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFD05DDB9135DF942" box="[756,866,1671,1695]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="solaris">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFD05DDB9135DF942" box="[756,866,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C. solaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFC80DDB913C5F942" box="[881,1018,1672,1695]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFC80DDB913C5F942" box="[881,1018,1672,1695]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C. pectinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and a
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFBBFDDB61482F942" box="[1102,1213,1671,1695]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFBBFDDB61482F942" box="[1102,1213,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Comatula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. from
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB2A16CFADBDDB615A3F97D" box="[1322,1436,1671,1696]" name="Singapore" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB2A16CFF6EDD9A10DCF91E" box="[159,227,1707,1732]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1291,1313]" captionTargetBox="[186,1408,218,1248]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[178,1433,204,1254]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Maximum likelihood tree of Comatula inferred from COI. Symbols and labels as in Figure 2. Location abbreviations — Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Singapore Strait, Singapore (Sing); Rowley Shoals, Western Australia (WA). New COI sequences are Genbank KR 010348 - KR 010351." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580177/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) (see Remarks below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB2A16CFF36DDFE10D5F83E" blockId="12.[151,1437,1419,2019]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
<materialsCitation id="3B5F643BFFB2A16CFF36DDFE10D5F83E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503125128" collectionCode="COI, ZMB, ZMLU" collectorName="AH Clark" country="Australia" location="East Indies. Rowe" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="MNHN" typeStatus="holotype">
Specimens identified in the field as
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFD91DDE112D5F93A" box="[608,746,1744,1767]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFD91DDE112D5F93A" box="[608,746,1744,1767]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C. pectinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFCD2DDE113AFF93A" box="[803,912,1743,1767]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="solaris">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFCD2DDE113AFF93A" box="[803,912,1743,1767]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C. solaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and, separately,
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFBA1DDE114E5F93A" box="[1104,1242,1744,1767]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFBA1DDE114E5F93A" box="[1104,1242,1744,1767]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C. pectinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFAE2DDE115A3F93A" box="[1299,1436,1744,1767]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFAE2DDE115A3F93A" box="[1299,1436,1744,1767]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C. purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB2A16CFF13DDC21175F8D1" box="[226,330,1779,1804]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Australia</collectingCountry>
) differ by less than 1% difference in
<collectionCode id="ED26F6A3FFB2A16CFCF8DDC21306F8D6" box="[777,825,1779,1803]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">COI</collectionCode>
(
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB2A16CFCBDDDC213AAF8D6" box="[844,917,1779,1804]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1291,1313]" captionTargetBox="[186,1408,218,1248]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[178,1433,204,1254]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Maximum likelihood tree of Comatula inferred from COI. Symbols and labels as in Figure 2. Location abbreviations — Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Singapore Strait, Singapore (Sing); Rowley Shoals, Western Australia (WA). New COI sequences are Genbank KR 010348 - KR 010351." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580177/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFB2A16CFC15DDC5142BF8D1" box="[996,1044,1780,1804]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">type</typeStatus>
specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFB30DDC2150DF8D6" box="[1217,1330,1779,1803]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="solaris">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFB30DDC2150DF8D6" box="[1217,1330,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C. solaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFB2A16CFAB4DDC215A3F8D6" box="[1349,1436,1779,1803]" country="Ireland" name="Monaghan" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">MNHN</collectingRegion>
EcCs1009, 1010) and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFE6BDC29121AF8F2" box="[410,549,1816,1839]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFE6BDC29121AF8F2" box="[410,549,1816,1839]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C. purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED26F6A3FFB2A16CFDC9DC261248F8F2" box="[568,631,1815,1839]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum f<>r Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">ZMB</collectionCode>
) were collected along the western or northwestern coast of
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB2A16CFAC4DC2615A3F8ED" box="[1333,1436,1815,1840]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB2A16CFF6FDC0A1170F889" author="Freycinet" box="[158,335,1851,1876]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refString="Freycinet, L. (1815) Voyage de decouvertes aux Terres Australes, execute sure les corvettes le Geographe, le Naturaliste, et la goelette le Casuarina, pendant les annees 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 et 1804; sous le commandement du Capitaine de vaisseau N. Baudin. Navigation et Geographie. L'Imprimerie Royale, Paris, 578 pp." type="book" year="1815">Freycinet 1815</bibRefCitation>
,
<collectorName id="26C20BB0FFB2A16CFEACDC0A11F2F889" box="[349,461,1851,1876]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB2A16CFE7EDC0A11F2F889" author="Clark" box="[399,461,1851,1876]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">Clark</bibRefCitation>
</collectorName>
1931), whereas
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB2A16CFD7EDC0A1375F889" author="Linnaeus" box="[655,842,1851,1876]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus (1758)</bibRefCitation>
gave the
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFB2A16CFC4EDC0D13D0F889" box="[959,1007,1852,1876]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">type</typeStatus>
locality for his
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFB5DDC0A1545F88E" box="[1196,1402,1851,1875]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFB5DDC0A1545F88E" box="[1196,1402,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Asterias pectinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as “Indian seas” (“in mare Indico”) (
<collectionCode id="ED26F6A3FFB2A16CFDE6DC6E1253F8AA" box="[535,620,1887,1911]" country="Sweden" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/nzgn-b6sw" name="Lunds Universitet, Zoologiska Institutionen" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">ZMLU</collectionCode>
), which could be anywhere in the Indian Ocean or
<location id="8EE838BDFFB2A16CFB40DC511541F8AA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFB4A16DFF66DD1814E2FC5D:8EE838BDFFB2A16CFB40DC511541F8AA" box="[1201,1406,1887,1912]" country="Australia" name="East Indies. Rowe" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" stateProvince="MNHN">
East Indies.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB2A16CFACCDC511541F8AA" author="Rowe" box="[1341,1406,1888,1911]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. &amp; Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne, 510 pp." type="book" year="1995">Rowe</bibRefCitation>
</location>
&amp; Gates (1995) previously synonymized
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFDA6DCB212DDF846" box="[599,738,1923,1947]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFDA6DCB212DDF846" box="[599,738,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C. purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFCC6DCB213FBF846" box="[823,964,1923,1947]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFCC6DCB213FBF846" box="[823,964,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C. pectinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which we consider valid here. The one specimen identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFE67DC991221F862" box="[406,542,1960,1983]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFE67DC991221F862" box="[406,542,1960,1983]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C. pectinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recovered within a clade with three attributed to
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFBB1DC991493F862" box="[1088,1196,1959,1983]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="solaris">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFBB1DC991493F862" box="[1088,1196,1959,1983]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C. solaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is here considered
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB2A16CFA73DC9910D5F83E" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB2A16CFA73DC9910D8F83E" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="solaris">C. solaris</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB3A16DFF36DBA614E2FC5D" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB3A16DFF36DBA6151EFD10" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFF36DBA61104FF6D" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFEB3DBA9118FFF6D" box="[322,432,152,176]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFEB3DBA9118FFF6D" box="[322,432,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Comatula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from all other comatulids in having a syzygy in the IBr series and at 1+2 and 3+4 on all arms (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB3A16DFEDBDB8D1151FF09" box="[298,366,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1635,1657]" captionTargetBox="[286,1289,193,1603]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[286,1289,193,1603]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comatula. (A C) Comatula pectinata— (A, B) live, exposed on coral reef; (C) small, thin centrodorsal with few cirri. (D I) Comatula rotalaria— (D) live, exposed on sandy sediment, with ~ 25 arms; (E) thin, rounded centrodorsal with cirrus buds; (F) distal portion of arm showing distal intersyzygial interval of four; arrows indicate syzygies. (G I) Comatula rotalaria, preserved — (G) aboral surface, small centrodorsal and more than ten arms visible; (H) aboral surface, arrows indicate syzygies; (I) triangular comb teeth confluent with edge of pinnule. (J N) Comatula solaris— (J) live, exposed on sandy sediment; (K) aboral surface showing ten arms and small centrodorsal with cirri; (L) combed pinnules with triangular teeth confluent with edge of pinnule. (M) Aboral view showing ten arms and small centrodorsal with few cirri; (N) aboral ray base, arrows indicate syzygies. (O Q) Comatula tenuicirra— (O) triangular separated comb teeth confluent with edge of pinnule tapering to a point; (P Q) centrodorsal with cirri restricted to interradial angles, arrows indicate syzygies. (R) Comatula purpurea, aboral surface showing ten arms and small, thin centrodorsal with cirri restricted to interradial angles. Australian Seas: G I. MNHN EcCs 1008, syntype; M N; MNHN EcCs 1010, syntype. Java Sea (Siboga Station 320): O. NBC V. ECH. C 2102.1, syntype; P. NBC V. ECH. C 2102.2, syntype; Q. Leid V. ECH. C 2102.2, spm 1. Lizard Island, Australia: A C. SAM K 2092; D F. SAM K 2057; J L. SAM K 2058; R. SAM K 2009." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580176/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
H, N, P). Although some of the six current nominal species may be synonyms, as diagnostic characters are often overlapping meristic, size-related, and qualitative, at least a few are likely valid. Both
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFA73DBD110C4FEC1" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rotalaria">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFA73DBD110C4FEC1" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. rotalaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFEC4DA351196FEC1" box="[309,425,260,284]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cratera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFEC4DA351196FEC1" box="[309,425,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. cratera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have ten or fewer cirri when small but lose them with growth. In larger specimens with similar arm lengths,
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFE75DA1911C7FE9D" box="[388,504,296,320]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cratera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFE75DA1911C7FE9D" box="[388,504,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. cratera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has no more than ten arms, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFC58DA19140FFE9D" box="[937,1072,296,320]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rotalaria">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFC58DA19140FFE9D" box="[937,1072,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. rotalaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
typically has 20 (up to 27) and exhibits an apparently unique method of increasing arm number: the second brachial in a 10-armed specimen develops an arm instead of exterior P1 (AH Clark 1915:131; 1931). Even in large specimens, these exterior arms may remain shorter than the interior arms (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB3A16DFD79DAA5134CFE70" author="Messing" box="[648,883,404,429]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" refString="Messing, C. G., Meyer, D. L., Siebeck, U. E., Jermiin, L. S., Vaney, D. I. &amp; Rouse, G. W. (2006) A modern soft-bottom, shallowwater crinoid fauna (Echinodermata) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs, 25, 164 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 005 - 0076 - 3" type="journal article" year="2006">
Messing
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFD03DAA41312FE71" box="[754,813,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
). Small, poorly known
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFB73DAA5152EFE71" box="[1154,1297,404,428]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="micraster">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFB73DAA5152EFE71" box="[1154,1297,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. micraster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has 10 arms and no cirri and might be attributable to either of the preceding two. These three taxa have non-overlapping, but adjacent, ranges from the
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFB3A16DFE1FDAED121EFE28" box="[494,545,476,501]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Gulf</collectingRegion>
of Martaban to Sandon Bluffs, NSW,
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB3A16DFC2FDAED1478FE28" box="[990,1095,476,501]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Australia</collectingCountry>
, warranting further molecular investigation to delineate their status. Likewise, descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFC86D931143CFDCA" box="[887,1027,512,535]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFC86D931143CFDCA" box="[887,1027,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. pectinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFBCED9311490FDC5" box="[1087,1199,512,536]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="solaris">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFBCED9311490FDC5" box="[1087,1199,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. solaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
widely overlap, and specimens identified as each at Lizard
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB3A16DFDBED91512ACFDE0" box="[591,659,548,573]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Island</collectingCountry>
had almost identical COI sequences. In this case, those attributed to
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFF66D979111EFD82" box="[151,289,584,607]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFF66D979111EFD82" box="[151,289,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. pectinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected from reef habitat, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFCFDD9791345FDBD" box="[780,890,584,608]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="solaris">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFCFDD9791345FDBD" box="[780,890,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. solaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found under rubble in a non-reef sediment environment
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFED5D95C1102FD59" box="[292,317,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164"></emphasis>
suggesting that they cannot be distinguished by habitat as advocated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB3A16DFB69D95D15A7FD58" box="[1176,1432,620,645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" refString="Messing, C. G., Meyer, D. L., Siebeck, U. E., Jermiin, L. S., Vaney, D. I. &amp; Rouse, G. W. (2006) A modern soft-bottom, shallowwater crinoid fauna (Echinodermata) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs, 25, 164 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 005 - 0076 - 3" type="journal article">
Messing
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFAF3D95C1500FD59" box="[1282,1343,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFF66D9A1114BFD75" box="[151,372,656,680]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFF66D9A1114BFD75" box="[151,372,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Comatula purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFE5AD9A11203FD7A" box="[427,572,656,679]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenuicirra">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFE5AD9A11203FD7A" box="[427,572,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. tenuicirra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinguished from the two preceding by cirri restricted to the interradial angles of the centrodorsal, with
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFE0FD98512B0FD11" box="[510,655,692,716]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenuicirra">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFE0FD98512B0FD11" box="[510,655,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. tenuicirra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
set apart only by its proportionally more elongated cirrals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB3A16DFF36D9E914E2FC5D" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFF36D9E9110AFD2D" box="[199,309,728,752]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFF36D9E9110AFD2D" box="[199,309,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Comatula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. from
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB3A16DFE50D9E6122CFD2D" box="[417,531,727,752]" name="Singapore" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Singapore</collectingCountry>
has longest cirrals with L/W ratio ~2.0, as in
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFBE2D9E9149BFD32" box="[1043,1188,728,751]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenuicirra">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFBE2D9E9149BFD32" box="[1043,1188,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. tenuicirra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and cirri restricted to one side of the centrodorsal, as in one of the
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFD7AD9CD1324FCC9" box="[651,795,764,788]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenuicirra">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFD7AD9CD1324FCC9" box="[651,795,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. tenuicirra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFB3A16DFCD3D9CC136DFCC8" box="[802,850,765,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">type</typeStatus>
specimens (NBC V.ECH.C 2102.2); however, it has long oral combs composed of numerous tall teeth, whereas the
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFB3A16DFCA4D81113BAFCE5" box="[853,901,800,824]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">type</typeStatus>
specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFBD5D811148BFCEA" box="[1060,1204,800,823]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenuicirra">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFBD5D811148BFCEA" box="[1060,1204,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. tenuicirra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have short combs of up to ~10 separated teeth and taper to a distal point.
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFCF8D87513D9FC81" box="[777,998,836,860]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rotalaria">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFCF8D87513D9FC81" box="[777,998,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Comatula rotalaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, also from
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB3A16DFB80D87514D9FC80" box="[1137,1254,836,861]" name="Singapore" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, keys out as
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB3A16DFA73D87510C0FCA2" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB3A16DFA73D87510C0FCA2" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. pectinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; it has a complete ring of XV cirri and combs of 712 separated teeth that taper distally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>